Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO. December 4-6, DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI

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1 56 Soil Helth Gret Lkes Fruit, Vegetle & Frm Mrket EXPO Michign Greenhouse Growers EXPO Decemer 4-6, 2018 DeVos Plce Convention Center, Grnd Rpids, MI Where: Grnd Gllery Room E & F MI Recertifiction Credits: 2 (COMM CORE, PRIV CORE) CCA Credits: NM (1) Modertor: Vicki Morrone, Michign Stte University 2:00 PM Cover Crops: It Doesn t Tke Lifetime to Improve Soil Helth Lur Vn Eerd, University of Guelph 2:30 PM Building Orgnic Mtter on Sndy Soils Zchry Hyden, Michign Stte University 3:00 PM Linking Chnges in Soil Helth with Plnt Tolernce to Biotic nd Aiotic Stress Lori Hoglnd & Petrus Lngenhoven, Purdue University 3:30 PM Resources for Cover Crop Success Den Bs, Michign Stte University Extension 4:00 PM Session Ends

2 Petrus Lngenhoven nd Lori Hoglnd Dept. of Horticulture nd Lndscpe Architecture Purdue University Soil helth: wht is it nd why should we cre? Does soil helth relly contriute to crop productivity? - Reserch tril #1: Effect of nutrient mngement prctices on pthogen dynmics in high tunnel production system - Reserch tril #2: Effect of crop mngement prctices on AMF communities nd drought tolernce in n edile soyen crop Conclusions Society/regionl focus Soil cron sequestrtion Wter qulity/retention Pollutnt detoxifiction Incresed iodiversity Consumer focus Nutrition Flvor, Arom Clen (toxin free) Shelf life Soil Helth is Centrl: Food, Crop nd Ecosystem Helth Dependence Upon Soil Helth Soil Helth Modified from Bionutrient Food Assocition Producer/owner focus Soil orgnic mtter Economic viility Climte resilience Producer focus Inputs nd lor Pest nd disese resistnce Yield Shelf life Firly well understood ut less often pplied soil ph ction exchnge cpcity (CEC) ville minerl nutrients Well understood nd most often pplied soil ph ction exchnge cpcity (CEC) ville minerl nutrients Electricl conductivity (EC) Lest understood nd pplied, ut could e the most importnt Soil Microes Plnt Identifying mngement prctices tht promote eneficil plnt-soilmicroil reltionships hs potentil to increse crop productivity nd reduce the need for externl inputs Plnt-soil-microil reltionships Reserch tril #1: Effect of nutrient mngement prctices on pthogen dynmics in high tunnel production system 1

3 Potentil enefits: - seson extension - protection from some pests - increse yield Potentil drwcks: - soil qulity degrdtion - intensively mnged/limited crop rottion - high evportion/limited leching events - uild up of soil-orne pthogens - lck of crop rottion Conducive soil: presence of pthogen, susceptile host nd fvorle environment results in disesed plnts Suppressive soil: pthogen fils to persist or cuse infection despite the presence of susceptile host nd fvorle environment Suppressive ctivity is microilly medited Ojective: identify fertility mendments tht could meet plnt needs in high tunnels while improving rther thn negtively ffecting soil qulity Reserch design ( ) - Tretments (repeted nnully): 1) unmended control 2) inorgnic (ure) 3) chicken litter compost (industry stndrd) 4) green mnure (hiry vetch + lflf pellets) - RCBD w/ 4 replictes - High tunnel nd open-field - Pepper (rther thn tomto) plnted nnully Mtt Rudisill Pepper yield nd qulity were greter in the high tunnel system Nutrient use efficiency ws greter in high tunnel All fertility tretments met plnt nutrient needs Rudisill et l., 2015 HortScience Rudisill et l., 2016 Applied Soil Ecology Green mnure tretment incresed soil qulity in oth open field nd high tunnel production systems Soil qulity declined in ure treted plots, esp. in the high tunnel Soil ph: ure < green mnure nd chicken litter tretments Soil EC (slt): high tunnel > open field How could these chnges ffect pthogen dynmics? Ojective: determine how chnges in soil qulity y the fertility tretments could ffect pthogen susceptiility nd investigte potentil mechnisms Design: - soil collected from field trils psteurized or left untreted, mended with Rhizoctoni solni nd plnted with susceptile snp en vriety - RCBD with six replictes Lilin Gomez 2

4 Soils collected from the high tunnel were more susceptile to R. solni thn from the open field The HT green mnure tretment ws less susceptile to R. solni thn the other tretments No difference etween tretments nd systems when soil ws psteurized (the effects were microilly medited) Rhizosphere soil collected for shotgun metgenomics nd metrnscriptomic ssys Snp en iomss (g) Open field B CNT UR GM CM CNT Dry Root High Tunnel A UR GM CM (Hoglnd et l. in prep) Severl microil tx often implicted in pthogen suppressive ctivity greter in GM - Actinomycetles, Bcillles nd Pseudomndles 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Ure Actino s GM Reltive undnce of dominnt microil in the rhizosphere y Order Antgonistic ctivity of Actinomycetes (right) ginst fungl pthogen (left) Phylum Clss Order Fmily Genus Ure Green (OTU s) mnure (OTU s) Actinocteri Actinocteri Actinomycetles Streptomycetcee Streptomyces Actinocteri Actinocteri Actinomycetles Micrococccee Arthrocter Actinocteri Actinocteri Actinomycetles ProprionicterineeNocrdioides Firmicutes Bcilli Bcillles Bcillcee Bcillus Proteocteri GmmproteocteriPseudomndles Pseudomondcee Pseudomons % 90% Enteroctericee, including severl gener of potentil enteric cteri, much greter in the ure tretment Phylum Clss Order Fmily Genus Ure Green (OTU s) mnure (OTU s) Proteocteri Gmmproteocteri Enterocteriles Enterctericee Escherichi/Shigell Proteocteri Gmmproteocteri Enterocteriles Enterctericee Slmonell Proteocteri Gmmproteocteri Enterocteriles Enterctericee Enterocter Proteocteri Gmmproteocteri Enterocteriles Enterctericee Cronocter Proteocteri Gmmproteocteri Enterocteriles Enterctericee Yersini % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Ure Entero s GM Reltive undnce of dominnt microil in the rhizosphere y Order High tunnels cn drmticlly improve the productivity nd qulity of vegetle crops Soil fertility prctices cn INCREASE or DECREASE soil helth Direct reltionship etween soil helth & pthogen susceptiility Integrte plnt sed mterils to regenerte orgnic mtter nd do not rely on compost lone Estlished on djcent trcks of lnd mnged using orgnic nd conventionl prctices since 2001 Reserch tril #2: Effect of crop mngement prctices on AMF communities nd drought tolernce in n edile soyen crop Conventionl mngement system - Inorgnic fertilizers - Chemicl pesticides Soil-uilding orgnic mngement system - Compost fertilizer - Winter nd summer cover crops - Limited use of orgnic pesticides 4-yer crop rottion: popcorn -> edile soyen -> tomto -> crrot 3

5 2014 SOIL QUALITY AND EDIBLE SOYBEAN YIELD Active cron (mg POXC kg -1 soil) CNV Are these directly relted? ORG CNV Grin yield kg h -1 ORG Drought - mjor fctor limiting crop production worldwide Prolonged periods of drought re incresing in the Midwest U.S. (summer 2012) Active soil cron (POXC) Soyen grin yield (kg/h) Mycorrhizl fungi? Symiotic ssocition etween fungus nd the roots of vsculr plnt Conduit for flow of energy nd mtter etween plnts nd soils Well known for potentil to help plnts cquire nutrients, especilly phosphorous Also hve potentil to improve soil structure nd help plnts withstnd iotic (pthogen) nd iotic (ie. wter stress) stress Lisseth Zuiet Most widespred nd undnt type of mycorrhiz (74% of plnt spp.) Uiquitous in most temperte & tropicl ecosystems - 5 to 50% of microil iomss in griculturl soils - 100m of hyphe/cuic centimeter of soil Often clled endomycorrhizs ecuse fungi form intrcellulr structures in plnt roots Coloniztion strtegies of 2 types of AMF Belong to the Glomeromycot monophyletic phylum w/ 244 spp. (sed on morphology) nd est. to e spp. Single plnts cn e colonized y mny different species in the sme root Most AMF species re expected to e eneficil, ut functionl ttriutes vry mong species nd some cn e wekly pthogenic Species diversity is likely influenced y soil mngement prctices (plnt hosts, nutrient mngement, tillge prctices, fungicide pplictions) Soil collected from field tril for use s inoculum in greenhouse tril Soyens were plnted in ech pot nd plnts were suject to wter stress Plnt physiologicl processes nd yield mesured Negtive control (no AMF) Positive control (commercil inoculnt R. irregulres) AMF inoculum from conventionl (CNV) system AMF inoculum from conventionl (CNV) system 4

6 In the sence of wter stress, AMF improved wter sttus nd incresed soyen growth regrdless of source In the presence of wter stress, plnts grown with AMF from the orgnic system hd greter drought tolernce nd yield Plnts in the positive control were more similr to the CNV tretment Pod dry weight of plnts under wter stress c control inoculnt conventionl orgnic Soyens with AMF inoculum from orgnic system hd the gretest yield Moleculr nlyses of AMF communities in soyen roots using: - Illumin MiSeq - QIIME Soil helth nd crop yield cn e higher in orgniclly systems mnged using soil-uilding prctices Arusculr mycorrhizl fungi cn help medite drought stress Commercil inoculnt Conventionl Orgnic Presence of unique AMF tx in soyen roots grown in AMF inoculum from orgnic field Crop mngement (cover crops nd compost) ffect AMF diversity, nd potentil to medite drought stress Soil nd plnt helth re intimtely connected Questions? Soil Microes Plnt Pying ttention to soil helth could help you reduce the need for pesticides nd wter, AND enhnce the productivity nd qulity of your crops Plnt-soil-microil reltionships 5