China s One Child Policy

Transcription

1 China s One Child Policy History: First Communist leader Mao Tstung Strength in numbers So people had babies Implemented in early 1980s. China most populous country in world. Gov t said need to decrease or face starvation. POLICY NOT LAW Mostly enforced in urban areas. Are exceptions (multiples, if child dies, if child is disabled, if remarry can have another child) Use Granny technique: Like your grandmother, Dr. Employer, Neighbor, etc. will say How are you? Need anything? By the way, have you taken your birth control today? Economic repercussions: no help for second child, taxes Glory Certificate: Sign with your employee not to have 2 nd child, benefits from employer, raises, etc.

2 Fig.6.p184

3 Fig.6.31

4 Fig.6.32

5 Population Growth and Decline

6 What do you already know? Which generation had the most kids? Your grandparents Your parents The population is growing faster in: Developed Countries Less developed countries

7 Why is this important to study? To know how to increase food supply, reduce pollution, and encourage economic growth must understand where and why a region s population is distributed as it is

8 3 Critical Reasons to study population More people are living today than at any other time in history (6 ¾ billion) The world s population increased faster in the last half of the 20 th century than any other time in history Almost all population growth is in less developed countries (LDC s)

9 Demography Scientific study of population characteristics Population distributions based on age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, etc.

10 ? From these demographic statistics guess the location Population: % considered lower income 66% Caucasian 29% African American 3% Hispanic 1% Asian 1% Native American

11 Where is the World s Population Distributed?

12 Population Cartogram Countries displayed by population not land area

13 2/3 pop in 4 Regions East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe Similarities Between these Peoples Live near an ocean or river, not interior 4/5 th of worlds pop lives w/in 500 miles of the ocean Low lying, fertile land Temperate Climate (2/3 in midlatitudes) 90% in the Northern Hemisphere Lets look at the differences!

14 Fig.6.23

15 ASIA ½ the word s population on 10% of the world s land 3 regions: East Asia, South Asia, and South East Asia

16 East Asia 1/5 of population China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Taiwan 5/6 of its population in China Clustered where? 2/3 of pop rural Japan and S. Korea ¾ live in urban areas Concentrated in Tokyo, Osaka, and Seoul

17 South Asia 1/5 of world s population India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka ¾ of SA pop. in India Highest concentration from W. Pakistan to Bay of Bengal ¾ of the pop lives in rural areas

18 Southeast Asia Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, etc. Concentrated in Java, Philippines, and deltas and river valleys of Indochina Mostly live rurally

19 Europe 1/9 of world s population Western and Eastern Europe + part of Russia ¾ live in cities Highest pop concentrations in coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium Farmers < 20%; Rely on others for food, leading to exploration

20 Other Population Clusters Northeastern US/SE Canada 2% of World Pop Urban dwellers

21 Other Population Clusters Cont West Africa/ South Atlantic 2% of World Pop Mostly rural

22 Sparsely Populated Regions

23 Ecumene Areas on the Earth s surface with permanent human settlements It s Growing! Places too harsh to live are shrinking 4 Types of such places still exist Think..Pair...Share How does this concept relate to Environmental Determinism/Possibilism?

24 Dry Lands 20% of the Earth s surface Too dry for farming Lie btwn 15 and 50 degrees north latitude and 20 and 50 degrees south latitude Include Sahara, Arabian, Thar, Takla Makan, Gobi, and Australian deserts

25 Adapting to the Desert Pastoral: Raising Camels or other animals suitable to the desert Irrigation for small farming OIL: areas become populated due to importance of this resource

26 Wet Lands Near Equator btwn 20 degrees North and South Latitudes: South America, Central Africa, and SE Asia Over abundance of rain and heat deplete nutrients in the soil

27 Adapting to the Wetlands Rain seasonal in SE Asia Rice flourishes Large population supported by this cereal grain

28 High Lands Too steep and cold Switzerland: 5% of pop lives above 3,300 feet Exception: Latin America and Africa Low altitudes too hot prefer high lands Ex: Mexico City 7,360 feet above sea level

29 Cold Lands Polar regions DRY but Continuously covered in ice Few plants, animals, or people

30 Adapting to the Cold Reading on the Inuit (1 page) 1. Describe 2 examples of environmental determinism and 2 examples of environmental possibilism

31 Density Review What is arithmetic density? Answers Where people are distributed What about the why??? Need to look at other densities

32 What is Physiological Density?

33 Physiological Density What can you gather if the physiological density of the US is 445 people per sq mile and that of Egypt s is 6,682 per sq mile? Higher the physiological density the greater the pressure on the land to produce food What can you gather if Egypt's arithmetic density is 75 people per sq mile but its physiological density is 6,682 per sq mile? Comparing Physiological and arithmetic densities shows the capacity of the land to provide enough food for the people

34 What is Agricultural Density? Ratio of farmers to arable land What does it tell you if the US s agricultural density is 1 farmer per 1 sq kilometer of land and Egypt s is 826 farmers per 1 sq kilometer of land? Small # of people can feed a large # of people More people can engage in business More Developed Countries have lower agricultural densities due to technology and money

35 What do we learn if we look at Physiological and Agricultural Densities together? The relationship between the population and its resources The pressure on the land to produce food and how efficient they are at using this land

36 Measures of Population Change

37 Crude Birth Rate (CBR): the total number of live births per 1000 people in that society for 1 year What is the population of a society if its CBR is 200?

38 Crude Death Rate (CDR): total number of deaths per 1000 people alive in that society for 1 year What is the CDR if the population is 30,000 and 30 people died that year?

39 Natural Increase Rate (NIR): The percentage of population growth in one year CBR-CDR/10 What is the NIR if the CBR is 50 and the CDR is 35?

40 Doubling Time Number of years it takes to double a population

41 Fertility Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children a woman will have during her child bearing years (15-49) CBR s tell fertility picture now TFR s predict the future

42 Mortality Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Annual number of infants under 1 who die compared to live births per 1000

43 Life Expectancy Measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to live

44 Where is the World s Population Increasing?

45 World Pop Stats NIR currently at 1.2% About 80 million people are added to the Earth annually The growth rate has dropped sharply in the last decade Current doubling time: 54 years ( billion people in the world!!!)

46 NIR Stats NIR more than 2% in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Middle East 2/3 pop growth in Asia Most of 1/3 in other LDC s MOST OF THE WORLD S ADDITIONAL PEOPLE LIVE IN COUNTRIES THAT CANNOT SUSTAIN THEM!!!

47 Fertility Stats CBR s Africa = 40, Europe = 10 TFR Stats World : 2.7 Africa : 6 + Europe: 2 or less

48 What can an IMR show you? IMR Stats Africa: >100 in many places Western Europe: < 50 Shows quality of Health Care System Trained doctors and nurses Modern hospitals and medicines US IMR higher than Canada & W. Europe Minorities IMR = to Latin America and Asia Why do you think this is?

49 Life Expectancy Stats Best in Western Europe: late 70 s Worst in Africa: mid 40 s

50 Patterns of Life Expectancy 1. Going up world-wide (Why?) 2. Women outlive men but difference shrinking (Why?) Russia: Large gap between Men and Women End of Communism led to: joblessness causing alcoholism, suicide, and stress lowering LE reading

51 Why is the population Increasing at different rates in different countries?

52 Demographic Transition The process that occurs when a society s population is changing Culture and economic conditions affect rate of change 4 stages Cannot regress back to an earlier stage without catastrophe

53 Stage 1 Low Growth Longest period of human history Population was unchanged for years Most lived as huntergatherers 8000BCE Agricultural Revolution Domesticated plants and animals Stable food source, permanent settlements Population grew War, Disease, Famine, kept people in stage 1

54 Stage 2 High Growth All countries made it out of stage 1 Occurred around 1750 CE (AD) CDR falls, CBR constant Difference causes sharp rise in population 2 Causes

55 Improvements in industrial technology (steam engine, mass production, train) Created mass wealth Healthier Communities Sewers and sanitation increased Agricultural production more efficient Feed more people More people could work in industry Moved Europe and North America to stage 2 1. Industrial Revolution 1750

56 2. Medical Revolution 1950 Medical technologies of Europe and North America reached Africa, Asia, and Latin America (ex: immunization) Moved them into stage two Lowered causes of death Healthier lives

57 Stage 3 Moderate Growth CDR continues to fall CBR begins to fall Natural Increase Rate becomes moderate Europe and North America entered in 1 st half of 20 th century Most of Asia and Latin America recently Most of Africa still in stage 2 Caused by social change

58 Causes 1. Better medical practices lowered infant mortality Why would this decrease CBR? People chose to have less children because more lived 2. Urbanization: Increase in people living in cities Didn t need children to work farms Less space in city therefore Less children better

59 Stage 4 Low Growth Zero Population Growth (ZPG) CBR roughly equals CDR (equilibrium) Result: Total Fertility Rate does not produce population change over a long term TFR around 2.1 Must be lower if high migration into area Caused by social change

60 Causes of the 4th Women enter the labor force Birth Control More adult recreational activities Traveling, bars, fancy restaurants

61 5 th Stage (possible) Negative Growth Beginning: Russia and much of Eastern Europe CDR higher than CBR Result of Communism: pollution to increase industry Extreme family planning by government

62 Underpopulation Problems in Europe; Japan; Australia, New Zealand, and Russia Answer: Pronatalist Policies: policies that encourage childbirth Extended paid maternity leave, Tax credits for children Flexible hours at work for parents Free or heavily subsidized daycare Cash payout to get pregnant this happens in Japan and Russia).

63 Funny under population facts Russian Conception Day Japan: Robot babies

64 Sum up Demographic Transition Demographic Transition a cycle Little or no growth to Little or no growth Difference btwn Stage 1 and 4 Stage 1 CBR s and CDR s high; low total population Stage 4 CBR s and CDR s low; high total population

65 Mapping the Demographic Transition of the world

66 Influences of Demographic Transition 2 ways % of population in each age group Distribution of males and females Use a Population Pyramid Bar graph displaying age and gender Shaped determined by CBR

67 Population Pyramid

68 Age Distribution Shows similarities and differences between Countries Dependency Ratio: The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to people in their productive years What would this tell you? Larger the percentage of dependents the greater the financial burden on those who are working To figure Ratio Divide population into 3 groups: 0-14, 15-64, 65+ Add 0-14 and 65+ together = % dependents

69 Dependency Ratio Cont Which stage would have the most dependents: 2 or 4? 2 ½ of all people are dependents in 2 1/3 in stage 4

70 Positives for Economic Development in Stage 2 Most of the population is young. What are the benefits for the economy? Ingenuity, More or Less susceptible to change Large labor force: less or more need for immigrants Less money necessary for social security

71 Negatives for Economic Development in Stage 2 High rate of youth dependents not in the workforce Rapid population growth means: strain on resources, environment, and society Low education of women means lower literacy rates and fewer in the workforce

72 Less Developed Countries 1/3 of people < 15 and in stage 2 (1/6 in MDC) Strain on resources: schools, hospitals, day care, 3% of pop > 65 in stage 2 (16% in MDC) Low incomes and worse medical services

73 Positives for Economic Development in stage 4 Older population means: Better educated (ie skilled) labor force Less money spent on education so more disposable income entering the economy Larger labor force because women involved Immigration higher but native population will take higher skilled jobs = better pay

74 Negatives for Economic Development in stage 4 High elder dependency rate means: Possible future labor shortage Strains on social security

75 Graying of the MDC ¼ of gov. expenditures on Social Security, healthcare, etc. for elderly Higher CDR s in MDC s bc of larger pop of elderly

76 Sex Ratio The number of males per 100 females US and Europe: 95:100 In US men exceed women until age 40 Rest of World: 105:100 Mortality during child birth and less elderly

77 What do Countries look like at different stages of the Demographic Transition? Guess the Stage of the Following Countries

78 Chile NIR = 1% CDR = <10 CBR = Recently renounced family planning Gov believes pop growth with increase security and economic development Catholic Church opposes artificial birth control methods

79 Denmark % of young and elderly roughly equal CBR and CDR both roughly = 12 per 1000 Population increasing due to immigration CDR is increasing due to large elderly population

80 Cape Verde Population has tripled to 400,000 + NIR = 3% Successful antimalarial campaign launched CDR = 10 per 1000 now CBR= 36+ Fluctuates due to Famine lowering the population of child bearing women Many women getting ready to enter childbearing years

81 Chile:3 Denmark:4 Cape Verde:2 Answers

82 Info from HGIA Demographic Momentum: can t stop population growth on a dime Immediately reduce number of births but from before still large number of people about to enter child bearing years, increasing the population in the immediate future

83 Why is Overpopulation a Concern? Thomas Malthus: Over population and the Food Supply

84 Overpopulation A value judgment A reflection of carrying capacity The # of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology Can be equated with conditions of life Kansas County stat

85 Fig.6.28

86 Thomas Malthus Wrote: An Essay on the Principle of Population Says: world s population growing faster than food supply Population increases geometrically: x 2 Food increases arithmetically: + 2 Exercise moral restraint to lower CBR

87 Neo-Malthusians Thomas Homer-Dixon and Robert Kaplan Gap btwn population and resources wider than anticipated in LDC s Population out numbering more than food production Clean air, farmland, and fuel Will lead to war and civil violence

88 Critics of Malthus Are the places people can live expanding or shrinking? Malthus s theory unrealistic Resources expanding due to possibilism

89 Technocrates and United Nations Technocrates: think technology will always keep up and earth can support in excess of 22 billion people. UN: same number but what about quality of life?

90 Boserup, Kuznets, and Simon Why could a larger population be good? 2 heads better than 1 Generates more customers and inventors What do I mean by this? New technology ~> More resources ~> More people to buy these ~> better economy

91 Poverty and hunger caused by unjust social and economic institutions, not population growth Freidrich Engels: Capitalism to blame Have resources not distributed well If workers control production, distribution, and paid sufficiently, no problem Marxists

92 Reality of Malthus Worldwide not in danger of running out of food Food production higher than NIR Regions face food shortages Food available, wealth not NIR falling But smaller NIR creates larger pop growth now ch?v=hsaraclbcxi

93 Lowering the NIR Must lower the CBR or raise the CDR Which is preferable? CBR has lowered world wide in general 2 strategies to lower CBR

94 1. Economic Development Wealthier places = more money for education and health-care Educating women means: Staying in school longer Employment skills Economic control over lives Understanding reproductive rights Better informed reproductive choices Use of contraception

95 1. Economic Development Cont Improved Health-Care means: Improved prenatal care Counseling on Sexually Transmitted diseases Child Immunization More infants live women motivated to use contraceptives

96 2. Distribution of Contraceptives Economic development takes too long Contraceptives = immediate results Diffuse Contraceptive use to more countries In LDC s demand higher than availability

97 Africa s Population Problem ¼ women use contraceptives Reasons: economic, religious, and education Low status of women Large family = high status for women, virility for men

98 What are the major threats to our Health? Epidemiologic Transition

99 NIR falls due to Rising CDR Lower NIR s, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa result of higher CDR Epidemiologic Transition: Study of the distribution and control of epidemics Relates to stages of Demographic Transition Created by Abdel Omran in 1971

100 Epidemiologic Transition Stages 1 Stage of Pestilence and Famine Parasites, animal or human attacks, Black Plague

101 Stage 2 Stage of Receding Pandemics Disease affecting many people in a large area Industrial Revolution reduced spread Why would this help stop pandemics? Improving sanitation, meds, and nutrition 1 st did not stop rising CDR Cholera

102 Stage 3 Stage of Degenerated and Human-created Diseases Age related diseases rise: cardio-vascular and cancer Immunization lower risks of several diseases

103 Stage 4 Stage of delayed degenerative diseases Created by Olshansky and Ault Diseases remain but Increase life expectancy with medical advances and improving health/behavior

104 Possible Stage 5 Stage of Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Disease 3 Reasons 1. Evolution Microbes constantly changing, immune to antibiotics Ex: Malaria and DDT resistance

105 2. Poverty Poor LDC s cannot control diseases eradicated in the MDC Ex: Tuberculosis

106 3. Improved Travel Quickly carry disease to far places unknowingly Ex: Swine Flu (H1N1)

107 AIDS: a Category itself

108 AIDS: a Category itself 2007: 25 million died since 1981, 33 million living with the disease 95% live in LDC s 99% of new cases from LDC s Sub-Saharan Africa: 2/3 of cases, 9/10 of the infected children 33% of Botswana and Zimbabwe s adults infected Life Expectancy in these areas down