ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GROWING ENERGY CROPS AND USING HARVEST RESIDUES FOR BIOFUEL

Transcription

1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GROWING ENERGY CROPS AND USING HARVEST RESIDUES FOR BIOFUEL

2 Voluntary directive principles of the efficient soil resources usage (FAO, Global Soil Partnerships) 1. Minimization of soil erosion 2. Increase in the content of organic soil matter 3. Ensuring nutrient balance and cycle in the soil 4. Prevention and minimization, and mitigation of salinity and sodicity of the soil 5. Prevention and minimization of soil pollution 6. Prevention and minimization of soil acidity 7. Conservation and increasing of soil biodiversity 8. Prevention and minimization of soil compaction 9. Improvement of soil moisture management 2

3 Main regulations regarding soil resources in Ukraine Constitution of Ukraine; Land Code of Ukraine; The La of Ukrai e O Soil Protectio ; The Law of Ukraine On the State Control over Land Usage and Protectio ; The La of Ukrai e O the E iro e t Protectio ; The Law of Ukraine On Assessment of the Impact on the Environment National Action Plan on Combating Soil Degradation and Desertization (Directive of the Cabinet of Ministers of No:271-р). 3

4 Types and spreading of soil erosion in Ukraine Type of degradation % of arable land (32 mln ha) Loss of humus and nutrients 43 Soil compaction 39 Silting 38 Water surface erosion 17 Acidity 14 Development of swamp 14 Radioactive contamination 11.1 Deflation and loss of topsoil 11 Pesticide contamination 9.3 Heavy metal contamination 8 Acidity, salinity 4.1 Water erosion and gulley formation 3 Silting of water bodies 3 Зниження р вня денно поверхн 0.35 Soil surface deformation by wind 0.35 Aridization of soil 0.21 Land under construction 4.4 4

5 5 Land resources of Ukraine (source data: acad. Saiko V.F) З і і 4,0% І і і і і 1,8% Ві і і і 1,7% З і і і 17,5% З і і 4,1% і ь ь - ь і і 68,9% і і 24. і 8. і ь ь - ь і і 2,0%

6 Application of organic fertilizers Application of mineral fertilizers Source data: 5-year report on soil degradation and desertization (Ministry or Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, 2012) Application of lime and gypsum

7 7 Losses of micro and macroelements when removing straw Macro and microelement s Removal with 1 ton of straw* (kg a.i.) * Winter wheat straw, 5% ash content (IBC&SB) ** According to the recommendations by BAU *** Costs of compensation fertilizers UAH 11.4 billion Removal of nutrients with 17.7 mln ton** of straw, (1000 ton a.i.) Compensation application of mineral fertilizers (1000 ton) N 5, Ammonia nitrate 278 P2O Superphosphate 239 К2О KCl 759 СаО Limestone (80%) 232 MgO Si, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, S Total *** These costs will be enough for annual establishment of ha miscanthus

8 8 Switchgrass and miscanthus as reliable protectors from soil erosion

9 9 Soil holding capacity of switchgrass root system

10 10 Powerful cluster roots of miscanthus

11 11 Changes in agrochemical soil status after long-term growing switchgrass (Yaltushkiv EBS IBC&SB) Year of growing Agrochemical characteristics Initial 0-30 м 3rd year of growing (0-40 cm) 5th year of growing (0-40 cm 7th year of growing (0-40 cm 9th year of growing (0-40 cm Organic matter content (%) Easy-hydrolized N, N-NO 3 (mg/kg) Mobile P, Р 2 5 (mg/kg) Exchange K, К 2 (mg/kg) sal Hydrolytic acidity (mg-equivalent /100g soil) Amount of absorbed alkali (%)

12 12 Dynamics of organic matter content in soil when growing switchgrass ( ,Yaltushkiv EBS IBC&SB) 3,2 3 і, % 2,8 2,6 2,4 2,2 2 2,25 2,43 2,35 2,4 1,8 1,6 1, і

13 13 Changes in agrochemical soil status after long-term growing miscanthus (Yaltushkiv EBS IBC&SB, soil layer 0-40 cm) Agrochemical characteristics Initial 4 th year of growing 6 th year of growing Organic matter content (%) Easy-hydrolized азо, N-NO 3 (mg/kg) Mobile P, Р 2 5 (mg/kg) Exchange K, К 2 (mg/kg) sal Hydrolytic acidity (mg-equivalent /100g soil) 1, Amount of absorbed alkali (%)

14 14 Miscanthus varieties (IBC&SB) Miscanthus giganteus Osinnii Zoretsvit Miscanthus saccariflorus Snihova Koroleva Miscanthus sinensis Misiachnyi Promin

15 15 Seedbed preparation Technology of growing Miscanthus giganteus Transportation and storage of biomass Planting rhizomes Caring and fertilization after harvesting biomass Harvesting of biomass - annual after three years. Annual yield of solid biofuel from 1 ha: ton Harvesting biomass Tending crops of the 1 st vegetation year Plants of the 2 nd year of vegetation

16 16 Switchgrass varieties (IBC&SB) П і зк П і я ьк

17 17 Technology of growing switchgrass Seed preparation Harvesting biomass Seeding Caring and fertilization after harvesting biomass Harvesting of biomass - annual after two years. Annual yield of solid biofuel from 1 ha: ton Plants of the 3 rd year of vegetation Tending crops of the 1 st vegetation year Plants of the 2 nd year of vegetation

18 18 SEEMLA (Horizon 2020) Sustainable Growing Biomass on Marginal Lands in Europe Ukraine: IBC&SB, SALIX Energy Germany: FNR (coordination), IFEU, BTU-CS ІItaly: Legambiente Greece: DUTH, DAMT

19 What is not ecological is not economical!!!

20 Thanks for your attention Dr. Sc. (Agric.), Academician of NAAS Mykola Roik Director of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet bio.gov.ua