Theme Production. Safer and Sustainable Vegetable Production Systems. Theme basics Highlights of 2011 Theme meeting

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1 Theme Production 2011 Global Strategic 2011 Planning Global Strategic Planning 2011 Safer and Sustainable Vegetable Production Systems Jaw Fen Wang Outline Theme basics Highlights of 2011 Theme meeting Accomplishments Review against statistics Effective team work - communication skills October 31-November 3, Headquarters 1 2 From seeds to harvest Goal Substantial contributions to safer and sustainable vegetable production generated Purpose Increased supply of safer vegetables through adoption of profitable, environmentally sound practices by farmers leading to knowledge-based farming Total IRS: 5.65 person year (7/17) 3 4 Production system Intensive Higher inputs of capital, labor, pesticides or chemical fertilizer Year round (no rotation or fallow) e.g. mixed crop farming system Priorities: higher/stable yield; rational input use Extensive Smaller inputs of capital, labor, pesticide or chemical fertilizer Seasonal (rotation with cereal crops or fallow) e.g. rice-based farming system Priorities: higher/stable yield; best input use Outputs Basic Research Basic / Applied Research 1. Integrated pest management technologies developed/validated 2. Integrated crop and soil fertility management technologies developed/validated Outcomes: IPM and ICSFM technologies to enhance and sustain productivity ready to be disseminated to NARES 3. Improved vegetable production technologies integrated, disseminated and impact assessed Outcomes: Farmers adopt new technologies to improve and sustain productivity and farm livelihoods 5 6

2 Danmakhatia Pak Tho Damnoen Saduak Nong Sua Pesticide use in yard-long bean production in Thailand Commonly used methods for controlling insect pests and diseases in YLB Ratchaburi Kanchanaburi Pathum Thani All sites Method (N=60) (N=30) (N=30) (N=120) % % % % 1. Conventional method Spraying pesticides Not spraying pesticides Other methods a. Mechanical removal of plants/weeds b. Biological control c. Intercropping d. Use of neem oil or cake e. Use of other bio-pesticide Basic research to control insect pests and diseases Targeted insect pests with global importance Biological control Host resistance Cultural practices Legume pod borer Thrips 9 10 Whitefly Flea beetle Global distribution of legume pod borer Natural enemy of Maruca pod borer Family Parasitoid species* Parasitism Braconidae Apanteles taragamae Over 94% Bassus asper Dolichogenidea sp. Ichneumonidae Trichomma sp. Slightly Triclistus sp. under 4% Plectochorus sp. Tachinidae Nemorilla maculosa *All the listed species attack the larval stage of LPB (Huang et al., 2003; Srinivasan et al., 2009)

3 Species-specific parasitoids of legume pod borer Therophilus marucae (larval parasitoid) and Phanerotoma philippinensis (egg-larval parasitoid) attacking LPB in Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam have been identified Biopesticides against legume pod borer Bacillus thuringiensis formulations and toxins were reported to be effective (Srinivasan, 2008) A nucleopolyhedrovirus (MaviMNPV) has been identified by AVRDC and developed into biopesticide (Lee et al., 2007; Srinivasan et al., 2008) Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were highly infective against egg and larval stages of LPB (Ekesi et al., 2002) Therophilus marucae Phanerotoma philippinensis Effects of bio-pesticides in the field (Vietnam) Treatment* Mean damaged pods by M. vitrata (%) Metarhizium anisopliae (2.7X10 10 ) Before spraying 7 days after spraying 14 days after spraying 24.4 a 6.9 ab 0.7 b Beauveria bassiana 24.4 a 8.6 ab 2.25 b (6.5X10 9 ) Cypermethrin 24.6 a 5.6 b 0.01 b Control 23.3 a 13.0 a 5.2 a LSD R& D issues related to biopesticides Availability to smallholders Intellectual property right * Two applications per week Targeted diseases with global importance Begomovirus species identified in the Phillippines Tomato isolates Tomato leaf curl Philippines virus Pepper isolates Tomato leaf curl Philippines virus Tomato leaf curl Cebu virus Tomato leaf curl Cebu virus Tomato bacterial wilt Tomato late blight Pepper anthracnose Pepper phytophthora blight Tomato leaf curl Mindanao virus Ageratum yellow vein virus 17 Whitefly transmitted begomovirus Aphid transmitted pelorovirus Thrips transmitted tospovirus 18

4 Monitoring begomoviruses infecting tomato in Taiwan Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus first detected in Subsequently, 3 other tomato BGV were detected. Tomato leaf curl Hsinchu virus (ToLCHsV) (only in 2000 and 2001) Ageratum yellow vein Hualien virus (only 2003) Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (first detected in 2005) Mixed infection of Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus + Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus 20 Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus (Ty-2 effective) Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (Ty-2 not effective) ToLCTWV TYLCTHV Ty-2 resistance Effective Non-effective Mechanical transmission NO Yes Pepper as hosts NO Yes Other control methods to compliment host resistance Plant activator Biochar & plant growth promoting rhizobacteria TYLCTHV on sweet pepper TYLCTHV on Ty-2 tomato Integrated soil fertility management Balanced fertilization R&D cycle for generating impacts in targeted communities Select technologies based on local needs Participatory appraisal Integrate in local policy Advocacy Impact assessment Validate/modify technology Participatory research trials Cost benefit analysis Adoption by greater numbers Training of Trainers Promotion activities Adoption by lead farmers Demonstration plots

5 25 Prioritized issues for East Java identified through participatory appraisal 1. Chili pepper: virus problems, resistant varieties, anthracnose 2. Tomato production problems: diseases, resistant varieties; grafting as possible solution 3. Soil fertility, erosion, acidity and management 4. Vegetable production issues: reducing pesticide use, grafting, netting for nursery, water supply 5. Marketing, price fluctuation, value added issues, processing, postharvest 6. Seed supply, production and quality 26 Varieties CLN 2777H ; CH154, CLN 1558B ; CLN 1621E, CLN 2643D ; CLN 2017B, CLN2017D ; CHT501 CLN 2585D ; WVCT1 (Hy), WVCT2 (Hy); WVCT6 (Hy), Local check. CLN 2463E Red Dekoly High marketable yield; sweet flavour and good market acceptance Observation trial Confirmation trial Promotion trial Selected tomato lines for promotion in Solomon Islands Locations Guadalcanal (5) Malaita (2) Makira (1) CLN 1621E Tafulia'e High yield, good fruit set, high demand in market due to size Results CLN 2643E, CLN 2585D, CLN1621E CLN 2585D Rose's Choice Highly preferred for its large fruit size & long production period Farmset import exclusion net for cabbage production Starter solution technology adapted Punjab India Tomato and capsicum: 60kg N basal dose and 4.8 kg/ha NPK liquid at transplanting & 3, 6, 9,12 weeks afterwards. Saves 39% of usual N fertilizer applications IPM Training of Trainer Workshop, Honiara, Solomon Islands Focused on extending the knowledge and understanding of trainings under the ACIAR funded IPPSI project Insect and Disease Identification Crop and pest related IPM practices IPM garden design Market day Honiara market 29 30

6 Rose Sese Areatakiki, Guadalcanal Solomon Islands Community empowerment My seedling quality has greatly improved since I started using compost in my nursery mix. I mainly use it for my cucumber and tomato seedlings. It gives them a good start when I transplant them. Participatory workshop with the Areatatkiki community for establishing a demonstration site to be managed by the farmers Vegetables occupy 3.6% of global agriculture land A check list for planning developmentoriented projects Be sure our technology is cost-effective Not leaving project results as gray literatures Be gender-sensitive when disseminating technologies Production area share (%) tons/ha Productivity (t/ha) 33 E/S Africa W/C Africa CWANA E Asia SE Asia S Asia L America/C N America Europe Oceania AUS/NZL Note: Dry chili and Jamaica pepper were included (converted to fresh by multiplying with 4) 34 Data source: FAOSTAT, 2011 Location of Production projects On-going projects (component) On-going project (system) Submitted project (component) Submitted project (system) 35 36

7 Vision-driven vs. project-driven (GTL) Production package for home garden (Thematic issue- March) More R&D efforts on vegetable legumes (Theme Breeding) R & D on biopesticides (Thematic issue-june) Other control methods to compliment host resistance (JFW Nov. and Feb. seminar) A check list for planning development-oriented projects (cost-effective, publishing project results) (GTD) Be gender-sensitive when developing and disseminating technologies (Theme Consumption) Effective teamwork Teamwork is important. It is not easy to be an effective team. Team leader vs. member Lead/Coordinate/Contribute Effective communication is the key. Developing a feedback culture Timely Non-judgmental Remember there is a positive intention. Give specific/constructive suggestions Theme Production Meeting at Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Taiwan 39