This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed. Quality Determination of Zaiandehrood River Wth Aq.

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1 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(8): , 2011 ISSN This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Quality Determination of Zaiandehrood River Wth Aq.qa in Iran 1 Forough Allahyari Pour, 2 Kamran Mohsenifar 1 Damavand branch,islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran. 2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Forough Allahyari Pour, Kamran Mohsenifar: Quality Determination of Zaiandehrood River Wth Aq.qa in Iran. ABSTRACT Water and soil are among the sources that are important for producing the agricultural products and foodstuffs needed by man and cultures developed based on this vital material. Near the permanent rivers due to abundance and easy accessing to proper water sources, worry about water quality mostly has been ignored. Quality control of rivers and surface waters is one of the key elements of environmental protection internationally. While today this river changed to a place for transferring the waste waters, After Karoon, Zayandeh Rood is the second and important river with abundant water and is supplying the potable and industrial and agricultural water usages of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari and Isafahan, when passing through there. In this study there was used data measured during 5 years ( ) from 10 stations located next to Zayandeh Rood. Data analyzed using Aq.QA software and then the water quality was calculated and annual, Shouler, Payper and Star Diagrams were drawn. Results indicated that the water of initial stations (near the origin of spring) were of Ca-HCO 3 type with average degree of salinity. But Mousian and Choom station in recent years increased their salinity risk and the salinity risk in Varzaneh station is very high with its water of type Na-Cl. The water quality for agricultural purposes, first 7 stations were of C 2 S 1 and from station 8 and so in recent years it has been changed to C 3 S 1 and in station No. 10, at the end of C 4 S 4 the sodium risk and alkalinity is very high. Key words: Water quality, Aq.QA software, salinity, alkalinity. Introduction As the main sources supplying the drinking water of the urban and rural regions through the countries, rivers play important role for human health and environment safety. However, unfortunately, by improper and irregular exploitation of streams water during recent years man resulted in pollution in the most fundamental living liquid [2]. Karaj stream originated from the middle and western south regions of Zagros Mountain in the west and south west of the country. Basin of Karkhe River, with its two sub-basins, Simareh and Kashkan, has been located in Lorestan and Khoram Abad provinces. Using the river water, considering recent droughts and increased minerals in the river as well as risk of salinity and increased minerals in the agricultural lands all indicate the necessity of exploitation management of such rivers. This research is studying a part of subbasins of Kashan and Simareh located in the Karkhe basin. Total area of study is km 2. Total area of Simareh are is km 2, and Kashkan is 9498 km 2, with 22% of Simareh area and 30% of Kashkan area are located in this study range. Main Polluting Sources of Study Area: Because this study area topographically has high latitude and located in a specific area, so there is no specific industry located there. Table 1 indicated the pollutants of study area and the source where accepting such pollutions. Corresponding Author Forough Allahyari Pour, Damavand branch,islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran.

2 Main factors for measuring the water quality categorized into four groups: (1) total density of dissolved salts (2) relative concentration of sodium than other Cations (3) concentration of heavy metals (4) content of bicarbonate Total Density of Dissolved Salts: Due to irrigation, even with desirable quality, the content of salts will be increased annually such that it seriously decreases the soil fertility. Total content of salts can be easily and accurately determined by electric conduction. According to the USDA, 1954, classification, electric conduction has been indicated between 0.1 to more than 2.25 ds/m. figure 1 indicates four classes of salinity. C 1, low salinity: it can be used for irrigating most plant. It is unlikely that soil becomes salty in the pollutant, unless soils with very low water conduction, it needs some leaching. C 2, average salinity: one can irrigate plants tolerable against average salinity without needing any specific activity for salinity control. C 3, high salinity: it may not be sued for less drainable soils. Such soils require specific management for controlling the salinity besides draining. High tolerable plants must be selected. C 4, very high salinity: it may not be used for irritation normally but it may be used under specific environmental conditions. Soil is required to be permeable and with suitable drainage. Beside irrigation, it is necessary to add considerable amount of water for leaching the additional salts. It is required to culture very high tolerable plants to salinity in such regions [7]. Fig. 1: Classification of irrigating water according to salinity and sodium content risk (USDA,1954,1954) [7] There are different methods for determining the water quality by chemical analysis. Indicating such analysis by graphs can be more comprehended. Some of such graphs include Piper, Schoeller, star diagrams, etc [9]. According to Piper graph, water quality may be grouped as follows: A- Calcium type B- Magnesium type C- Bicarbonate type D- Chlorine type E- Without any specific type F- Sodium & Potassium type G- Sulfate type Literature Review: Firoozbakht (1997) studied on the pollution status of Karoon River in Khoozestan plain and dealt with its temporal and spatial changes. Results from most studied parameters indicated that in recent years the contents of average pollutions was desirable to maximum allowable [4]. In their study, Pourmohammad and Rahimi Nejad (1997) about changes of water quality in Zayandeh Rood concluded that the salinity of its water in the lowermost part of the river has increasingly been increased such that it is not suitable for being used in agriculture. [4]. Abolghasemi Rahim Abadi (1999) studied the pollutants of water quality of Zayandeh Rood and concluded that the water quality of Zayandeh Rood has no problem before entering to Zarin Shahr, but between Zarin Shahr and Isfahan, where there are many industrial, civil and agricultural discharges to its river, its quality is decreasing. From the east of Isfahan to GaveKhooni marsh, its water quality has been decreased due to discharges of wastewaters of water treatment houses from south Isfahan and even after Farfan Bridge, it is not possible to use its water for agricultural purposes [1]. Soltani Mohammadi A. (2006) studied the water quality of Zayandeh rood for agricultural purposes and in all stations, from Ahvaz to Khoramshahr, the water quality according to exchangeable sodium ion was grouped in class 1 and its salinity in class 3 [4]. Studying the springs, surface and ground waters in Troia, Turkey, Ozcan Hasan (2007) drawing the Piper, Schoeller and Wilcox diagrams for 25 samples, determined the types of sampled eaters for most samples of Mg-Cl-HCO 3 and for three samples Na- HCO 3 [8]. Studying the quality of ground waters of Tumkur Karnataka, India, Sadashivaiah, C. (2008) drew Piper diagram for two stations and determined the type of water for studied area for Ca-Mg-HCO 3 [9]. Using Aq.Qa software, Mohseni Far. K. (2008) determined the water quality of Zayandeh Rood for agricultural usage for 10 stations and 4 years of time and stated that river is qualitatively in a bad situation.

3 Material and methods To determine the quality of the Zayanderoud River water, the information obtained from 10 stations along the river (Figure 2) within the years 2003 to 2007 were taken from Water Authorities of Isfahan and Chahar Mahal-o-Bakhtiari provinces. They include cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium) anions (carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorine, and sulfate) in terms of milliequivalent per liter (meq/l), electrical conductivity, and ph. The study region takes in 10 stations to measure qualitative properties of water. The stations lie respectively from the headstream to the end at the following locations (Fig.2). 1) Ghale Shahrokh 2) Regulatory dam 3) The Zamankhan Bridge 4) Kalle Bridge 5) Dizicheh 6) Moosian 7) Lenj 8) Choom 9) 2471 Ziar 10) Varzaneh. The information presented in Table 1 as well as parameters like electrical conductivity in terms of ds/m and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) were utilized to determine the quality of the Zayanderoud water for agricultural purposes, and its 5-year changes from 2003 to 2007 (Table 2). Accordingly, the class of water was determined. In addition, action was taken to determine the quality of water by use of Aq.QA V.1 software program. To this end, parameters like calcium, magnesium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chlorine, and sulfate (in terms of meq/l) electrical conductivity (ds/m) and ph (Fig. 3) were entered into the program. Moreover, the program was used to draw up Piper, Schuler, and Plot Radial diagrams so as to specify the type of water for drinking purposes. Fig. 2: Location of Measurement Stations along the Zayanderoud River (Google earth 2008). Fig. 2: Location of Measurement Stations along the Zayanderoud River (Google earth 2008). Results: A. Water Quality for Irrigation Purposes (Usda 1954): Based on this classification (as shown in Figure 1) the river is classified into three classes of C2-S1, C3-21, and C4-S4. Station 10 is subject to the highest salinity and sodic hazard and the lowest quality for irrigation in the 5-year period (C4S4). Furthermore, as the volume of solutions in water has increased in recent years, the quality of water in Stations 6,8 and 9 has reduced from C2-S1 to C3-S1 (Table 1). B. Quality and Type of Water Determined by Aq.QA: Type of water in most stations is Ca-HCO3. However, Station 8 in 2006 and Station 9 in 2007 had water of type Ca-SO4, and in Station 10 type of water has been constantly Na-Cl.

4 As for the salinity hazard, three different classes were obtained namely moderate, high, and very high. In the year 2007, salinity hazard in Stations 6, 8, and 9 has aggravated from moderate to high. Station No. 10 has been continuously subject to very high salinity hazard (Table 2 and Figure 3). C. Water Quality Determined by Schuler, Piper, and Plot Radial Diagrams: To determine the quality of the river water for drinking purposes action was taken to draw up Piper, Shuler, and Plot Radial diagrams using Aq.QA software program for a 5-year period in all stations 2472 (Figures 4 and 5). In stations 1, 2, 3, and 5, the water is classified as calcium and carbonate waters. There is no particular type of water in Stations 6 and 7. However, it is of sodium and chlorine type in Station 10. Note that calcic waters are not potable [9]. Considering the plot radial diagrams pertaining to the year 2007, the type of water in Stations 1 to 4 is Ca and HCO3. Despite the increase in the amount of solutions, the dominant type in Stations 5, 6, and 7 remains to be Ca and HCO3. It is Ca and SO4 in Station 9, and Cl and Na+K in Station 10 (Figure 6). Fig. 3: Changes in the Quality of the Zayanderoud River Water within a 5-year Period Fig. 4: Pyper diagram for 10 station.

5 2473 Fig. 5: Shuler diagram for 10 station. Table 1: Pollutants and accepting sources. Item Name of unit Accepting source 1 Unit for producing the sand from Helilan Sadaf Co., located at Shir, Ancherdaul, Helilan Simareh River 2 Output of Noorabad wastewater Kashkan River 3 Aligoodarz water treatment Kashkan River Table 1: The Classification of Irrigation Water in 10 Stations based on USDA, C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 - C2S1 C2S1 C3S1 - C4S C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 - C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 - C4S C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 - C4S C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C4S C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C2S1 C3S1 C2S1 C3S1 C3S1 C4S4 Table 2: Type and Quality of the Zayanderoud River determined by Aq.QA Program Water Type Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Na-Cl Salinity hazard medium medium medium medium medium medium High Very High 1383 Water Type Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Na-Cl Salinity hazard medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium Very High 1384 Water Type Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Na-Cl Salinity hazard medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium Very High 1385 Water Type Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-So4 Ca-HCO3 Na-Cl Salinity hazard medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium Very High 1386 Water Type Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-HCO3 Ca-So4 Na-Cl Salinity hazard medium medium medium medium medium High medium High High Very High Recommendations: In accordance with Piper, Schuler, and Plot radial diagrams, and USDA water classification 1954, the quality of the Zayanderoud water for both irrigation and drinking purposes is reducing due to the increase in the population and the decrease in the volume of precipitations. Being of calcic type i.e. Ca-HCO3 in most stations, the water of Zayanderoud River is not potable. In case of immethodical consumption of the river water and its pollution, considering the recent droughts, it is anticipated that the quality of the river water will drastically plunge in the forthcoming years. It is, therefore, recommended that a well-thought-out management plan be implemented in accordance with the volume of precipitations and the quality of the river water. Reference 1. Abolghasemi rahimabadi, A., Knowledge and resources to investigate the effect of pollutants on water quality model Zayande QUAL2E". MS thesis, Civil Engineering Department of Isfahan University. 2. Afshar, M., Karun River Development cane, Abgeh. 3. Poormoghadas, H., "The results of studies of past years (synthesize) environmental management of water resources." Department of Environmental Protection Isfahan. pp: Soltani, Mohammadi, A., Karun River Water Quality Assessment of Agricultural Ahaz range in Khorramshahr, Ahwaz.

6 5. Momtazpoor, M., "Describe the characteristics Zayandehrood field." Proceedings Regional Conference on Water Resources Management. Isfahan University of Technology. 6. Noshadi, M., Simulation and prediction of water quality parameters Zayande using artificial neural networks. Avlynhmayshmntqhay utilization and Zayandehrood Bhynhaz Mnabb Hvzhhaykarvn. 7. Henry, D. FOTH., Fundamentals Of Soil Science. Eighth Edition., pp: Ozcan, Assessment of the Water Quality of Troia for the Multipurpose Usages. Springer Science. Environ Monit Assess, 130: Sadashivaiah, C., Hydrochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka, India. Environ.Res. Public Health, 5(3): ISSN Salemi, H.R., A. Mamanpoush, M. Miranzadeh, M. Akbari, M. Torabi, N. Toomanian, H. Murray-Rust, P. Droogers, H. Salley and A. Gieske., "Water management for sustainable irrigated agriculture in the Zayandeh Rud river basin, Esfahan province, Iran". Research Report. 1, IAERI-EARC-IWMI.