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1 Malt Barley Smallholder Producers Access to and Sustainable Use of Agro-Chemicals Main Research Findings Presented to Stakeholders for Validation Sept. 5, 2018 Asela By : F&S-Ethiopia 1 Presentation Content Background Objectives Methodology Scope Key findings Conclusion and recommendation 2 1

2 1. Background Subsequent researches were conducted: Gender sensitive malt barley and potato value chains analysis, Smallholders inclusive access to inputs (improved seeds, fertilizer and agro-chemicals), finance, agri-skills and market, Findings of the researches were used for: Designing and provision of dialogue capacity building, Identification of important dialogue topics, and Engagement in dialogue with relevant stakeholders at least at local level. As part of smallholders inclusive access to inputs, further empirical evidences are required on smallholders access to and sustainable use of agro-chemicals, This research has been initiated to fulfill this requirement Specific objectives Analyzing the agro-chemicals supply chain, Analyzing the enabling environment for safe and effective sourcing, supply and use of right agrochemicals, Identifying smallholders constraints and opportunities to access and use right agro-chemicals, Assessing effect of the pests on Malt Barley yield, Assessing effect of agro-chemicals on personal health and environmental safety, and Assessing existence of alternative pest control mechanisms and accessibility to the smallholders. 4 2

3 3. Methodology of Research Both Quantitative and Qualitative information are used, Both primary and secondary sources are considered, Primary information sources are stakeholders of the project Primary information is collected through interviews and Group discussions, Secondary information is collected by reviewing reports, studies, rules and regulation docs, etc Scope and Challenge of the Study The research is made on malt barley production with specific focus on producers in Arsi and west Arsi zones, Within the two zones, only some selected districts are covered: Kofele, Kore, Shashemene from west Arsi and Lemo Bilbilo, Onkolo wabe, Digalu-Tijjo and Asela in Arsi, Main interviewed Stakeholders are, MOANR, Zonal and District offices of Agriculture, DAs, Farmers in group as well as individually, Cooperatives/unions, OCF, importers, distributors, retailers, FSCs, etc. The main challenge is unwillingness of most value chain actors to share information transparently. 6 3

4 5. Key Findings A) Malt Barley Production and productivity Improvement Malt Barley Production and Productivity Growth trend in Arsi, West Arsi and Bale zones: S/N Descriptions Land Cultivated ('000ha) Smallholders farmers ('000HHs) Production ('000tons) Productivity/ha (Quintals) Key Findings The share of Traveller and Grace in Malt Barley Production and Productivity Growth in Arsi and West Arsi zones: Descriptions Total land allocation ('000ha) Land allocated for Traveller & Grace ('000ha) Total MB Production ('000 ton) Grace and Traveller production ('000 ton) Overall productivity (ton) Grace & traveller productivity (ton)

5 5. Key Findings Despite significant growth in production and productivity, supply of malt barley to the brewery markets is <20% of production and meets < 40% of the market demand, On going efforts to further improve production and productivity are: Development new varieties: Eboni, Behati, Fenaka, Bokoji-1, etc. Expansion of production sites places like North Shewas of both Oromia and Amhara regions, West Shewa, Gonder, etc Key Findings B) Pests and their effects on Malt Barley Yield: Pests are defined as any insect pests, plant pathogens, and weed populations that affect crops both during their stage of growth and after harvest in store, According to this definition, pests are categorized as Weeds, Diseases and Insects. For highland crops including Malt barley, in general, weeds and diseases are the most affecting pests, 10 5

6 5. Key Findings Well established and research based empirical evidences are not found on the level of the pests effect: EUCORD experts estimate, weeds affect up to 70% while for disease it could be up to 35%. Farmers estimate > 70% for both weeds and disease. According to world average, pests can affect yield of crops up to 50% if not properly treated, In conclusion, it is understood pests are serious challenges for the producers if not properly treated Key Findings. C) Agro-Chemicals Supply Chain: Over 395 different types of agro-chemicals are registered by MOANR for control of pests in Ethiopia: 121 fungicides, 115 weedicides, 159 insecticides More counterfeit products are suspected to be supplied and used, 61 private and public agro-chemicals processors, importers and distributors are registered, Public: EABC, ATPPSC, OFCF, etc., Privates: Makoubu, Chemtex, Lion international, etc., Commercial farmers (flower farms, big farms, etc.) have especial permission to import and use, More informal (unregistered) actors are found in the business, Summarized flow chain and involved actors is presented as follows: 12 6

7 Main Sources China Belgium Switzerland India Germany USA Others: Kenya Agro-Chemicals Supply Chain Importers Wholesalers Retailers Users Private Companies Public Enterprises Commercial Farms Others: Informal distributers Private distributers Coops/U nions Private Licensed Retailers Farmers service centers Coops/U nions Informal Retailers Commercial farms Smallhold er producers Flower farms Formal & Informal & qualified Special permission Spots of forgery unqualified Key Findings. Commonly used Agro-Chemicals by Malt Barley producers: No Fungicides Weedicides Insecticides 1 Natura 250 Ew Agro/Agro-2-4D Amine 720/L A.E Carate 5% EC 2 Tilt 250 EC Mantou Highway 50 EC 3 Rex Duo Dical EC 4 Bless Super star Danadim 40% EC 5 Nativo EC/Axial-@ one 050 EC Midaprop 6 Progress 250 EC Asta 7 Derby 175 SC 8 Phenopax 69 EW 9 Mustang Some of the chemicals have similarity in purpose but different in efficacy and price. 14 7

8 5. Key Findings. D) Main Challenges of Smallholders to Access the right Agrochemicals and Sustainably use: Lack of adequate and real information about the chemicals they buy and their suppliers, Limited availability of the type of chemicals they want, Widespread of informal supply by unqualified distributors and retailers without any care, Limited financial capacity/service to afford price of the chemicals, Lack of appropriate spray equipment supply and skilled spray service provision, Limited skill and knowledge of producers in pest identification, agro-chemicals application and safety measure Findings of the Research F) The enabling environment for agro-chemicals production, import, distribution and use:..no pesticide shall be registered unless its efficacy, safety and quality is tested under field or laboratory conditions and approved by committee established for this purpose.. No person may formulate, manufacture, import, pack, re-pack, label, sell, distribute, store or use a pesticide not registered by the MoANR. Proclamation No. 674/2010 (Negarit Gazeta 2010)]. 16 8

9 5. Key Findings. Main challenges in enforcing the Enabling Environment provisions: Registration of pesticides still encounters many problems, Lack of quality control laboratory at the chemicals port of entry, Low level of pesticides inspection and quality control after import, Limited interaction of the state with importers, distributors and users in governing pesticides, Limited facilitation (eg limited availability of foreign exchange) to avail the required agro-chemicals, and Weak coordination of stakeholders in planning, importing, distributing, etc., the agro-chemicals Key Findings. E) The need for alternative pest control mechanisms: Use of agro-chemicals is not favored by different stakeholders for human health and environment safety and desire for sustainable agriculture, Agro-ecology-crop diversification as opposed to monocropping, conservation agriculture, etc.,- has become an important international movement to ensure safety and sustainability, The north market favors organic products and the south producers lack the capacity to afford for expensive agro-chemicals, therefore, alternatives are required. 18 9

10 5. Key Findings. G) Ongoing efforts to develop alternative pest controls: Social and Economic development in Africa through Ecological and Organic Agriculture Alternatives by African Head of States and CSOs: Eg. Ecological Organic Agriculture (EOA) Initiative Project in Eastern Africa in 12 countries including Ethiopia by over 250 CSOs. Knomana project (Knowledge Management on pesticide plants in Africa), launched in June 2017 under the umbrella of INRA-CIRAD to operate 13 Francophone west and central African countries, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) initiative is also another alternative, Nevertheless, all these initiatives are still fledgling and yet expected to be developed for effective pest control and sustainable agriculture development. 19 Strengths Participation of private & public suppliers, Existence of research infrastructure, Existence of necessary legal provisions, Priority attention for agriculture FSC/coops and unions as alternative inputs supply Opportunities: Public efforts to provide alternative inputs supply systems: FSC, Coops/unions, etc. Favorable legal environment for safety and business Some NGOs initiatives/supports for skill training and spray service provision by skilled personnel-business opportunity, Existence of financial service providers for producers 5. Key Findings SWOT of Agro-Chemicals Supply, Access and Regulations Weaknesses: Limited foreign exchange, Limited capacity of the government to enforce rules and provide required services, Poor handling and spray practice of the producers, Lack of spray equipment and spray service provision by skilled persons, Weak coordination among the stakeholders, Limited research findings on effects of pests/agrochemicals, Threats: Ever increasing problem of pests n different forms, Pervasiveness of informal agro-chemicals supply, Possible long-term effect of the agro-chemicals on the agro-ecology and environmental safety, Possibility of limited supply of the agro-chemicals from source in the long-run. On-going efforts for alternative agrochemicals use, 20 10

11 5. Conclusions and Recommendations Limited availability of right agro-chemicals, Limited knowledge and skill of producers in identification of pests, selection and application of right agro-chemicals, Existence of extensive counterfeit products and informal actors in the market, Weak enforcement of rules and regulations in providing the enabling environment for registration, import, distribution and safe use of agro-chemicals, Limited access of producers to the right agro-chemicals due to limited information, increased price and limited financial services, Limited efforts to develop and apply alternative options (organic control, IPM, etc), to minimize negative effects of the chemicals, Ultimately, negative effect on yield and environmental safety Conclusions and Recommendations Points of recommendations for improvement and dialogue with stakeholders: 1. Ensure effective implementation of pre-verification, verification and evaluation steps before registering and thence, outlaw products that do not pass through the process, 2. Improve the enabling environment and law enforcement mechanisms for proper registering, importing, distributing, use and disposal of the agrochemicals equipment after use and expired products, 3. Facilitate effective service provision: timely and adequate foreign exchange supply for importers, professional spray service for producers, etc., 4. Coordinate efforts of different stakeholders and devise alternative supply and access systems, 5. Enhance adequately farmers skill on how to choose and apply the agrochemicals safely, 6. Undertake further research to generate empirical evidence on effect of the pests on yield and the agro-chemicals on human health and environment, 7. Facilitate smallholders access to afforadable financial services, 8. Explore alternative organic pest control mechanisms, 22 11

12 Thanks for your attention! Time for discussion! Sorsa Debela (corresponding author) Independent Agribusiness and Value Chains Development Consultant +251 (0) Victor van der Linden Consultant / Business Development Manager victor.vanderlinden@fs-ethiopia.com