ANIMALCHANGE SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME THEME 2: FOOD, AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES, AND BIOTECHNOLOGIES. Grant agreement number: FP

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1 ANIMALCHANGE SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME THEME 2: FOOD, AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES, AND BIOTECHNOLOGIES DELIVERABLE 10.1 Grant agreement number: FP Deliverable title: Compiled database on characteristic livestock farms for use in Task 10.3 Abstract: This paper provides insight in the development of the compiled database on characteristic farms for use in Task 10.3 and the development of a network of characteristic farms in the main agro climatic zones of the project. Due date of deliverable: M12 Start date of the project: March 1 st, 2011 Actual submission date: M16 Duration: 48 months Organisation name of lead contractor: DLO : M.W.J. Stienezen and A. van den Pol van Dasselaar Dissemination level: PU Release Date Reason of change Status Distribution

2 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION MODEL FARMS Livestock classification Characterisation of the model farms NETWORK OF CHARACTERISTIC SHOWCASE FARMS PARAMETERS AND DATA COLLECTION CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES ANNEX

3 1. Introduction AnimalChange will provide scientific guidance on the integration of adaptation and mitigation objectives and design sustainable development pathways for livestock production in different parts of the world. An important part of AnimalChange focuses on the farm level (WP9, WP10 and WP11, together Component 3). Figure 1 provides an overview of information flows within Component 3. CP 1 Livestock systems under business-as-usual scenarios: GHG emissions and climate change impacts Leader: DLO (Peter Kuikman) CP 3 Farm scale mitigation and adaptation Leader: AU-DJF (Jørgen Olesen) WP 9 Farm scale modeling methodologies for mitigation and adaptation Leader: AU-DJF (Nicholas Hutchings) CP 2 Breakthrough mitigation and adaptation options Leader: Teagasc (Frank O Mara) WP 10 Integrate mitigation and adaptation at farm scale Leader: CIRAD (Philippe Lecomte) CP 4 Regional scale and support to sustainable policy development Leader: FAO (Pierre Gerber) WP 11 Filtering out options Leader: SAC (Dominic Moran) Figure 1. Structure and information flows regarding Component 3 of AnimalChange The current deliverable (D10.1) is part of WP10. WP10 of AnimalChange will investigate, test and demonstrate the effect of single and combined mitigation and adaptation options at farm level using both model farms and real farms (showcase farms). The objective of WP10 is to describe livestock systems, identify and use case study farms, integrate adaptation and mitigation at farm scale and extend the spatial scale to include further issues (e.g. animal mobility) that are relevant for the regional scale. This deliverable (D10.1) is a step in this process. It describes: Characterisation of the model farms Characterisation of the showcase farms The set-up and outline of a database of these farms 1

4 Two meetings were held in relation to this deliverable: Regions, production systems and production sites which need to be evaluated in AnimalChange were defined during a meeting in Lelystad, the Netherlands in June This was carried out as a joint action with representatives of several WP s (WP2, WP8, WP9, WP10, WP11 and WP12) Identification of showcase farms and corresponding criteria was carried out in conjunction with representatives of WP8, WP9, WP10, WP11 and WP12 during a meeting in Amsterdam, the Netherlands in June This meeting aimed to link the different WP s at farm level (Component 3) and align them. The current deliverable (D10.1) could only be finalised after this alignment. As a preparation for the Amsterdam meeting an inventory was carried out among the project partners to provide insight in the already existing showcase farms in their respective regions. Furthermore, numerous contacts in 2011 and 2012 via mail and phone led to the descriptions in this deliverable. These contacts took time but were essential for a common understanding of the different farm situations and the specific needs for modelling at farm level. This common understanding is an important condition for applicable results within AnimalChange. In Chapter 2 a characterisation of the model farms is given. Chapter 3 focuses on the showcase farms. Chapter 4 describes the parameters needed to model both model farms and showcase farms and describes the data collection. Finally, Chapter 5 provides some concluding remarks. 2

5 2. Model farms In the farm level component of AnimalChange (Component 3, i.e. WP9, WP10 and WP11) model farms (virtual farms) are used for the modelling of mitigation and adaptation options at farm scale. In this chapter these model farms are characterised. The model farms are classified according to the livestock classification of Seré and Steinfeld (1996), which is explained in Chapter 2.1. A further description of the model farms is given in Chapter Livestock classification The characterisation of the model farms is based upon the livestock classification by agro ecological classification and system classification according to Seré and Steinfeld (1996). Annex 1 describes this livestock classification. The decision to use this classification was made in the Animal Change workshop in Lelystad, the Netherlands in June 2011 (milestone MS38). For the work of WP9, the classification European landless poultry and landless pigs was subdivided into Northern and Southern (Hutchings et al., 2012). The final livestock classification/farm typology used in AnimalChange is presented in Table Characterisation of the model farms The livestock classification of Table 1 will be the basis of the modelling at farm level in WP9, WP10 and WP11. However, not all regions and farm types will be considered in the farm modelling, depending on the aims of the different tasks in WP9, WP10 and WP11. For the use of modelling, the farm types in the different regions, as described in Table 1, will be characterised using typical farm situation sets provided by the partners within Animal Change to ensure an optimal parameterisation. Partners within the agro-ecological zone related to a particular farm type will provide the sets related to that particular farm type. The sets consist of a narrative description and a set of parameters. 3

6 Table 1. Livestock classification or farm typology as used in component 3 of AnimalChange European land-based systems European landless systems Non-European land-based systems Non-European landless systems Maritime - mixed dairy Northern European pig Arid irrigated grassland Industrial pig Maritime - mixed beef Southern European pig Arid rainfed grassland Industrial poultry Maritime - grassland beef Northern European poultry Semi-arid grassland Industrial dairy Maritime - grassland dairy Southern European poultry Humid Industrial beef Continental - mixed dairy Beef feedlots Tropical highland Backyard pig Continental - mixed beef Backyard cattle Continental - grassland beef Urban dairy Mountain - grassland beef Mountain - grassland sheep Mediterranean - mixed dairy Mediterranean - grassland sheep Boreal - grassland sheep 4

7 3. Network of characteristic showcase farms A network of characteristic farms in the main agro climatic zones of the project (Europe, Mediterranean Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Amazonia) is developed. These farms will be used as showcases and test farms serving several purposes: 1. to demonstrate selected mitigation and adaptation options, 2. to analyse the effect of selected mitigation and adaptation options including feasibility and simplicity, 3. to evaluate barriers for introduction of mitigation and adaptation options, 4. to disseminate knowledge and data on mitigation and adaptation options. To develop this network an inventory was sent to the partners from work package 10 of AnimalChange, looking for suitable showcase farms. These partners are INRA (France), AU- DJF (Denmark), TEAGASC (Ireland), DLO (Holland), SAC (Scotland), Provimi (Europe), FertiPrado (Portugal), EMBRAPA (Brazil), INRAT (Tunisia), ISRA (Senegal), UP (South Africa) and ILRI (Kenya). The showcase farms were intentionally chosen from already existing projects, preferably working on climate change mitigation or adaptation strategies, thereby profiting from existing synergies. This choice was also motivated by budgetary reasons when designing the project AnimalChange. This way of working implies that not all regions and systems of Table 1 will be represented in the network. However, showcase farms are divided as much as possible over the main agro climatic zones of the project. Table 2 gives an overview of the identified showcase farms. Two initiatives which will be part of showcase farms are not yet on the list. Provimi will test adding nitrate to feed as a mitigation option at real farms in Europe and possibly Brazil. The aim of this test is to quantify the reduction in emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O under practical field conditions. The other initiative is the showcase farm of FertiPrado in Portugal where adaptation will be tested. At FertiPrado, it is demonstrated how legume-based low-input pastures can be managed to get a stable production and to increase legume proportion and persistency in the sward even in a warm and frequently drought stressed environment. More detailed information on the other showcase farms is given in Tables 3 and 4. There are not yet showcase farms identified in all agro climatic zones of the project AnimalChange. In the June 2012 meeting in Amsterdam, the criteria for the final choice of showcase farms have been determined: farms will be chosen as much as possible from already existing projects, preferably working on climate change mitigation or adaptation strategies the showcase farms are preferably working on the mitigation and adaptation options chosen from a shortlist of most promising options (which was prepared during the June 2012 meeting and will be finalised in milestone MS41 Adaptation and mitigation options for analysis identified which is scheduled to be delivered in M18 August 2012), farm managers have to collect the necessary data of their farms in order to characterise them in a model and to simulate the effect of different options on these farms, farm managers will participate in questionnaires and interviews on barriers for introduction of mitigation and adaptation options on their farms. These criteria show that the final choice shall be made shortly after reaching MS41. 5

8 Table 2. Results inventory showcase farms Main agro ecological zone Farm type Datacollection Demonstration of mitigation and adaptation measures Already working on measures of mitigation and adaptation options Other Knowledge dissemination Europe Maritime - grassland dairy x x x x Europe Maritime - grassland dairy x x x x Europe Maritime - grassland dairy x x x x A research farm with a calving date by stocking rate experiment on it Europe Maritime - grassland sheep x x x x A research farm with a stocking rate by prolificacy experiment on it Europe Maritime - grassland beef x x x x Suckler beef farm Europe Maritime - grassland beef x x x x Dairy beef farm Europe Maritime - grassland beef x x x x Dairy Calf to Beef Europe Maritime - mixed dairy x x x x Experimental farm "De Marke" Europe Mediterranean - grassland sheep x x x x Experimental farm "Herdade dos Esquerdos" Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas Sub-Saharan Africa Semi-arid grassland x x Sedentary Grazing sub-system on Communal Areas 6

9 Table 3. Showcase farms in semi-arid grassland livestock systems with communal grazing Country Site Communal area available (ha) Rotation Herd composition in livestock units Milk production Meat production Labor (UMO) Other Manure manage-ment South- Africa South- Africa South- Africa South- Africa South- Africa South- Africa South- Africa South- Africa South- Africa Limpopo William 250 no crops 89 yes yes Limpopo province no crops 89 yes yes North West province 1 10 no crops 9 yes North West province no crops 9 yes North West province no crops 8 yes Free State province 100 no crops 46 yes Free State province 2 74 no crops 39 yes Free State province 3 96 no crops 28 yes Free State province no crops 120 yes yes Senegal - 1 ha maize, 15 ha sorghum, 9 ha groundnut, 1 ha cowpea Cattle 40; Male calve (1 à 2 years): 15; Female calve: 10, Sheep: 115, Goat: 10, Donkey: 12 (transport of water), Horse: 6 (ploughing / transport of persons) 10 liters per day during wet season (3 month) (sale 10 liters per week) Sheep: 5 per month (100% sales) cattle: 5 female and 2 male (live sales) Family: 14, Employee:2 Family: 2, Employee:2 Family: 1, Employee:1 Family: 4, Employee:6 Family: 2, Employee:4 Family: 0, Employee:3 Family: 2, Employee:2 Family: 2, Employee:4 Family: 6, Employee:8 Family: 15, Employee:3 Livestock mobility, purchased products solid open air manure management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Livestock mobility, solid open air manure purchased products management Crop residues left on Night park Rotation on the field and maize and sorghum consumed during the cropping land during grazing dry season 7

10 Table 4. Showcase farms in European grassland livestock systems Farm type Country Site Available land (ha) Permanent grasslands (ha) Rotation Herd composition / Number of livestock units Maritime - grassland dairy Ireland Curtins farm no crops 140 yes yes Maritime - grassland dairy Ireland Moorepark Robotic no crops 75 yes yes Experimental farm Maritime - grassland dairy Ireland Moorepark Greenfield no crops 320 yes yes Experimental farm Maritime - Athenry Research Experimental grassland sheep Ireland Demo 15,5 15,5 no crops 36 yes farm Maritime - Suckler beef grassland beef Ireland Derrypatrick no crops 180 yes farm Maritime - Grange dairy calf grassland beef Ireland to beef no crops 60 yes Dairy beef farm Maritime - Dairy Calf to grassland beef Ireland Johnstown Castle no crops 300 yes Beef Maritime - mixed dairy Mediterranean - grassland sheep Netherlands De Marke ha grass, 10 ha maize, 6 ha MKS, 6 ha GPS barley Portugal Herdade dos Esquerdos ha RBLRPP, 31 ha IBLRPP* 22 ha IBLRAFC followed by IFS (2 crops a year), 28 ha RBLRAFC (grazed during growing season) Milk production 80 dairy cows, kg milk pieces of young stock per cow per (female calves aged year; all sold between 0 and 25 months) Other Meat production Experimental farm similar to a typical Dutch average family farm 3000 sheep milk yes Experimental farm * Rainfed biodiverse legume rich permanent pastures (RBLRPP), Rainfed biodiverse legume rich annual forage crops (RBLRAFC), Irrigated biodiverse legume rich permanent pastures (IBLRPP), Irrigated biodiverse legume rich annual forage crops (IBLRAFC), Irrigated Forage Sorghum (IFS) 8

11 4. Parameters and data collection Both for model farms and showcase farms it is necessary to parameterise the farm situation in order to model mitigation and adaptation options in WP9, WP10 and WP11. To have rapid progress, a first set of parameters needed for the modelling work has been defined (Table 5). This set of parameters is adjusted to the needs of the farm modellers within AnimalChange. In WP9, a simplified model will be developed, which can be used for both European and non- European situations. If the parameters of Table 5 are available, the simplified model will be able to simulate the farm situation and the effect of mitigation and adaptation options on the farm situation. During the project more complex models will be developed. Then the list of parameters will be extended based on the specific mitigation and adaption options which will be modelled. The data collection will be carried out by the partners within Task 10.1 of AnimalChange to ensure optimal parameterisation. Partners within the agro-ecological zone related to a particular farm type will provide the data sets related to that particular farm type. The data will first be collected in a spread sheet and subsequently imported in the database of the simplified model of WP9. Later in the project a web based interface of the simplified model will become available where data can be entered directly. 9

12 Table 5. Parameters to describe model farms Characteristic Description Unit Animal i - Animal category For all animal types Categorical, e.g.: dairy /// beef /// sheep /// pig /// poultry Animal i - Growth For all animal types g/day Animal i - Calving/lambing time For all animal types Categorical: spring / year-round Animal i - Mature weight For all animal types kg Animal i - Animal subcategory j For all animal types Categorical, e.g.: dairy cows and heifers in milk / dairy heifers in calf / beef cows and heifers / beef heifers in calf / bulls > 2 years / bulls 1-2 years / other cattle > 2 years / other cattle 1-2 years / other cattle 6-12 months / other cattle 0-6 months /// ewes / lambs /// pigs > 50 kg / pigs kg / pigs < 20 kg /// broiler chicken / layer chicken / other poultry Animal i - Animal subcategory j - Number of animals For all animal types - Animal i - Animal subcategory j - Weight at sale For all animal types kg Animal i - Animal subcategory j - Revenue from animal sale For all animal types EUR/kg live weight Dairy cows - Milk production For all animal types kg ECM/year Dairy cows - Milk revenue For all animal types EUR/l Animal i - Animal subcategory j - Manure management For all animal types Categorical: slurry / solid Feed i - Feed type For all bought-in feed types Categorical, e.g. hay / straw / silage / barley / soya / concentrates Animal i - Animal subcategory j - Feed l - Amount of feed used For all animal types and boughtin feed types Feed i - Cost of feed used For all bought-in feed types EUR/t kg/animal/year Soil type Categorical: sand / loam / clay /??? Land area Crop rotation N fertilisers used Cost of N fertiliser Cost of K fertiliser ha Categorical: grass / crop1-crop2-crop3-crop4 / etc. kg plant-available N/ha/year EUR/kg plant-available N EUR/kg K 10

13 Continuation Table 5 Characteristic Description Unit Cost of P fertiliser EUR/kg P Cost of pesticides Crop i - Crop type For all crops, incl. grasslands Categorical: any crops / temporary grass for grazing / temporary grass for silage / temporary grass for hay / permanent grass for grazing / permanent grass for silage / permanent grass for hay / rough grazing Crop i - Land area For all crops, incl. grasslands ha EUR/kg Crop i - Total N fertilisation (inorganic + organic) For all crops, incl. grasslands kg plant-available N/ha/year Crop i - K fertilisation For all crops, incl. grasslands kg K/ha/year Crop i - P fertilisation For all crops, incl. grasslands kg P/ha/year Crop i - Pesticides For all crops, incl. grasslands kg/ha/year Crop i - Crop yield For all crops, incl. grasslands t/ha Crop i - Cost of seed For all crops, incl. grasslands EUR/t sold Crop i - Revenue For all crops, incl. grasslands EUR/t sold Set aside land area Land not used, not cultivated, ha fallow Subsidies Any payments Unpaid family labour - hours Full-time skilled labour - hours Casual skilled labour - hours Casual unskilled labour - hours Full-time skilled labour - rate Casual skilled labour - rate Casual unskilled labour - rate h/year h/year h/year h/year EUR/h EUR/h EUR/h 11

14 5. Concluding remarks A range of model farms and showcase farms which represent current and future farming livestock systems across Europe and partner countries has been identified. Corresponding parameters for modelling have been defined. Characteristics of these farm sets will be provided by the participants of Task 10.1 to the modellers of WP9, WP10 and WP11. In 2012 the data will be collected in spreadsheets and manually imported in the simplified model which will be developed in WP9. In the period data will be directly imported in a web based interface of the simplified model. The database can also be used for other (modelling) purposes thereby building a valuable common database. Finally, the showcase farms will be able to demonstrate the effect of mitigation and adaptation options in the different regions, production systems and production sites. 12

15 References Hutchings, N., P. Faverdin, R. Martin and A. van den Pol-van Dasselaar (2012). Development of a modelling strategy. Deliverable 9.1 of AnimalChange. Seré, C., Steinfeld, H. (1996). World Livestock Production Systems: Current Status, Issues and Trends. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No.127, FAO, Rome. 13

16 Annex 1 Livestock classification according to Seré and Steinfeld (1996) Livestock production systems (LPS) Solely Livestock systems (L) Mixed Farming systems (M) Landless LPS (LL) Grassland based LPS (LG) Rainfed (MR) Irrigated (MI) Monogastric meat and eggs LLM) Temperate zones and tropical highlands (LGT) Temperate zones and tropical highlands (MRT) Temperate zones and tropical highlands (MIT) Ruminant meat (LLR) Humid/sub-humid tropics and subtropics (LGH) Humid/sub-humid tropics and subtropics (MRH) Humid/sub-humid tropics and subtropics (MIH) Arid/semi-arid tropics and subtropics (LGA) Arid/semi-arid tropics and subtropics (MRA) Arid/semi-arid tropics and subtropics (MIA) 14

17 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION: Based on length of growing period (LGP), which is defined as the period (in days) during the year when rainfed available soil moisture supply is greater than half potential evapotranspiration (PET). It includes the period required to evapotranspire up to 100 mm of available soil moisture stored in the soil profile. It excludes any time interval with daily mean temperatures less than 5 O C. Arid: LGP less than 75 days Semi-arid: LGP in the range days Sub-humid: LGP in the range days Humid: LGP greater than 270 days Tropical highland areas and temperate regions are defined by their mean monthly temperature. Temperate: One or more months with monthly mean temperature, corrected to sea level, below 5 O C. Tropical highlands: Tropical areas with daily mean temperature during the growing period in the range 5-20 O C. SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION Solely Livestock Systems (L): Livestock systems in which more than 90 percent of dry matter fed to animals comes from rangelands, pastures, annual forages and purchased feeds and less than 10 percent of the total value of production comes from non-livestock farming activities. Landless Livestock Production Systems (LL): A subset of the solely livestock systems in which less than 10 percent of the dry matter fed to animals is farm produced and in which annual average stocking rates are above ten livestock units (LU) per hectare of agricultural land. The following additional differentiation is made: Landless monogastric systems (LLM): A subset of LL in which the value of production of the pig/poultry enterprise is higher than that of the ruminant enterprises. Landless ruminant systems (LLR): A subset of LL in which the value of production of the ruminant enterprises is higher than that of the pig/poultry enterprise. Grassland Based Systems (LG): A subset of solely livestock systems in which more than 10 percent of the dry matter fed to animals is farm produced and in which annual average stocking rates are less than ten LU per hectare of agricultural land. Temperate and tropical highland (LGT) Humid/sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics (LGH) Arid/semi-arid tropics and sub-tropics (LGA) Mixed Farming Systems (M): Livestock systems in which more than 10 percent of the dry matter fed to animals comes from crop by-products, stubble or more than 10 percent of the total value of production comes from non-livestock farming activities. 15

18 Rainfed Mixed Farming Systems (MR): A subset of the mixed systems in which more than 90 percent of the value of non-livestock farm production comes from rainfed land use, including the following classes. Temperate and tropical highland (MRT) Humid/sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics (MRH) Arid/semi-arid tropics and sub-tropics (MRA) Irrigated Mixed Farming Systems (MI): A subset of the mixed systems in which more than 10 percent of the value of non-livestock farm production comes from irrigated land use, including Temperate and tropical highland (MIT) Humid/sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics (MIH) Arid/semi-arid tropics and sub-tropics (MIA) 16