Agricultural statistics of the Mae Sa watershed area, Thailand, 2006

Transcription

1 Agricultural statistics of the Mae Sa watershed area, Thailand, 2006 Pepijn Schreinemachers Pepijn Schreinemachers Suwanna Praneetvatakul Suwanna Praneetvatakul Aer Sirijinda Thomas Berger Aer Sirijinda Thomas Berger University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart Kasetsart University, Bangkok University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart Kasetsart University, Bangkok June 2008 February 2008

2 The Uplands Program (sub-project G1.2) Research for Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia Available online at: This research was made possible with the financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). 2 P a g e

3 Contents List of tables... 4 List of figures Introduction Farm population Agricultural land use Agricultural land use, Land ownership Slope and irrigation of agricultural fields Social indicators Livestock P a g e

4 List of tables Table 1 Population and sample characteristics... 8 Table 2 Households and farm households... 9 Table 3 Household composition Table 4 Average farm size and land sufficiency Table 5 Total land area and area used for agriculture, crops, and farmsteads Table 6 Agricultural land use by category of crops, in hectares Table 7 Agricultural land use by category of crops, in percent Table 8 Five main crops per village, as a percentage of the arable land area Table 9 Main lowland and upland crops, average area per farm (hectares) Table 10 Main lowland and upland crops, number of farm households growing Table 11 Average crops yields of main crops (per cropping cycle) Table 12 Agricultural land use by category of crops , in hectares Table 13 Agricultural land by ownership title, in percent Table 14 Agricultural land by steepness of slope, in percent Table 15 Irrigated area by source of water, in percent Table 16 Irrigated area by type of equipment used, in percent Table 17 Farm assets and household appliances, % of farm households owning Table 18 Main construction material of floor in the house, in % of households Table 19 Maximum level of education attained by the household head, in percent Table 20 Membership of rural organizations, in % of farm households Table 21 Livestock raising, in % of farm households P a g e

5 Table 22 Livestock raising, total number of animals List of figures Figure 1 The Mae Sa watershed area... 7 Figure 2 Age composition of the farm population, in percent Figure 3 Agricultural land use by category of crops , in percent Figure 4 Agricultural land by security of ownership, in hectares/farm Figure 5 Agricultural land by security of ownership, in percent P a g e

6 1. Introduction This manuscript presents results from an agricultural household survey conducted in October/November 2006 in the Mae Sa watershed area. The Mae Sa watershed area is approximately 140 km 2 in size and lies 40 km northwest of Chiang Mai, the main urban area in northern Thailand. The watershed is part of the larger Ping tributary, one of the five major tributaries of Thailand s main river, the Chao Praya. For all questions in the survey, the recall period was from November 2005 to October All numbers in this report are sample estimates and might have a degree of sampling error. For analytical purposes, the watershed was divided into three areas based on a combination of ethnicity and elevation as shown in Figure 1. The lower part of the watershed has 12 villages, is largely flat, is inhabited by people of northern Thai ethnic origin, and agriculture is no longer the main economic activity. The central part of the watershed has an elevation between 700 and 1,000 meters and is a valley mostly inhabited by people of northern Thai ethnic origin. Agriculture is the main economic activity in this central part and is mostly involves the cultivation of flowers and vegetables in greenhouses. The upper part of the watershed lies in a sort of C-shape around the central valley. It is inhabited by people mostly of Hmong ethnic origin and has an elevation above 1,000 meters. Agriculture is the main source of income in this upper part and is consist mainly of fruit orchards and vegetable fields. The survey was based on a two-stage stratified random sample of 363 households in the watershed. The sample was drawn from the census list maintained by the TAO offices in the watershed. The first stage included 22 villages; two lowland villages were dropped from the sample as they had no agriculture. The remaining 20 villages were all included in the survey. For the central and upper part a random sample of 25 percent of all households was taken, which gave a total of 60 non-farm and 268 farm households. In the lower part, households were only selected from the farm population and 35 farm households were interviewed. The results of the survey were presented in each village in the central and upper part of the watershed in February In some villages, the participants felt that the number of households in the TAO list was incorrect. Through discussion with the villagers these numbers were corrected and sample weights were used in the analysis to correct for unequal sampling fractions. Table 1 shows the estimated number of households and sample characteristics of the survey. 6 P a g e

7 Figure 1 The Mae Sa watershed area 7 P a g e

8 Table 1 Population and sample characteristics Number of households Sample characteristics Subdistrict Main Census Combined Non-farm Farm ethnicity list leaders estimate households households (TAO) number number number number number Upper part Buak Chan Pong Yang Hmong Mae Sa Mai Pong Yang Hmong Mae Sa Noi Pong Yang Hmong Nong Hoi Gao Mae Ram Hmong Nong Hoi Mai Mae Ram Hmong Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pong Yang Hmong Pha Nok Kok Pong Yang Hmong Middle part Kong Hae Pong Yang Northern Thai Muang Kham Pong Yang Northern Thai Pong Khrai Pong Yang Northern Thai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Northern Thai Pong Yang Nok Pong Yang Northern Thai Lower part 1,411-1, Mae Mae Mae Ram Northern Thai Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Northern Thai Mae Sa Noi Mae Sa Northern Thai Nong Fan Don Kaeo Northern Thai Pa Muang Mae Ram Northern Thai Sop Sa Don Kaeo Northern Thai Tha Khrai Mae Sa Northern Thai Thung Pong Mae Ram Northern Thai Total watershed - - 2,738-3, P a g e

9 2. Farm population 1,309 farm households in the Mae Sa Watershed are engaged in farming, which is 43% of all households. Table 2 Households and farm households village Households Households with permanent residence in watershed Farm households number number % of total number % of total Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part 1, Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 3, , Notes: Farm households were defined as households who own or use agricultural land and spent some working hours in agriculture between November 2005 and October The number of temporary households was estimated by villagers during group interviews (February 2008). 9 P a g e

10 Households in the upper part (mostly Hmong) are double the size of the other households in the watershed. Table 3 Household composition Persons Persons/ household by age (%) by sex (%) Adults Children Male Female Upper part 3, Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part 2, Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 6, Note: Children defined as less than 16 years old 10 P a g e

11 Figure 2 Age composition of the farm population, in percent Upper part % of population Males Females Central part % of population Males Females Lower part % of population Males Females Total watershed % of population Males Females The population of Hmong is relatively young with 41 percent children while the Northern Thai population is ageing. 11 P a g e

12 3. Agricultural land use On average, a farm in the Mae Sa watershed is 1.06 ha in size Table 4 Average farm size and land sufficiency Households Persons Agricultural land area Farm size Land sufficiency number number ha ha/household ha/person Upper part 518 3, Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part 629 2, Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 1,309 6,460 1, Note: Farm households in the upper part of the watershed usually rent rice paddy fields outside the watershed (Samoung, Mae Rim). Participants in the group meeting in Pha Nok Kok (February 2008) estimated that 90 percent of the households in the village rent rice fields outside the watershed boundary, about 0.16 ha on average. These areas were not included in the survey. 12 P a g e

13 Table 5 Total land area and area used for agriculture, crops, and farmsteads Total land area of which for Agriculture Crops Farmstead ha/household ha/household ha/household ha/household Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed P a g e

14 Table 6 Agricultural land use by category of crops, in hectares Area used for crops (ha) Paddy rice Upland rice Field crops by crop (ha) Greenhouses Flowers Litchi orchards Other orchards Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 1, Note: Farm households in the upper part of the watershed usually rent rice paddy fields outside the watershed (Samoung, Mae Rim). These areas were not included in the survey. Other crops Field crops and litchi orchards are the main type of agriculture in the watershed. 14 P a g e

15 Table 7 Agricultural land use by category of crops, in percent Area used for crops (ha) Paddy rice Upland rice Field crops by crop (%) Greenhouses Flowers Litchi orchards Other orchards Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 1, Other crops 15 P a g e

16 Table 8 Five main crops per village, as a percentage of the arable land area Five main crops Crop 1 % Crop 2 % Crop 3 % Crop 4 % Crop 5 % Other crops % Upper part litchi 39.4 white cabbage 16.8 chinese cabbage 7.0 rose 3.8 potato Buak Chan litchi 43.3 chinese cabbage 15.1 white cabbage 8.6 gerbera 7.7 sayote Mae Sa Mai litchi 56.4 white cabbage 14.5 chinese cabbage 6.9 potato 4.3 carrot Mae Sa Noi litchi 61.7 potato 9.4 carrot 5.3 turnip 3.4 white cabbage Nong Hoi Gao white cabbage 25.7 lettuce 13.7 chinese cabbage 13.1 spinach 9.4 baby carrot Nong Hoi Mai white cabbage 50.0 litchi 18.6 chinese cabbage 12.1 tangerine 3.6 lettuce Buak Toey/Pang Lung litchi 23.7 rose 21.4 sweet maize 14.5 feed maize 7.7 banana Pha Nok Kok litchi 65.4 gerbera 6.9 feed maize 5.0 pasture 5.0 potato Central part chrysanthemum 22.2 bell pepper 21.7 bean 8.0 litchi 6.9 sayote Kong Hae onion 36.8 bean 27.4 red santol 10.3 sayote 7.7 strawberry Muang Kham bell pepper 39.4 chrysanthemum 19.9 chinese kale 5.6 sayote 5.0 papaya Pong Khrai bell pepper 30.2 litchi 28.4 chrysanthemum 27.9 swan plant 5.0 mickey mouse fl Pong Yang Nai chrysanthemum 32.6 bell pepper 21.3 sayote 9.9 bean 8.8 litchi Pong Yang Nok chrysanthemum 26.7 bell pepper 9.6 sayote 8.6 litchi 7.7 red santol Lower part paddy rice 31.2 longan 28.7 soybean 13.6 litchihi 7.4 sweet maize Mae Mae longan 75.0 suga Mae Sa Luang paddy rice 75.0 sweet maize 10.0 garlic 10.0 chinese cabbage Mae Sa Noi paddy rice 50.0 soybean Nong Fan paddy rice 49.1 soybean 30.1 sweet maize 13.3 longan 3.8 white cabbage Pa Muang longan 52.3 paddy rice 14.8 mango 7.1 banana 6.4 soybean Sop Sa paddy rice Tha Khrai paddy rice 51.2 soybean 30.2 longan 5.8 taro 4.7 sweet maize Thung Pong longan 40.6 litchi 33.2 soybean 5.5 paddy rice 5.5 tamarind Total watershed litchi 27.9 white cabbage 11.2 chrysanthemum 4.9 chinese cabbage 4.7 paddy rice Note: The arable land area was defined as the area used for crops (see Table 5). 16 P a g e

17 Table 9 Main lowland and upland crops, average area per farm (hectares) Lowland crops Paddy rice Longan Litchi White cabbage Upland crops Chinese cabbage Chrysanthemum Bell pepper Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed Rose 17 P a g e

18 Table 10 Main lowland and upland crops, number of farm households growing Lowland crops Paddy rice Longan Litchi White cabbage Upland crops Chinese cabbage Chrysanthemum Bell pepper Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed Rose 18 P a g e

19 Table 11 Average crops yields of main crops (per cropping cycle) 19 P a g e

20 Table 10 Average crop yields per season of main crops (continued) 20 P a g e

21 4. Agricultural land use, Table 12 Agricultural land use by category of crops , in hectares Crop Northern Thai villages Hmong villages All villages Paddy rice Annual crop land Rainfed rice (swidden) Maize/poppy (swidden) Field crops (swidden) Greenhouse Flowers Peach Litchi Miang tea Other orchards Other crops Total 1, ,415 1,086 Source of 1974 data: Irwin, R.R. (1976) Replacing shifting agriculture through intensive settled agriculture, crop diversification and conservation farming. Working paper 9, UNDP/FAO Mae Sa integrated watershed 1974 and forest land use project. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Notes: The 1974 data only include the area currently cropped, not the area under fallow. The 2006 area also includes some plots outside the boundaries of the watershed Paddy and rice, might therefore not be exactly comparable. Northern Thai villages refers to the central and lower part of the 49.2% watershed, Hmong villages refers to the upper part. Rainfed rice (swidden), 20.7% Miang tea, 11.6% Other orchards, 0.5% Field crops (swidden), 1.4% Peach, 2.9% Maize/poppy (swidden), 5.8% Annual cropland, 8.0% P a g e Annual crop land, 37.8%

22 Figure 3 Agricultural land use by category of crops , in percent 1974 Paddy rice, 49.2% Rainfed rice (swidden), 20.7% Miang tea, 11.6% Other orchards, 0.5% Field crops (swidden), 1.4% Peach, 2.9% Maize/poppy (swidden), 5.8% Annual cropland, 8.0% 2006 Annual crop land, 37.8% Litchi orchards, 27.7% Rainfed rice, 0.5% Other crops, 4.0% Other orchards, 11.3% Flowers, 8.7% Paddy rice, 4.7% Greenhouses, 5.1% Note: Total Mae Sa watershed. Source of 1974 data: Irwin, R.R. (1976) Replacing shifting agriculture through intensive settled agriculture, crop diversification and conservation farming. Working paper 9, UNDP/FAO Mae Sa integrated watershed and forest land use project. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 22 P a g e

23 5. Land ownership Farm households in the upper part have secure land titles over just 2% of their agricultural land. Table 13 Agricultural land by ownership title, in percent Agricultural area (ha) by type of ownership (%) Secure Insecure Rented in Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 1, Note: Secure land titles include deed, NS.3 and NS.3G. Insecure land titles include all other titles or no title.

24 Figure 4 Agricultural land by security of ownership, in hectares/farm Figure 5 Agricultural land by security of ownership, in percent 24 P a g e

25 6. Slope and irrigation of agricultural fields Table 14 Agricultural land by steepness of slope, in percent Agricultural area (ha) Type of slope (%) Very steep Sloping Flat Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lun Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 1, Note: The average steepness of each plot was self-assessed by the respondents during the interviews. About a quarter of the agricultural land in the upper part has steep slopes and is thus susceptible to soil erosion. 25 P a g e

26 Table 15 Irrigated area by source of water, in percent Agr. land irrigated (%) Stream Source (% of agricultural area) Ground water Individual reservoir Shared reservoir Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lun Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed Note: Because a field can have multiple sources of irrigation water, the sum can exceed the irrigated area. Farmers in the upper part depend more on streams for irrigation than farmers in the central part, who have alternative sources of water. 26 P a g e

27 Table 16 Irrigated area by type of equipment used, in percent Agr. land irrigated (%) Source (% of agricultural area) Sprinkler Drip Other Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lu Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed Note: Because multiple types of equipment can be used on a single field, the sum can exceed the irrigated area. 27 P a g e

28 7. Social indicators Table 17 Farm assets and household appliances, % of farm households owning Pickup truck Car Motorcycle Tele-vision Satelite dish Refrigerator Washing machine Cell phone % % % % % % % % Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed P a g e

29 Table 18 Main construction material of floor in the house, in % of households Concrete or tiles Wood Mud % % % Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lu Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed P a g e

30 Table 19 Maximum level of education attained by the household head, in percent No education Grade 4/6 Higher education % % % Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed P a g e

31 Table 20 Membership of rural organizations, in % of farm households Royal Project Farmer cooperative BAAC Forest conservation organization % % % % Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lu Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed P a g e

32 8. Livestock Table 21 Livestock raising, in % of farm households Pigs Cattle Chicken % farms % farms % farms Upper part Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part Kong Hae Muang Kham Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai Pong Yang Nok Lower part Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed P a g e

33 Table 22 Livestock raising, total number of animals Pigs Cattle Chicken number number number Upper part 1,122-4,705 1 Buak Chan Mae Sa Mai Mae Sa Noi Nong Hoi Gao Nong Hoi Mai Buak Toey/Pang Lung Pha Nok Kok Central part 1, ,242 8 Kong Hae ,078 9 Muang Kham 125-1, Pong Khrai Pong Yang Nai 1, Pong Yang Nok ,380 Lower part , Mae Mae Mae Sa Luang - - 1, Mae Sa Noi Nong Fan Pa Muang Sop Sa Tha Khrai Thung Pong Total watershed 2, , P a g e

34 34 P a g e