WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES AND BIO-ENERGINEERING MEASURES FOR DRAINAGE LINE TREATMENTS IN A WATERSHED

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2 WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES AND BIO-ENERGINEERING MEASURES FOR DRAINAGE LINE TREATMENTS IN A WATERSHED G.P. Juyal V.N. Sharda Agrotech Publishing Academy Udaipur

3 Bio-Engineering Measures for Drainage Line Treatments 2 Information contained in this book has been published by Agrotech Publishing Academy and has been obtained by its authors believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damage arising out of use of this information and specially disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Disputes if any, are subjected to Udaipur jurisdiction only. Published by: Mrs. Geeta Somani Agrotech Publishing Academy 11-A, Vinayak Complex B Udaipur (INDIA) Mob REPRINTED 2013 First Edition Authors All rights reserved ISBN: Typeset by: Dayal Computers 25, Bohraganeshji, Udaipur Printed at: S.S.S. Printers, New Delhi

4 ACKNOWLEDGEME NTS ASSISTANCE IN COMPILATION Er. B.S. Naik, Scientist (SWCE.) Er. R.K. Arya, Tech. Officer (T-5) TECHNICAL SUPPORT Er. Amit Chauhan, Sr. Tech. Asstt. (T-4) Shri H.S. Bhatia, Tech. Officer (T-5) SECRETARIAL ASSISTANCE Shri Manjeet Rawat, Stenographer GENERAL ASSISTANCE Shri Vikram Singh Shri Mukesh Kumar

5 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 About the Book 7 About the Editors 8 1. PARTICIPATORY WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT V.N. Sharda 2. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING A.S. Mishra 3. ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING IN WATERSHED PLANNING Pramod Kumar 4. STATISTICAL METHODS FOR WATERSHED DATA ANALYSIS P.K. Das 5. MAP READING, DELINEATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF WATERSHEDS C. Prakash 6. RAINFALL AND RUNOFF ANALYSIS FOR DESIGNING ENGINEERING MEASURES P.R. Ojasvi 7. LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR WATERSHED AND LANDUSE PLANNING Ratan Singh 8. UTILITY OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND ITS ANALYSIS FOR CROP PLANNING N.S.Murty and R.K. Singh 9. SOIL PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO SOIL HEALTH SUSTAINABILITY IN WATERSHED PLANNING S.C. Mohan and D. Mondal 10. AGRONOMICAL MEASURES / PRACTICES FOR RUNOFF MANAGEMENT ON AGRICULTURAL LAND O.P.S. Khola

6 5 Water harvesting Techniques and 11. DEVELOPMENT OF A WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN K.P.Tripathi 12. ROLE OF MILLET CROPS IN RAINFED WATERSHEDS Harsh Mehta 13. DRAINAGE LINE TREATMENT MEASURES IN TORRENTS G.P. Juyal 14. INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION B.N. Ghosh 15. AGRO-FORESTRY SYSTEMS AND SELECTION OF SUITABLE SPECIES K.S. Dadhwal 16. BIO-ENGINEERING MEASURES FOR REHABILITATION OF HIGHLY DEGRADED LANDS-MINESPOILS AND LANDSLIDES G.P.Juyal 17. MULTIPURPOSE TREES UNDER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME A. Raizada 18. WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR DESIGN B.P. Joshi 19. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT THROUGH PARTICIPATORY APPROACH Bankey Bihari 20. INSTRUMENTATION IN WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT/PLANNING K.P. Tripathi 21 UTILIZATION OF DEGRADED LAND FOR FUEL AND FODDER PRODUCTION A. Raizada 22. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY S. K. Verma

7 Bio-Engineering Measures for Drainage Line Treatments APPLICATION OF GPS, MOBILE MAPPING, REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATERSHEDS L. M. Pandey 24. HAMIRPUR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT-PSI EXPERIENCES Debashish Sen and Jharna Mukherjee 25. IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS Pradeep Dogra 26. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME AND ITS BENEFIT COST RATIO B.L. Dhyani 27. AQUACULTURE IN WATER HARVESTING STRUCTURES Muruganandam, M. 28. HORTICULTURAL INTERVENTIONS FOR WATERSHED DEVELOOPMENT A.C. Rathore 29. SERICULTURE FOR LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT OF RURAL COMMUNITIES G.S. Maurya 30. HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN A WATERSHED D. R. Sena FIELD DEMONSTRATIONS TORRENT TRAINING PROJECT, SABHAWALA CSWCRTI RESEARCH FARM, SELAKUI, DEHRADUN MINED AREA REHABILITATION PROJECT, SAHASTRADHARA 34. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT FAKOT, GARHWAL HIMALAYAS 35. ALMAS WATERSHED KALIMATI-INSTITUTE VILLAGE LINKAGE PROGRAMME TAR (NATP) 37. SAINJI WATERSHED, CSWCRTI, DEHRADUN

8 About the Book India receives very good average annual rainfall (about 1170 mm), most of which remains unutilized and flows as runoff. Water harvesting which is essentially collection and storage of any form of water rainfall, runoff or sub-surface flow, is, therefore, of prime importance for productivity enhancement in rainfed areas. Drainage lines in the form of gullies, waterways and streams are the carriers of runoff and sediment load in a watershed and function similar to veins and arteries of a human body. Problem areas need to treated for safe disposal of runoff water and soil erosion control. Drainage lines may also serve as ideal sites for water conservation and storage structures. Harvesting of rain water and drainage line treatment (DLT) need variety of information such as catchment area and its characteristics, rainfall, expected runoff, land use, suitable sites for intervention etc. Therefore, these interventions can best be planned on watershed basis. Moreover, desired results are only realized when community participation is ensured in planning, execution and maintenance of various activities. Therefore, water harvesting and DLT cannot be achieved in isolation and require basic knowledge of different watershed related disciplines encompassing bio-physical, socioeconomic and institutional attributes. This book is based on the compilation of lectures delivered by different subject matter experts in the Winter School on Water Harvesting Techniques and Bioengineering Measures for Drainage Line Treatment held at CSWCRTI, Dehradun during Sept. 8-28, All essential aspects covering institution and capacity building of stake holders, execution of different bio-physical interventions, and monitoring and evaluation, have been included in the book in an easy to understand and ready to do style. Topics related to basic resource surveys, use of modern tools like GIS & RS, participatory approaches & PRA, watershed hydrology and engineering, agronomy, horticulture, animal husbandry and fisheries, sericulture, impact assessment and economic analysis etc. have been suitably included in the Book. Case studies of some model projects have also been given for the benefit of readers. It is hoped that the book would be of immensely beneficial to all those engaged in watershed management programmes in general and water harvesting and DLT in particular including planners, field functionaries, researchers and students.

9 About the Editors Dr. G.P. Juyal is presently working as Head of Division (Hydrology & Engineering) at CSWCRTI, Dehradun. After graduating from GBPUAT, Pantnagar in Agric. Engineering in 1974 and a brief stint with the University as Assistant Engineer (Res.) he joined as scientist (SWCE) at CSWCRTI, Dehradun during 1977 through ARS of ICAR. He completed his M.E. (Hydrology) and Ph.D degrees at IIT, Roorkee as an in service candidate. Dr. Juyal has over 34 years of experience in the field of S&WC and WSM in the areas of research, training, consultancy and transfer of technology. Areas of his special interest have been management of mountainous watersheds, rehabilitation of areas affected by mass erosion (landslides, mine spoils and torrents) and application of geo-textiles for erosion control. As a Faculty/Course Director he has been involved in a number of regular/short course training programmes for soil conservation professionals and other stakeholders. He has undertaken several consultancies covering watershed planning, rehabilitation of mine spoils/landslide affected areas and torrent training. He was recipient of ICAR Award for Team Research for the Biennial in the year 2000 and Dr. Rajendra Prasad Puruskar of ICAR for Technical Books in Hindi in Agricultural Sciences for the year 2002 and again for the Biennium He has published a number of research papers, Book/Book Chapters, Bulletins, Symposia papers, Training Manuals and Project Reports in the field of soil and water conservation and watershed management. Dr. V.N. Sharda is presently the Director of Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dehradun. After completing his M.Tech. (S&WCE) from PAU, Ludhiana, he joined Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of ICAR in Dr. Sharda has done pioneering work in developing process based runoff and erosion prediction models and bagged Jawahar Lal Nehru Award of ICAR for the best Ph.D Thesis in the field of Agricultural Engineering during He has a vast and varied experience of research, training and consultancy in the areas of hydrology, soil and water conservation (S&WC) and watershed management (WSM). As Head of HRD&SS Division ( ), Dr. Sharda successfully conducted, coordinated and organized a number of regular and short term national and international training courses in the field of S&WC and WSM. He is recipient of the prestigious Fulbright Senior Post Doctoral Research Fellowship of United States Information Agency for the year in the area of Environment Studies. Dr. Sharda critically evaluated the hydrological implication of Eucalyptus globules plantations in the natural grasslands, studied the hydrological behaviour of mountainous, agricultural and ravinous watersheds under different land uses and management practices and developed the concept of Conservation Bench Terraces (CBT) system in a sub-humid climate. In recognition of his outstanding contributions, he has been honoured with several awards which include the Prestigious Rafi Ahmad Kidwai Award of ICAR for significant contributions in the field of Engineering and Technology, Vasantrao Naik Award of ICAR for Research Application in Agriculture, Uttaranchal Ratan Award, Bharat Singh Award of Ministry of Water Resources, Recognition Award of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Outstanding Multi-disciplinary Team Research Award by ICAR, and Bhooratna Award of Soil Conservation Society of India. He is a member of several National and State Level Committees and has more than 160 publications to his credit including research papers in journals of national and international repute, books, bulletins, book chapters, reports etc.

10 1. PARTICIPATORY WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT V.N.Sharda * 1. INTRODUCTION Participatory watershed management has emerged a well accepted tool and sound strategy for long term productive agricultural sustainability through efficient management of natural resources, economic viability and social acceptability of production system and protection of environment. A large number of projects for productivity enhancement are being implemented on the watershed approach. Soil and water conservation including micro-scale water resource development is the foundation of any watershed development programme supported by number of other protection, production and livelihood support interventions. This is so, because water is the most crucial input and acts as a catalyst to bring in ecological, social and economical revolution. Drainage lines, like veins and arteries in human body, play an important role in a watershed since through them water, if in excess, could be drained or if is needed, could be stored. Sustainable production depends considerably upon proper development, conservation, management and use of watershed resources at watershed level involving the local community. Hence a proper understanding of the basic principles, approach and application of participatory watershed management is essential for resource conservation and sustainable production. 2. WATERSHED APPROACH/CONCEPT Over the last 50 years, there have been many variations in conceptual models, objectives and implementation models of watershed programmes. The initial protection oriented approach got enlarged to restoration of degraded areas and then to protectioncum-production oriented objectives of related natural resources and eco-restoration. Watershed management is a single window, integrated, participatory and sustainable area development programme. Watershed concept is an integrated approach to harmonize use of natural resources like land, water, vegetation, livestock, fisheries and human resources. Watershed, a hydrological unit of an area draining to a common outlet point, is recognized as an ideal unit for planning and development of land, water and vegetation * Director, Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dehradun (Uttaranchal)

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