BACKGROUND OF STUDY REGION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER-II BACKGROUND OF STUDY REGION 2.1 General Introduction 2.2 Location, Site and Situation 2.3 Geology 2.4 Physiography 2.5 Drainage 2.6 Climate 2.7 Types of Soil 2.8 Forest 2.9 Transportation 2.10 Market Centres 2.11 Population 2.12 Occupational Structure 2.13 Distribution of Cultivators 2.14 Distribution of Agricultural Labours 2.15 Irrigation 2.16 Resume 11

2 CHAPTER-II BACKGROUND OF STUDY REGION 2.1 General Introduction Agricultural landuse has caused greater environmental changes to biosphere than any other landuse (Stephen Gliessman, 1998). 50 percent of the world s land is used for agriculture and animal production while only 5 percent is unmanaged land parks and preserves (Pimental et. al., 1992). Agricultural land is practiced for cultivation as it is primarily requirement to produce food for human and animal consumption. Physical, chemical, biological and mechanical inputs are essential to crop growth and are ultimately supplied by soil, moisture, temperature, plants, animals and biological agents. In productive agricultural system inputs are controlled through appropriate agricultural practices. The more capable landuse provides and sustains these inputs, the more capable and productive land is as an agricultural land. Not all agricultural land is capable or suitable for producing all agricultural products, regardless of the level of management applied. The main limiting factors are topography, climate and irrigation. Climate determines the heat energy and moisture inputs require for agricultural production. Topographical limitations mostly restrict the ability to use equipments for cultivation. The natural resources of any region have economic significance. Agriculture is the main primary activity which largely depends on land resources. Hence, it is necessary to explore potentiality of land resources. This chapter describes the physiography, geology, climate, drainage, soil, vegetation, population, transportation and occupations of Pune district. 2.2 Location, Site and Situation Pune district is situated in west part in Maharashtra state. It is bounded by Thane district in northwest, Raigad district in west, Satara district in south, Solapur district in southeast and Ahmednagar district in north and northeast boundary. Pune city is the headquarters of this district and study region extends from 17 o 54 to 19 o 24 north latitudes and 73 o 2 to 75 o 1 east longitudes. This region drains by Bhima river. In term of area the study region ranks second in state (5.10 percent). Pune district consists of 14 talukas and 1866 villages and having total 72,32,555 population in 2001 census and 94,26,959 population in The fourteen talukas in study region are, namely, Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Velhe, Bhor, Haveli, Purandar, Pune City, Indapur, Daund, Baramati and Shirur. The population density is 12

3 603 persons per sq kilometer in 2011 Census. The sex ratio is 910 and literacy rate is percent in study region in Geology The study region consists of multiple layers of solidified fluid basalt and is more than 2,000 metres thick and formed between 60 to 68 millions years ago during the Cretaceous period. The basaltic lava flows is estimated to be around 512,000 square kilometers. The plateau after the catastrophic phase of faulting has remained relatively stable and has undergone a succession of cycles of erosion. The region has basaltic base on which there are alluvial deposits in river valleys on the terraces and an old flood plains. Fault lines are scattered throughout the study region and these areas are minor earthquake prone. 2.4 Physiography Pune district covers 15,642 square kilometers area. Sahyadri mountain range lies from north to south in west part in study region and crestline acts as a main water divide of peninsular rivers. There are three main mountainous ranges, namely, Harishchandra range, Jeevdhan range and Dhak-Ahupe range. In south, Saswad plateau lies in between Bhima basin in north and Neera basin in south and then it extends towards east. South of Harishchandra range, the Tasubai range lies in south, then Mandavi range and Tamhini range followed by Saswad plateau indicates two regions of above 900 metres high (Fig.-2.1). One lies in north i.e. Harishchandra and another is Jeevdhan range. The height in west part in study region is above 1200 metres and it lowers towards east (450 metres). The central and west parts have elevation from 600 to 1200 metres. The slope is towards southeast in study region. The central and east parts show elevation between 450 to 600 metres lying from east to west. One zone lies between Tasubai range and Saswad plateau and east part and south part of Saswad plateau. The overall slope is 800 metres from northwest to southeast direction in study region. 2.5 Drainage Pune district is well drained by Bhima, Kukdi, Ghod, Indrayani, Mula, Mutha and Nira rivers (Fig.-2.2). Bhima river originates near Bhimashankar in north part in study region. The major tributaries of Bhima river are Kukdi, Meena, Ghod, Vel, Bhama, Indrayani, Mula, Mutha, Karha and Nira. The north boundary of study region is confined by Bhima river and south boundary is confined by Nira river. Later on, Bhima river joins to Krishna river. 13

4 Fig.-2.1 : Physiography 14

5 Fig.-2.2 : Drainage 15

6 During rainy season, these rivers flow with ample water and during dry season water shrinks in narrow channel. The eastern part in study region has found broad valley. Most of these rivers have found terraces and alluvial depositions along the flood plains such land is fertile. The study region has Bhushi, Lonavla, Pavna, Valvan, Tungarli, Andhra and Shirawta lake. The dams constructed across the rivers are, namely, Pimpalgaon (Pushpavati), Manikdoh, Yedgaon (Kukadi), Meena (Meena), Dimbe (Ghod), Chas-Kaman and Ujani (Bhima), Andhra (Andhra), Valvhan (Indrayani), Pavna (Pavna), Mulshi (Mutha), Temghar, Khadakwasla (Mutha), Varasgaon (Ambi), Panshet (Mose), Chapet (Kanandi), Bhatgar (Velvandi), Devghar, Veer (Neera). There are long canal constructed along the river banks to its right and left such as Mula-Mutha canals, Nira canals etc. This facilitates farmers to change their traditional landuse pattern in study region. 2.6 Climate Rainfall is one of the factors to determine the landuse pattern in study region. The study region experiences tropical monsoon climate. Due to uneven topography, rainfall is unevenly distributed in study region. Table -2.1 : Annual Rainfall in Pune District. Sr. No. Talukas Average Rainfall Sr. No. Talukas Average Rainfall 1 Junnar Pune city Ambegaon Daund Shirur Purandar Khed Velhe Maval Bhor Mulshi Baramati Haveli Indapur Souce : Socio-economic Abstract, Pune District, Note: Rainfall is given in millimeters. Mostly rainfall receives from southwest monsoon accounting 87 percent during from June to September. The average rainfall in Pune district is 700 millimeters. The rainfall amount of more than 2000 milimeters receives in Velhe, Mulshi and Maval talukas whereas moderate rainfall of 1000 to 2000 milimeters is occur in Bhor, Ambegaon, Junnar, Khed, Haveli, talukas (Fig.-2.3). Velhe taluka (2641) receives highest amount of rainfall during followed by Mulshi (1665) and Maval (1294). 16

7 Fig.-2.3 : Rainfall Zones 17

8 Fig.-2.4 : A) Average Rainfall B) Temperature 18

9 Talukas having low rainfall are Shirur, Daund, Indapur and Baramati (450 to 600 millimeters). Daund taluka has found lowest rainfall (460 millimeters) followed by Baramati (500), Indapur (502) and Shirur (512). Due to heavy rainfall during rainy season, landslide occurs in Ambegaon, Junnar and Mulshi talukas in study region. In study region summers are dry and hot and it begins from early March to June. The temperature ranges from 10 0 to 38 0 centigrades and it reaches to 40 0 centigrades in May. May is the hottest month in study region. The west part in study region in Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Maval, Mulshi and Velhe talukas experience moderately cool climate and Shirur, Daund, Baramati and Indapur talukas experience hot and dry climate. Winter season commences from November and lasts upto February. Temperature during winter season drops down upto 10 0 to 12 0 centigrades (Fig.-2.4). Humidity is low during the summer months as it increases evaporation losses from the atmosphere. It reaches lowest upto 50 percent in summer. The diurnal variation in humidity during this period is high and water vapour gets condensed due to falling night time temperature and daytime it finds high. During rainy season, it is usually high and it reaches upto 88 percent. Table 2.2. Temperature at Pune Months Minimum Maximum Months Minimum Maximum January July February August March September April October May November June December Source: India Meteorological Department, Pune 2.7 Types of Soil Soil plays a key role in cultivation and production of crops in study region. It nourishes and supports growth of plants. The growth of crops depends upon soil structure, colour, thickness and texture. Organic and inorganic matter, water and air are essential in soil for plant growth. The development of soil in any region depends mainly upon parent material, climate, living organism, land utilization and physiography. Jainendra Kumar (1986) has rightly pointed out the need of study of soil types for efficient landuse as it provides basic nutrients for the growth of plants. Deep black, medium deep black lateritic and coarse shallow soils are observed in study region. 19

10 Fig.-2.5 : Soil Types 20

11 Deep black soil is identified in central and east parts in study region. (Fig 2.5) This soil is mainly found along Bhima and its tributaries. The colour of this soil varies from brown to dark black. This soil is well drained, clayey and it appears dark brown to grayish black in colour owing to excessive predominance of humus content. This soil varies in depth from 5 to 20 feet. The crop cultivation is supplemented by irrigation. Vegetables, sugarcane, wheat, fodder crops are grown in this soil. Medium deep black soil is observed in Khed, Shirur, Haveli, Purandar and Daund talukas. This soil is deep, well drained and fine textured and it suffers from moderate erosion and has saline, clayey and calcarious in nature but found comparatively less fertile than deep black soil. Sugarcane, wheat and vegetables are common crops grown on this soil in study region. Course shallow soil is hard in nature and locally known as murmad. This soil is semi-fertile and its water holding capacity is less than black soil. Lateritic coarse shallow soil is reddish brown in colour. Basaltic soil is turned into laterite soil due to oxidation process which is caused by heavy rainfall and high temperature. Chemical and mechanical weathering result laterite soil. This soil contains excessive iron oxide resulting reddish in colour. Laterite coarse shallow soil is found in north in Junnar, Khed and Shirur, central part in Indapur, Baramati and Purandar talukas. Coarse shallow high hill soil, which is laterite, found in west part in study region. This soil is well drained and calcarious in nature. Jowar and bajra crops are well grown in this soil. Sahyadri and its ranges are covered with shallow laterite soil. Rice is the main crop in this region. 2.8 Forest Forest cover is directly dependent on temperature, rainfall and soil types. It gives raw material and by-products to agro-based industries. Sub-tropical hill forest, semi-evergreen forest, moist mixed deciduous forest, dry mixed deciduous forest, dry teak forest are found in study region. Bor, Polati, Nephtad, Vagati trees are found in dryland area in Baramati, Daund, Indapur, Saswad and Purandar talukas. These species are stunted and small. The moderately high rainfall ( millimetres) forms the transitional zone between dry deciduous and moist deciduous types. Rainfall increases towards west and deciduous vegetation decreases towards west. Ain, Kindal and Hirda are found in central and evergreen and semi-evergreen forest in west part in study region. Pune district has 2080 square kilometers forest area. Hilly portion of west side is covered by forest in Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Bhor and Velhe talukas. 21

12 Small patches of forest are found in Purandhar and Haveli talukas. The west part of talukas, namely, Mulshi, Velhe and Bhor is covered by forest. The talukawise percentage is shown in Table-2.3. Fifty percent forest is found in west part in Maval, Bhor, Mulshi, Ambegaon and Velhe talukas. The largest forest cover is identified in Maval (27.77 percent) followed by Ambegaon (22.10), Velhe (19.72) and Mulshi (15.09). Daund, Purandar and Haveli taluka shows decreased trend and Maval taluka shows increased in area under forest. Pune district has recorded 1.49 percent of negative trend in 25 years. This forest gives honey, wax, gum and other medicinal products. Besides this, teak, hirda, khaire produces many by-products. Table-2.3 : Forest Area in Pune District Sr. No. Talukas Forest Area Sr. No. Taluka Forest Area 1 Junnar Pune city Ambegaon Daund Shirur Purandar Khed Velhe Maval Bhor Mulshi Baramati Haveli Indapur 4.94 Source : Socio-economic Abstract, Pune District, Note : Forest area is given in percent. 2.9 Transportation The study region has well connected with state capital and surrounding district headquarters by road and rail linkages. The road network consists of express highways, national highways, state highways, major district roads and Village roads. Presently, total road length is 13,642 kilometers of which 5394 kilometers of roads are bituminous surface and 3554 kilometers of roads are waterbound makadam. In study region, length covered by national highways is 331 kilometers and 1,368 kilometers of state highways. The major and other district roads are 5,388 kilometers length passing through study region. The total length of village roads is 6,555 kilometers in study region (Fig.-2.6). 22

13 Types of Road Table-2.4 : Types of Roads in Pune District Bituminous Surface Roads Waterbound Macadam Roads Other Surface (Unmetalled Roads) Total Length (km) National Highways State Highways Major District Roads Other District Roads Village Roads Total Road Length (km) Source: Socio-economic Review, Pune District, National highways passes through study region are, namely, Pune-Mumbai and Pune-Bangalore national highway, Pune-Solapur-Hydrabad national highway, Pune-Nashik national highway. Mumbai-Pune express-way links to Pune-Bangalore highway. This national highway connects Mumbai to Bangalore via Khandala, Lonavala, Talegaon, Chinchwad, Pune and Khed-Shivapur. It enters study region from Raigad district and goes in Satara district in south. Total length of this highway in district is 120 kilometers. National highway connects Pune to Hyderabad via Solapur and passes through Loni-Kalbhor, Urulikanchan, Kedgaon, Bhigwan and Indapur in east and enters in Solapur district having length of 152 kilometers. Pune- Nashik national highway originates at Pune and passes through Chakan, Rajgurunagar, Manchar, Narayangaon (205 kilometers). State Transport buses of Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation provide transport service to villages and neighbouring districts. All taluka headquarters are well connected by metalled road to district headquarter, major settlements and market centres in Pune district. The west part in study region is sparsely populated and has poor road network because of undulating topography and less agricultural practices. The broad gauge, single and double track railway length within the district have a total length of 311 kilometers. Single line is 162 kilometers and double line is 149 kilometers. Pune and Daund are two major railway junctions in study region. There are three main railway routes passing within district, namely, Pune-Solapur route, Pune-Miraj route and Daund-Baramati route. All railway lines linking Pune broad gauge and have double track. Pune-Miraj-Kolhapur railway line was metre gauge and converted to broad gauge in 1995 under Project Uni-gauge (Fig.-2.6). Pune is well connected by both domestic and airlines. 23

14 Fig.-2.6 : Transportation 24

15 2.10 Market Centres The weekly market centres mobilizes the rural local resources. These centres play a vital role to run economy. Commodities including vegetables, fruits, clothes, vessels, groceries, shoes etc are being traded largely. There are 127 market centres are found in Pune district. The highest number of market centres is found in Junnar (23), then Ambegaon (18), Khed (16), Indapur (16), Shirur (9), Haveli (8), Baramati (8), Purandar (8), Daund (7), Velhe (6), etc. Most of the market centres are located along the major state and district roads in study region. These market centres provide an opportunity to exchange the goods and commodities to consumers, sellers, traders and mediators Population According to Census 2001, there was 7,232,555 population in Pune district of which males are 3,768,001 and females are 3,456,223 and population has increased upto 94,26,959 in During , the population was increased percent in Pune district. The population density in study region was 462 persons per square kilometer. Population density is expressed in a number of people per square kilometer area. One square kilometer area is equal to hundred hectares of land. Population is the backbone of agriculture and economic development. Table-2.5 shows the density of population in study region. The highest population density is recorded in Pune city 14,652 persons followed by Haveli taluka (1012 persons). Junnar, Maval, Daund and Baramati show density between 250 and 300 due to dense agricultural practices. Ambegaon, Khed, Purandar and Indapur talukas have density of 200 to 250 persons per square kilometer. The west talukas such as Velhe, Bhor, Mulshi and Shirur have density of less than 200 persons (Fig.-2.7). Table-2.5 : Population Density in Pune District Sr. No. Taluka Sr. No. Taluka Junnar Pune City Ambegaon Daund Shirur Purandar Khed Velhe Maval Bhor Mulshi Baramati Haveli Indapur Source : Socio-economic Abstract, Pune District, and

16 Fig.-2.7 : A) Population Density B) Population Density

17 Talukas lying in west part are indicates less density between 112 and 205 except Maval taluka. Haveli, Baramati, Maval, Daund and Junnar talukas are found density more than 250. The least density has recorded in Velhe taluka (112 persons) due to hilly area. Pune district has shown population density of 462 persons per square kilometer in It is more than the density of Maharashtra state. Population density is more in Baramati, Daund, Indapur, Maval, Khed and Junnar talukas. This area has found suitable land for cultivation due to availability of irrigation. Pune city is densely populated with dominance of secondary and tertiary economic activities Occupational Structure Occupational structure of any region determines the level of economic development. This occupational structure shows the employment status of particular area. Working and non-working population determine the stage of economy. Agricultural laborurs are the main workforce in study region. Pune city is highly urbanised and found maximum workers working in secondary activities (Fig.-2.8). According to 2001 Census, there are lakh population (40.85 percent) engaged as workers. It means percent population, (42.78 lakh) is non-working population. Out of working group 7.93 lakhs are farmers and 3.74 lakhs are landless labours. The remaining (17.07 lakh) workers are being engaged in small scale industries, transportation, construction, trade and services (Fig.-2.8). Table-2.6 : Occupational Structure in Pune District Sr. No. Years Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Other Workers Source : Pune District Census Handbook, Pune Note : Figures are given percent. Table-2.6 shows the occupational structure in study region from 1981 to It is observed from this table that the percent of cultivators is decreased from 1981 to In 1981, percent of cultivators was percent and it has decreased by 7.19 percent. The percent of agricultural labours are slightly increased by 0.39 percent from 1981 to 1991 and from 1991 to 2001 it has decreased by 1.31 percent. The percent of other workers have steadily increased from 1981 to There was 8.11 percent increase in other workers from 1981 to In 1981, there were percent of other workers and it increased to percent in 2001 in study region. 27

18 The proportion of household industry workers varies in study region 3.9 percent in Bhor taluka and 1.8 percent in Indapur taluka. Among fourteen talukas, three talukas, namely, have higher household industry workers than district average (2.7 percent) and their proportion is lower. The proportion of other workers varies between 95.1 percent in Pune city taluka and 20.5 percent in Velhe taluka. Among fourteen talukas, three talukas, namely, Maval (58.9 percent), Haveli (80.3 percent) and Pune city (95.1 percent) proportion of other workers is higher than that of district average (57.8 percent) Distribution of Cultivators Table-2.7 gives the distribution of cultivators in study region. The percent of cultivators in 1981, 1991 and 2001 is shown in Table-2.6. In 1981 total cultivators were 496,200 accounting 34.9 percent in Pune district. The distribution of cultivators in study region is uneven. Velhe taluka shows highest cultivators (71.7 percent) in 1981 followed by Ambegaon (70.89) while lowest was in Haveli taluka (17.90 percent). Khed, Shirur, Purandar, Mulshi, Junnar and Bhor talukas have 60 to 70 percent cultivators. Five talukas, namely, Daund, Indapur, Baramati, Maval and Haveli have found 40 to 50 percent cultivators in study region (Fig.-2.9). Table-2.7: Distribution of Cultivators Sr. No. Talukas Percent of Cultivators Junnar Ambegaon Shirur Khed Maval Mulshi Haveli Pune city Daund Purandar Velhe Bhor Baramati Indapur Disrtict Source : Pune District Census Handbook, 1981, 1991 and

19 Fig.-2.8 : A) Cultivators B) Occupational Structure 29

20 Fig.-2.9 : A) Distribution of Cultivators, B) Distribution of Cultivators,

21 In 2001 total cultivators were 26.9 percent in study region. During these two decades, percent of cultivators in all talukas have decreased by 4.5 percent. The proportion of cultivators varies between 65.7 percent for Velhe taluka followed by Ambegaon (58.9 percent), Purandar (56.0 percent), Khed (55.9) and Shirur (54.9). Haveli taluka has less cultivators (10.7) followed by Maval (29.1 percent). Among other than agriculture sector, 2.7 percent are household industry workers in study region in other workers category. In 2001, proportion of cultivators varies between 65.7 per cent in Velhe taluka and 0.6 percent in Pune city Distribution of Agricultural Labours Table-2.8 exhibits the highest percent of agricultural labourers in study region. In 1981, Baramati taluka has percent agricultural labours followed by Indapur (35.04 percent), Daund (26.45 percent) and lowest is in Velhe taluka (5.03 percent). The west part in study region has less number of labours than eastern plain region because of more efficiency of agricultural land (Fig.-2.10). In Pune district, highest percent of agricultural labours is in Indapur talukas (38.0 percent) in Sr. No. Table-2.8: Distribution of Agricultural Labourers Talukas Percentage of Agricultural Labours Junnar Ambegaon Shirur Khed Maval Mulshi Haveli Pune city Daund Purandar Velhe Bhor Baramati Indapur Disrtict Source : Pune District Census Handbook, Pune, 1981, 1991 and Note : Agricultural Labours are given in percent. 31

22 Baramati, Daund and Junnar talukas have 20 to 30 percent agricultural labours. Ambegaon, Shirur, Bhor, Purandar, Khed, Mulshi and Velhe talukas have 10 to 20 percent agricultural labours. The lowest percent of agricultural labours are in Haveli taluka accounting 6.8 percent due to more urbanization. The proportion of both cultivators and agricultural labours differ considerably from taluka to taluka. The proportion of agricultural labours varies between in Indapur taluka and 0.66 percent in Pune city. Sr. No. Table- 2.9 : Cultivators and Agricultural Labourers in Pune District Talukas Cultivators and Agricultural Labourers Labours Per 100 Hectares Cultivators and Agricultural Labourers Labours Per 100 Hectares Junnar 104, Ambegaon 63, Shirur 92, Khed 102, Maval 41, Mulshi 39, Haveli 87, Daund 77, Purandar 63, Velhe 20, Bhor 46, Baramati 94, Indapur 90, Total 924, Source : Pune District Census Handbook, Pune, 1991 amd Note : Figures are per 100 hectares of Cultivable area. The proportion of agricultural labours varies between 38.0 percent for Indapur taluka and 0.9 percent for Pune city taluka. Such wide variations within the district are mainly due to cropping and land holding patterns in the district. Table-2.10 gives the number of cultivators and agricultural labours per 100 hectares of cultivable area. There are 90 cultivators and agricultural labours per 100 hectares of cultivable area in study region in 1991 as against 71 in The ratio varies from 65 in Velhe taluka to 150 in Haveli taluka (Table 2.9). 32

23 Fig : A) Distribution of Agriclutural Laboures, B)

24 In 2001, there are 100 cultivators and agricultural labourers per 100 hectares of cultivable area as against 90 in The ratio varies from 71 in Bhor taluka to 121 in Maval taluka Irrigation Pune district experiences high rainfall in west part and less rainfall in east part. Rainfall decreases from west to east. The overall irrigation in study region is 11,72,952 hecaters which is percent of geographical area. Dams like Panshet, Varasgaon, Pavna, Mulshi, Temghar etc are constructed in Sahyadri region mainly for irrigation purpose. Indapur, Daund, Baramati and Junnar have more than 30 percent irrigated land, whereas Haveli, Khed and Ambegaon talukas have 20 to 30 percent of irrigated land. Talukas like Shirur, Purandar and Bhor have more than 10 percent irrigation while west part in study region is found less irrigated where rainfall is more. The east part in study region has dryland agriculture which has turned into irrigated land. Traditional crops like jowar, bajara, cereals are replaced by sugarcane, wheat, vegetables and fruits. Out of total irrigated area, 88 percent land is under food crops and 12 percent is under non-food crops. There are 91,508 wells and 90,095 electric pumps used for irrigation purpose in study region. Area under fodder crops have increased in last 10 years which has increased dairy farming as a subsidiary activity in east part of study region (Fig.-2.11) Resume The physical and social conditions of study region has discussed in this chapter. Pune district consists of fourteen talukas and 1866 villages having 72,32,555 population in 2001 and having 14,642 square kilometers area. Pune s average rainfall is 700 mm. The temperature ranges from 20 0 to 38 0 Centigrades in study region. May is the hottest month and goes down 14 0 centigrades in December. Deep black soil is identified in central and north and marginal areas in Bhima and its tributary s basin. Coarse shallow hill soil or laterite soil is found in western ghats and hilly slope area. Course shallow soil is found in north and east parts in study region. Sub-tropical hill forest, Semi-evergreen forest, Moist mixed deciduous forests, Dry mixed deciduous forest and dry teak forest are found in study region. According to 2010, forest covers 2080 square kilometers in study region. Maval, Bhor, Mulshi, Ambegaon and Velhe talukas have more than 10 percent forest cover. 34

25 Fig : Irrigation 35

26 The district is well connected with state capital and surrounding region with district roads and rail routes. The total length of roads is 13,642 kilometers, of which, 331 kilometers road length is covered by National highways, 1368 kilometers by state highways, 5388 kilometers by district roads and 6555 kilometers by village roads. The broad gauge rail length is 311 kilometers. Pune is well connected by domestic and international airlines. According to 2011 Census, population of study region is lakh. Pune district has shown population density of 603 persons per square kilometers in There is percent growth from 1981 to 1991 and percent growth from 1991 to According to 2001 Census, percent population is engaged as workers. 36