Effect of different herbicides on weeds of Kabuli chickpea

Transcription

1 International Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume 9 Issue 2 June, RESEARCH PAPER Effect of different herbicides on weeds of Kabuli chickpea NB MURADE AND DB PATIL* Dr AS College of Agricultural Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, AHMEDNAGAR (MS) INDIA ( dino20@rediffmailcom; dino0@rediffmailcom) Abstract : An experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 200 in the farm of Pulse Research Unit, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola to study the effect of different herbicide on weeds in kabuli chickpea The Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eleven treatments replicated thrice The treatments comprised of weed check (T weed free (T 2 hand weeding at 20 and (T 3 imazethapyr 75g ha - POE 25 (T 4 imazethapyr 75g ha - POE 35 (T 5 imazethapyr 00g ha - POE 25 (T 6 imazethapyr 00g ha - POE 35 (T 7 quizalofop ethyl 75g ha - POE 25 ( quizalofop ethyl 75g ha - POE 35 (T 9 quizalofop ethyl 00g ha - POE 25 (T 0 ) and quizalofop ethyl 00g ha - POE 35 (T )During the period of experiment weeds viz, Cynadon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Digera arvensis, Celosia argentia, Phyllanthus niruri, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia geniculata, Parthenium hysterophorous, Convolvulus arvensis were dominant weeds observed in chickpeathe treatment weed free followed by two hand weeding at 20 and was most effective in controlling the weeds This treatment increased the weed control efficiency to maximum extent Amongst all the herbicidal treatments of weed control, best weed control efficiency was obtain with the treatment, post-emergence application of 00g ha -, which is effective against both monocot and dicot weeds Application of quizalofop 00g ha - was more effective to control monocot weeds The lowest weed index was observed in two hand weeding treatment at 20 and Key Words : Kabuli chickpea, Weed control, Weed free, Hand weeding, Imazethapyr, Quizalofop ethyl View Point Article : Murade, NB and Patil, DB (203) Effect of different herbicides on weeds of Kabuli chickpea Internat J agric Sci, 9(2): 5-9 Article History : Received : 32202; Revised : ; Accepted : INTRODUCTION India is the major pulse growing country in the world accounting for one third of the acreage under pulses and one forth to the world production Among all the pulses chickpea (Cicer kabulium L) is a vital pulse in India mostly grown in Rabi season It also called as gram, chana, garbanzo bean etc Chickpea has high nutritive value among pulses and mostly contains 206% protein, 62% carbohydrates and 22% fats Besides, it is rich in malic acid and mineral like calcium (90 mg per 00 mg iron (98 mg per 00 mg) and phosphorus (2 g per 00 mg) (Baldevet al, 988)Chickpea occupies a prominent place and is gaining importance with increasing popularity due to its high nutritional value, high tonnage capacity, low cost of cultivation and it can withstand drought season and cold climate efficiently Chickpea has the capacity to fix the atmospheric nitrogen up to kg ha - to the soil and play an important role in sustaining soil productivity (Baldev et al, 988)In India chickpea is grown over an area of 856 lakh ha with a production of 735 lakh tones annually and average productivity of 858 kg ha - In Maharashtra the crop occupies on an area of 395 lakh ha with a production 30 lakh tones and average productivity of 933 kg ha - In Vidharbha region has 567 lakh ha area under chickpea with total production of 528 lakh tones and average productivity of 909 kg ha - (Anonymous, 200)The critical period of crop-weed competition for chickpea is up to days One of the reasons for low productivity of chickpea is more weed infestation during early growth period of the crop To obtain best weed control results, today there are various methods invented by different research workers Although the best method of weed * Author for correspondence Department of Agronomy, Post Graduate Institute, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, AKOLA (MS) INDIA

2 NB MURADE AND DB PATIL control is traditional method, but it is costlier and time consuming Therefore, it is necessary to develop cheaper method of weed control, which is none other than herbicidal method In the near future, agriculture labour will become scarce and expensive In this context, herbicides will have important role to play in Indian agriculture, as they are substitute for human labourweed not only deteriorates the pod quality but also increase the expenditure on tillage and other cultivation practices The usual cultural methods of weed control practiced by farmers in chickpea are hand weeding and hoeing These methods of weed control depend upon availability of labour and favourable weather conditions However, weed flora at the time of critical growth stage of Rabi crops, increase crop weed competition and drastically reduce crop yield To increase crop yield cultural methods may be used, but increase in wages and scarcity of labour amounts in rise in cost of cultivation and simultaneously causing more harm to crop due to late weeding It also observed that there are certain weed which cannot be controlled properly either by hoeing or hand weeding in an advance stage of its growth and they again come up with profuse branching and suppressing crop growth and yieldhence, traditional method of weeding and hoeing are effective to control weeds but not feasible under wet condition of field and has limitation due to labour shortage at critical period In such cases, chemical method of weed control can be very effective in killing the weeds before their emergence as well as after emergence The use of herbicides has assumed a great significance particularly in intensive agriculture due to their ability of providing quick, effective, selective and economic weed management in term of time, money and labour Considering above facts, an attempt was made to study the effect of different herbicides on weeds of kabuli chickpea MATERIAL AND METHODS An experiment was carried out of the field of Pulses Research Station, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during Rabi season of The topography of field was fairly uniform and leveled The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with eleven treatments and three replications ie weed check (T weed free (T 2 hand weeding at 20 and (T 3 imazethapyr 75g ha - POE 25 (T 4 imazethapyr 75g ha - POE 35 (T 5 imazethapyr 00g ha - POE 25 (T 6 imazethapyr 00g ha - POE 35 (T 7 quizalofop ethyl 75g ha - POE 25 ( quizalofop ethyl 75g ha - POE 35 (T 9 quizalofop ethyl 00g ha - POE 25 (T 0 ) and quizalofop ethyl 00g ha - POE 35 (T ) and spacing of 45cm x 0cmThe experimental soil was clayey in texture(4443% low in nitrogen content (23558 kg ha - medium in phosphorus content (286 kg ha - rich in potash(3894 kgha - )Gross plot size for experiment was 45 m 30 m with net plot size of 36 m 28 m and PKV Kabuli-2 variety of kabuli chickpea was used for the Internat J agric Sci June, 203 Vol 9 Issue study The soil reaction was slightly alkaline in reaction (ph 82)The sowing was done on 27 th Oct200Observations on weed studies viz, weed count, weed dry matter, weed control efficiency, weed index, phytotoxicity were recorded at 20,,, and at on randomly selected five plants from each net plot during the course of investigation The data were compiled subjected appropriate statistical analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the present investigation as well as relevant discussion have been summarized under following heads : Effect of various treatments on weed population: The effects of various treatments on weed population were assessed at different growth stages of chickpea crop The weeds were classified as monocot and dicot Effect of treatments on monocot weeds: The data presented in Table revealed that the different weed control treatments significantly influenced the number of monocot weeds at all the growth stages Treatment T recorded highest monocot weeds and it was lowest at 20 and progressively increased till 20, weed count of all treatments except T 2 was recorded prior to implementations of weed control treatments so no much variation in monocot weeds was observed in all the treatments, treatment T 3 (HW at 20 and ) recorded lowest monocot weed count, which was significantly lower than all other treatments Treatment (QE 75g ha - POE 25 ) was at par with T 9, T 0, T 6 and T Treatment T (QE 00g ha - POE 35 ) was at par witht 4, treatment T (WC) recorded more monocot weed (QE 75g ha - POE 35 )was at par with Treatment T 5, T 0, T and T 6 were also at par with each other Treatment T 3 recorded lowest monocot weed, treatment T 3 (HW at 20 and ) was at par with T 9,,T 4, T andt 0 Among herbicidal treatment, T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 recorded lowest monocot weeds followed by T 7 Maximum monocot weed count was observed in weed control treatment treatment T 3 (HW at 20 and ) was found at par with T 0, T Treatment T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 ) was found significantly superior in reducing the weed followed by T 7 T 9 (QE 75g ha - POE 35 ) was found at par with treatment In respect of herbicidal treatment, T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 ) recorded significantly lowest monocot weed count at all periodical stages Imazethapyr and quizalofop ethyl were used to control monocot weeds, no much variation was noted in monocot weed count after their application Similar results were also reported by Mishra et al (2005) and Kachhadiya et

3 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HERBICIDES ON WEED'S OF KABULI CHICKPEA Table : Monocot weed count m -2, Dicot weed count m -2, Weed dry matter accumulation (g) as influenced by different weed control treatments Monocot weed count m -2 Dicot weed count m -2 Weed dry matter accumulation (g) Treatments T T T T T T T T T T SE CD (P=005) GM T - Weed control (weedy check) T 2 Weed free T 3 Hand weeding 20 and T 4 75 g/ha POE 25 T 5 75 g/ha POE 35 T 6 00 g/ha POE 25 T 7 00 g/ha POE 35 Quizalofop 75 g/ha POE 25 T 9 Quizalofop 75 g/ha POE 35 T 0 Quizalofop 00 g/ha POE 25 T Quizalofop 00 g/ha POE 35 al (2009) Effect of treatments on dicot weeds: The data pertaining to dicot weed count m -2 are presented in Table Data pertaining to dicot weed count are presented in Table with the different weed control treatments influenced the number of dicot weed at all growth stages Treatment T (WC) recorded highest weeds at all stages of growth of crop 20, weed count of all treatments were recorded prior to implementations of weed control treatment except T 2, so all treatments were found at par with each other, minimum dicot weed count was observed in T 3 (HW at 20 and ) Among herbicidal treatment, T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 ) was observed significantly superior to control dicot weeds than all other treatments except T 4 Treatments T 5 (IM 75g ha - POE 35 ) was found at par with T 4 and T 7 Treatment T (QE 00g ha - POE 35 ) was found at par with treatment T 0 followed by treatment, the treatment T 3 (HW at 20 and ) recorded significantly lowest dicot weed count over all other treatments Treatment T (QE 00 g ha - POE 35 ) was found at par with, T 9 and T 0 Treatment T 7 (IM 00g ha - POE 35 ) was found at par with T 6 treatment weedy check (T ) showed maximum dicot weed count among all treatments Treatment T 3 (HW at 20 and ) was significantly superior in reducing dicot weed count over all other treatments Treatments T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 ) was found best among all herbicidal treatment which was at par with T 7 Treatment T (QE 00g ha - POE 35 ) was at par with, T 0 treatment (QE 75g ha - POE 25 ) was observed at par with T 9, T 0 and T Treatment T 5 (IM 75g ha - POE 35 T 4, T 6 was found at par with each other Maximum dicot weed were noticed in weed control plot (T )Treatment T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 ) recorded lowest dicot weed followed T 7 because imazethapyr control the broad leaf weeds and quizalofop ethyl only controls the grassy weeds effectively in early stages, so no much effect of quizalofop ethyl was noted on dicot weeds These results are in accordance with the results reported by Mishra et al (2005) and Kachhadiya et al (2009) Effect of treatment on dry matter accumulation by weeds: Data pertaining to weed dry matter accumulation are presented in Table Weed dry weight was recorded prior to implementation of weed control measures In general the dry matter of weed was minimum at 20 and was increased and reached to maximum at and slightly reduced at 20, T 3 (HW 20 and ) recorded significantly lowest weed dry matter accumulation over rest of treatments Higher weed dry matter accumulation was reported in T (WC) All the herbicidal treatments were observed to be at par with each other, the treatment T 3 (HW at 20 and ) recorded significantly lower dry matter accumulation Internat J agric Sci June, 203 Vol 9 Issue

4 NB MURADE AND DB PATIL Table 2 : Weed control efficiency (%), weed index (%) and crop phytotoxicity visual score rate scale (0 to 0) on chickpea crop at 55 and as influenced by different treatments Weed Weed control Crop phytotoxicity score scale Treatments index (%) efficiency (%) Effect Rate Description T - Weed control (weedy check) None 0 No injury, normal growth T 2 Weed free - 00 None 0 No injury, normal growth T 3 Hand weeding 20 and None 0 No injury, normal growth T 4 75 g/ha POE Slight Slight stunting injury or discoloration T 5 75 g/ha POE None 0 No injury, normal growth T 6 00 g/ha POE Moderate 4 Moderate injury recovery is possible T 7 00 g/ha POE Moderate 3 Injury more pronounced but, not persistent Quizalofop 75 g/ha POE None 0 No injury, normal growth T 9 Quizalofop 75 g/ha POE None 0 No injury, normal growth T 0 Quizalofop 00 g/ha POE Moderate 4 Moderate injury recovery is possible T Quizalofop 00 g/ha POE Moderate 3 Injury more pronounced but, not persistent, (QE 75g ha - POE 35 ) was found at par with, T and T 0 In herbicidal treatment, lower dry matter was observed in T 6 (545 which was at par with T 7 (QE 75g ha - POE 35 ) was found at par with, T and T 0 and T, maximum weed dry matter was noted in T (WC) treatment where as minimum dry matter of weed was recorded in T 3 Treatment T 4 (IM 75 g ha - POE 25 ) was at par with treatment T 5, followed by treatment T 6 and T 7 (QE 75 g ha - POE 35 and T 0 was at par with each other followed by treatment T, the treatment T 3 (Hand weeding at 20 and ) recorded significantly lower dry matter of weeds as compared to all other treatments In respect of chemical treatment, T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 ) showed significantly lower dry matter production followed by treatment T 7 (QE 75g ha - POE 35 ) was at par with, T and T 0 Maximum weed dry matter was recorded in T Treatment T 4 was at par with each other in herbicidal treatment, lowest weed dry matter was observed with treatment T 6 (IM 00g ha - POE 25 ) followed by T 7 Treatment T 4 were at par with each other (QE 75g ha - POE 35 ) was at par with treatment, T and T 0 Among all treatments highest weed dry matter was in T treatment All the weed control treatments brought significant reduction in weed dry matter as compared to unweeded control Among the herbicides treatments the highest reduction in weed dry matter was found with 00 g/ha at 25 (T 6 )This might be due to translocation of imazethapyr from leaves to roots through xylem and phloem there by affecting root system resulting into restricted growth of weed and it indirectly affect the weed dry matter The result also confirms the findings of Kantar and Elkoca (999) who reported in terms of weed intensity, imazethapyr was to be the most efficacious Similar finding were also obtained by Ahuja and Yaduraju (995) and Saikia and Pandey (999) Weed index: Data pertaining to weed index (%) are presented in Table 2 Weed index was computed as the yield reduction comparative to highest yielding treatment ie T 2 Among the weed management practices T 3 (HW at 20 and ) showed minimum weed index (495) followed by T 4 (994 T 5 (2758 (3438 T 6 (3554 T 9 (3772 T 0 (47 T 7 (4366) and T (456) However, weed control treatment recorded maximum weed index ie 5937% indicating the reduction in chickpea grain yield due to presence of weeds throughout crop growth period Lower weed index in chemical treatments and in cultural weed control practices might be due to better weed control, which provided favourable conditions for crop growth, which ultimately increased the grain yield of chickpea crop as compared to unweeded control treatments Similar results were also reported by Chandel and Saxena (200) Weed control efficiency: From the data, weed control efficiency (%) are presented in Table 2 It was observed that highest weed control efficiency (Except weed free 00) was found to be in two hand weeding at 20 and (4237) treatment followed by T 6 (3820 T 7 (3820 T 5 (3290 T 4 (3066 T 0 (847 T (563 (526) (248) Treatment T 6 showed best weed control efficiency among herbicidal treatments Weed control efficiency denotes the control of weeds in respective treatment Treatment T 6 00 g/ha POE 25 ) and T 7 00 g/ha POE 35 ) gave the highest reduction in number as well as dry weight of weeds per square meter Better weed control efficiency was also recorded by Ahuja and Yaduraju (995) after using imazethapyr Higher weed control efficiency of treatment shows lower weed count and better weed control practices Internat J agric Sci June, 203 Vol 9 Issue

5 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HERBICIDES ON WEED'S OF KABULI CHICKPEA Crop phytotoxicity: The data pertaining to phytotoxicity of chickpea at 55 and are presented in Table 2 The data revealed that, treatment T 6 followed by T 0 was significantly influenced by phytotoxic effects having 4 phytotoxicity visual score rate scale Amongst post-emergence herbicides 75 g/ha POE 25 and quizalofop 75 g/ha POE 25 proved better It has been observed that, imazethapyr and quizalofop ethyl were injurious to the chickpea and injury increased with increase in concentration of both these herbicides Chickpea injury was minimum at 35 days after application for all treatments, which was insignificant with lower dose of 75g ha -, however, it was ineffective in weed control Nevertheless due to lowest dry matter of weeds in higher dose applied to the plot ie 00g ha - significant reduction in ancillary parameters was noticed due to crop phytotoxicity (having 4 visual score rating however, due to application of IM 00g ha - at 35 injury was more pronounced but not persistent Imazethapyr was more phytotoxic than quizalofop ethyl The results pertaining to phytotoxicity scoring ranged from no visible injury to slight stunting injury or discoloration, but no plants died from the treatment It was observed that the effects of imazethapyr occurred severely in young tissue even though the age of the plant was relatively young ie seedling stage The crop was primarily affected more due to application of herbicides at 25 this was mainly due to receipt of 8755 mm rainfall (46 MW which played a key role in determining the severity of herbicides effect The similar result was earlier reported by Devine et al (993 who stated that herbicides absorption and translocation to the site of action in plants varies with environmental factors and crop health REFERENCES Ahuja, KN and Yaduraju, NT (995) Response of chickpea genotype to herbicide application Indian J Weed Sci, 27 ( & 2): 89 Anonymous (200) District wise general statistical Information of agricultural Dept (MS 200-) Baldev,B, Ramanujan, S and Jain, HK (988) Nutritive value of pulses Pulses crops (ed) Oxford and IBH Publishing Co Pvt Ltd, New Delhi: Chandel, AS and Saxena, SC (200) Effect and some new post emergence herbicide on weed parameter and seed yield of soybean Indian JAgron, 46 (2): Devine, MD, Duke, SO and Fedttke, C (993) Physiology of herbicide action (Prentice Hall Inc: Englewood Cliffs, (NJ) Kachhadiya, SP, Savaliya, JJ, Bhalu, VB, Pansuriya, AG and Savaliya, SG (2009) Evaluation of new herbicides for weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) LegumeRes, 32 (4): Mishra, JS, Moorthy, BTS and Bhan, M (2005) Efficacy of herbicides against field dodder ( Cuscuta campestris) in Lentil, Chickpea and Linseed Indian J Weed Sci, 37: 3-4 Saikia, TP and Pandey, J (999) Weed shift in maize (Zea mays) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) cropping system Indian J Agron, 44 (2): Internat J agric Sci June, 203 Vol 9 Issue