Pasture responses to environment

Transcription

1 Pasture responses to environment Professor Derrick Moot Photos: DJ Moot & WR Scott

2 Photo: WR Scott Lincoln University

3 Photo: WR Scott Lincoln University Lincoln University Dairy Farm

4 Photo: WR Scott Lincoln University Forest conversion ha

5 Canterbury...sheep numbers Sheep (millions) Total sheep Lambing (tailed/marked) Year Source: Department of Statistics

6 Canterbury...deer & cattle numbers Stock numbers (millions) Beef cattle Deer Dairy cattle Year Source: Department of Statistics

7 Photo: WR Scott Lincoln University Water and nitrogen = ryegrass

8 The ryegrass continuum Most persistent Lowest winter growth Lowest nutritive value Perennial ryegrass Long rotation ryegrass Short rotation ryegrass Least persistent Highest winter growth Highest nutritive value Italian ryegrass Annual ryegrass

9 Heading date Heading = flowering time in spring. Early heading - higher early spring growth. Late heading - late spring quality. Source:

10 Photo: A Black Lincoln University Forage variety trials

11 Perennial ryegrass cultivars Source: National Forage Variety Trials (

12 Light - Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is in the visible range ( nm). - Conversion of PAR to DM ~2.5 g DM/MJ/m 2 for C3 plants ~3.8 g DM/MJ/m 2 for C4 plants

13 Clear sky global irradiance (W/m 2 ) Maximum daily PAR (MJ/m 2 /d) 15.8 Lincoln, December 16.8 Irradiance (W/m 2 ) Lincoln, March Lincoln, June Time of day (h)

14 Pasture production in Canterbury Growth rate (kg DM/ha/d) Potential Actual J F M A M J J A S O N D Month

15 Photo: A Black Lincoln University Growing point

16 Nitrogen deficient pasture 1000 kg N/ha

17 Nitrogen fertiliser use 400 N applied (1000's of t) / / / / / / / / / /06 Source: New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association

18 Clover content & milksolids production Relative yield (grass = 100) DM (kg/ha) MS (kg/ha) MS (kg/cow) Clover (%) Source: Cosgrove 2005

19 Photo: Jo Grigg Tempello Sheep prefer 70% legume, 30% grass

20 RG/Wc pastures Unsown species <5% in Year 1 >45% in Year 6 Spring Year 2 Summer Year 4 Annual grasses Taprooted dicot weeds

21

22 Objective Quantify the effect of temperature, moisture and nitrogen on cocksfoot yields. Photo: A Mills Lincoln University

23 Photo: A Mills Lincoln University Experiment site

24 Growth rates (2 year means) Growth rate (kg/ha/d) D-N 120 I +N D+N I -N 21.9 t/ha 15.7 t/ha 9.8 t/ha t/ha 0 J A S O N D J F M A M J J Month Source: Mills et al. 2006

25 Pasture Growth Rates 2 yr mean Mean daily growth rate (kg DM/ha/d) 140 I+N 120 I-N t/ha 9.8 t/ha 20 0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Month Source: Mills et al. 2006

26 Winter temperature response

27 The Nitrogen gap DM yield (t/ha) I +N I N y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/ o Cd 21.9 t/ha 9.8 t/ha y = 3.3 kg DM/ha/ o Cd Thermal time ( Cd) Source: Mills et al. 2006

28 Summer moisture response

29 Soil moisture deficit 2003/04 Rainfall (mm) Deficit (mm) D+N D-N Total rain = 520 mm Thermal time ( Cd) Source: Mills et al. 2006

30 Accumulated DM (t DM/ha) /05 y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/ o Cd I+N D+N D-N 21 Nov 30 Jan 21.9 t/ha 15.7 t/ha 5.0 t/ha Accumulated Tt ( o Cd) Source: Mills et al. 2006

31 Photo: DP Monks Lincoln University Nitrogen fixation 25 kg N/t DM

32 Spring WUE: legume = (nitrogen) Accumulated DM (t DM/ha) Lucerne 30 kg DM/ha/mm grass/clover grass only 20 kg DM/ha/mm 13 kg DM/ha/mm Water use (mm) Source: Moot et al. 2008

33 Biological N fixation Fixed N (kg N/ha) y = 28.0±0.66x (R 2 =0.96) White clover Sub clover Clover yield (kg DM/ha) Source: Lucas et al. 2010

34 Photo: DJ Moot Lincoln University By Drier: Drought increased duration and frequency Annual and tap rooted dryland pasture species?

35 Transformational change & Adaptation to climate change Source: Kearney et al. 2010

36 Hills Creek Station ha by one company - Source: Kearney et al. 2010

37 Doug and Fraser Avery Bonavaree 1100 ha 25% lucerne (55% of easier country)

38 Lucerne + cocksfoot

39 Lucerne + Prairie grass

40 Clay Downs South Canterbury

41 Growth in the field 20 month old plants grazed by sheep Source: Widdup et al Photo: K Widdup AgResearch

42 Annual dry matter yields Yield (t DM/ha) LSD Chicory Lucerne Red clover 0 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 Growth season Source: Brown et al. 2005

43 Persistence Botanical composition (%) Lucerne Chicory Red clover LSD 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 Growth season Source: Brown et al. 2004

44 Caucasian clover

45 Leaf photosynthesis rate (μmol CO 2 /m 2 /s) Caucasian vs. white clover Air temperature ( C) Cc Wc Source: Black et al. 2003

46 2 years after sowing Wc cm Cc Photo: A Black Lincoln University 60

47 8 kg perennial RG 4 kg Caucasian clover 2 kg white clover Source: Hurst et al. 2000

48 9 year old pasture

49 Tall fescue/caucasian 90% cover, 60% clover DM on offer

50 Temporal separation

51 Olsen P <6

52 Olsen P >20

53 MaxClover Total DM Yields (to 30 March 2011) Total annual accumulated DM yield (t DM/ha/y) Year /03 Year / Year / Year / Year /07 Date Year / Year /09 Year /10 Year /11 Jan03 Jan04 Jan05 Jan06 Jan07 Jan08 Jan09 Jan10 Jan Luc CF/Sub RG/Wc 461 mm 493 mm 635 mm 601 mm 643 mm 651 mm 767 mm 612 mm +435 mm Source: Moot 2012

54 Source: Costello and Costello 2003

55 Total DM yield 15 RG+AC CF+AC RG-AC CF-AC Total yield (t DM/ha) S N J M M J S N J M M J S Source: Ates et al. 2010

56 Botanical composition 26 June 08 Botanical composition (%) Grass Annual clover Cluster clover Weed Dead 0 RG+AC RG-AC CF+AC CF-AC Pasture Source: Ates et al. 2010

57 Photo: Persian clover Ashley Dene Balansa clover + annual forages

58 Bolta balansa clover: 25 th Sept 06 Photo: DP Monks Lincoln University 10 Oct 08

59 Flowering is essential in estab. year Photo: DP Monks Lincoln University 28 Oct

60 End of summer must have 50% bare Photo: DP Monks Lincoln University 21 Feb

61 Photo: DP Monks Lincoln University 21 Feb

62 Gland clover

63 Arrowleaf clover?????

64 Build seed bank in first year Early flower late Sept Late flower mid Oct Seed maturing early Nov Mature seed late Nov

65 Acknowledgements Beef & Lamb NZ Ltd/ Pastoral21 Lincoln University MAF Sustainable Farming Fund

66 Water stress effect on yield 30 I+N 21.9 t/ha DM yield (t/ha) D+N y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/ o Cd 15.7 t/ha 21 Nov 30 Jan Thermal time Source: Mills et al. 2006

67 References Ates, S., Tongel, M. O. and Moot, D. J Annual herbage production increased 40% when subterranean clover was over-drilled into grass-dominant dryland pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, 3-9. Black, A. D., Moot, D. J. and Lucas, R. J Seasonal growth and development of Caucasian and white clover swards in irrigated and dryland conditions. Legumes for dryland pastures. Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association (Inc.) Symposium held at Lincoln University, New Zealand, November 2003, 11, Brown, H. E. and Moot, D. J Quality and quantity of chicory, lucerne and red clover production under irrigation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 66, Brown, H. E., Moot, D. J. and Pollock, K. M Herbage production, persistence, nutritive characteristics and water use of perennial forages grown over 6 years on a Wakanui silt loam. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 48, Cosgrove, G Novel grazing management: making better use of white clover. Proceedings of the 2005 SIDE Conference, Online: grazing% management% options.pdf. Costello, T. and Costello, A Subterranean clover in North Canterbury sheep pastures. In: D. J. Moot (ed). Legumes for dryland pastures. Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association (Inc.) Symposium held at Lincoln University, New Zealand, November Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Grassland Association. Grassland Research and Practice Series, Vol. 11, Department of Statistics Agricultural Production Statistics: June 2008 (provisional). Date Accessed: 10/2/ Last Updated: 10/2/2009. Hurst, R. G. M., Black, A. D., Lucas, R. J. and Moot, D. J Sowing strategies for slow-establishing pasture species on a North Otago Dairy farm. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 62, Kearney, J. K., Moot, D. J. and Pollock, K. M Dryland lucerne production in Central Otago. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Lucas, R. J., Smith, M. C., Jarvis, P., Mills, A. and Moot, D. J Nitrogen fixation by subterranean and white clovers in dryland cocksfoot pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Mills, A., Moot, D. J. and McKenzie, B. A Cocksfoot pasture production in relation to environmental variables. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 68, Monks, D. P., Moot, D. J., Smith, M. C. and Lucas, R. J 'Bolta' balansa clover persistence in a grazed cocksfoot pasture depended on spring and summer grazing management. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 70, Moot, D. J An overview of dryland legume research in New Zealand. Crop and Pasture Science, (In Press). Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Pollock, K. and Mills, A Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 70, New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association Annual update (New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association). 15 pp. Date Accessed: 5/5/ Last Updated: Dec Widdup, K. H., Hussain, S. W., Williams, W. M., Lowther, W. L., Pryor, H. N. and Sutherland, B. L The development and plant characteristics of interspecific hybrids between white and caucasian clover. In. Legumes for dryland pastures. Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association. Palmerston North New Zealand: New Zealand Grassland Association,

68 Pasture responses to environment Professor Moot gave this presentation at: Lincoln University On: 24 June 2011 For the: Beef & Lamb New Zealand Science Day