Effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil test P with different extractants

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1 Effect of soil temperture nd moisture on soil test P with different extrctnts Chunyu Song, Xingyi Zhng 1, Xioing Liu, nd Yun Chen Key Lortory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northest Institute of Geogrphy nd Agroecology, Chinese Acdemy of Sciences, Hrin , Chin. Received 1 Decemer 2010, ccepted 15 August Song, C., Zhng, X., Liu, X. nd Chen, Y Effect of soil temperture nd moisture on soil test P with different extrctnts. Cn. J. Soil Sci. 92: Temperture nd moisture re importnt fctors ffecting dsorption, trnsformtion nd the vilility of soil phosphorus (P) to plnts. The different tempertures nd moisture contents t which soil is smpled might ffect the results of soil test P (STP). In order to evlute the effect of the temperture nd moisture, s well s the fertiliztion level, on the results of soil test P, n incution study involving three soil tempertures (5, 10, nd 208C), nd three soil moisture contents (50, 70, % of field wter-holding cpcity) ws conducted with Chinese Mollisols collected from four fertiliztion tretments in long-term experiment in northest Chin. Four soil P test methods, Mehlich 3, Morgn, Olsen nd Bry 1 were used to determine STP fter 42-d incution. The effect of temperture nd moisture on STP vried mong soil P tests. Averged cross the four fertiliztion tretments, the temperture hd significnt impct on STP, while the responses vried mong soil P test methods. Mehlich 3, Morgn nd Bry 1 STP decresed nd Olsen STP incresed with increse in temperture. Effect of soil moisture ws only significnt for Mehlich 3 P nd Olsen P. Soil temperture hd greter impct on STP thn soil moisture content. The responses of the Olsen method to temperture differed from the other three methods tested. The interction etween soil temperture nd soil moisture on soil test P ws only significnt for Mehlich 3 P. Fertiliztion level does not ffect the STP in s cler pttern s the temperture nd moisture vried for ll four methods. Consistent soil smpling conditions, especilly the soil temperture, pper to e the first step to chieve relile STP for ny soil P test. Key words: Soil phosphorus test, environmentls conditions, ccurcy, Mollisols Song, C., Zhng, X., Liu, X. et Chen, Y Incidence de l tempérture et de l teneur en eu du sol sur le dosge du P vec divers gents d extrction. Cn. J. Soil Sci. 92: L tempe rture et l humidite sont d importnts fcteurs qui ffectent l dsorption, l conversion et l disponiilite pour les plntes du phosphore (P) du sol. L tempe rture et l teneur en eu du sol échntillonné pourrient modifier les re sultts du dosge de cet e le ment. Pour évluer l incidence de ces fcteurs et de l importnce des mendements sur le dosge du P, les uteurs ont incue des échntillons de mollisols chinois à trois tempértures (5 8C, 10 8C, 20 8C) et ` trois tux d humidite (50 %, 70 %, % de l cpcite de re tention de l eu sur le terrin). Les échntillons vient été pre leve s sur qutre prcelles onifie es dns le cdre d une expérience de longue hleine entreprise dns le nord-est de l Chine. Qutre me thode (Mehlich 3, Morgn, Olsen et Bry 1) ont servi ` doser le phosphore pre` s 42 jours d incution. L incidence de l tempe rture et de l teneur en eu sur le dosge du P vrie vec l me thode employe e. Si l on effectue l moyenne des qutre mendements, l tempe rture est le fcteur qui influe le plus sur le dosge du P, l réction vrint d une me thode de dosge à l utre. Le dosge diminue vec l husse de l tempe rture pour les me thodes Mehlich 3, Morgn et Bry 1 et ugmente vec l technique Olsen. L teneur en eu du sol n un effet significtif qu vec les me thodes Mehlich 3 P et Olsen P. L tempe rture du sol ffecte plus le dosge du P que l teneur en eu. L me thode Olsen ne régit ps de l meˆme mnie` re que les trois utres me thodes ` l tempe rture. L interction de l tempe rture vec l teneur en eu du sol sur le dosge du P n est significtive qu vec l me thode Mehlich 3. Le tux de fertilistion ne semle ps ffecter le dosge du P de mnie` re clire, cr l tempe rture et l teneur en eu du sol vrient pour les qutre me thodes. Des conditions d e chntillonnge uniformes (l tempe rture du sol surtout) constituent l premie` re mesure ` prendre pour doser de mnie` re file le P du sol, peu importe l me thode employe e. Mots clés: Dosge du phosphore du sol, conditions environnementles, pre cision, mollisols The chnge in soil P is ffected y fertiliztion, orgnic P minerliztion, removl through plnt uptke, microil immoiliztion, fixtion nd leching (Brdy nd Weil 2002). Friesen et l. (1985) indicted tht chnge in soil ville P is the net result of the 1 To whom correspondence should e ddressed (e-mil: xyzhng1966@yhoo.com.cn). interction of more thn two fctors. They found tht, in ddition to soil properties, P trnsformtion rte (orgnic P minerliztion nd possile reduction of iron (III) phosphtes) is determined y soil temperture, moisture, nd solr rdition, while soil test P vlue is determined y the result of reltively dominnt process. Arevitions: FC, field wter-holding cpcity; SOM, soil orgnic mtter; STP, soil test phosphorus Cn. J. Soil Sci. (2012) 92: doi: /cjss

2 538 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE Soil test P hs close reltionship with soil temperture nd moisture (Kemp et l. 1985). Olsen et l. (1954) reveled tht soil test levels were pproximtely 25% higher in the erly spring thn they were in the preceding fll. Power nd Brown (1961) reported tht 53% of the vrition in fertilizer response of spring whet (Triticum estivum L.) on soils testing medium in P ws ecuse of vrition in ville soil moisture. Aville P exhiited sesonl or temporl vritions (vn der Puw 1962), ut esily solule phosphoric cid chnged significntly within sesons without cler ptterns (Reynolds nd Smith 1946). Smith (1959) proposed tht the vrition in solule P ws relted to soil temperture nd rinfll. Kemp et l. (1985) reported tht Bry 1 P nd modified Olsen P hd negtive correltion with soil moisture nd therml index, which mens tht low soil temperture nd moisture content increses soil P, while high soil tempertures nd moisture content decreses soil P. In n incution experiment, Brrow (1974) lso found tht decrese in effectiveness of phosphte fertilizer ws very rpid in wrm moist soil in n incution experiment. He found tht 108C increse in temperture cused more thn threefold decrese in effectiveness of soil P. Brrow (1983) susequently evluted the impct of temperture on P sorption nd desorption nd how it ffects the vilility of P to plnts from the soil sorption nd desorption point of view through mechnistic model simultion. Song nd Ketterings (2010) found tht n increse in soil temperture from 10 to 208C decresed Morgn STP nd hd inconsistent nd smll chnges for Mehlich 3 STP in Dystrudept soil of New York. Both tests showed higher STP levels with the increse in soil moisture. The vrious forms nd mounts of inorgnic P (Pi) nd orgnic P (Po) in soil cn e estimted y extrction with cids nd lklis tht dissolve specific complexes inding P (Olsen nd Sommers 1982; Tiessen nd Moir 1993). Four commonly used soil P tests re Olsen (Olsen et l. 1954), Bry 1 (Bry nd Kurtz 1945), Mehlich 3 (Mehlich 1984) nd Morgn (Morgn 1941; McIntosh 1969). The use of vrious soil test methods hs een limited in different countries for mny resons. For instnce, the Olsen test ws used s generl method in the second soil survey in Chin in the 1970s, wheres the Mehlich 3 method ws recommended s generl method in new stndrds relesed in The Mehlich 3 method is more convenient for comprisons, ut not ccurte enough for the different properties present cross the rnge of soil types in Chin. However, nerly ll soil tests for P will fil if used on inpproprite soils (Fixen nd Grove 19), nd its reliility will continue to e questioned for n indefinite time. When one tkes the preceding literture in totl, it seems cler tht the time of collection nd smpling conditions re very importnt points to consider in soil P. However, to our knowledge no comprison hs een mde to evlute the effects of temperture nd moisture on four commonly ville soil tests. The ojective of this work ws to determine if soil temperture nd moisture in conjunction with fertiliztion level hs ny effect on STP vlues from different extrctnts. The ultimte gol is to provide n esier comprison of soil P test for reserchers, frmers nd their dvisors. MATERIAL AND METHODS To eliminte the effect of plnt removl on soil test results, lortory incution experiment ws estlished tht controlled soil temperture nd moisture. A split plot design with three replictes ws used, with temperture s the min plots (5, 10 nd 208C) nd moisture content (50, 70, nd % of the wterholding cpcity) nd soils with different fertiliztion levels s suplots. Smples of typicl Blck soil (clssified s Eluvited Blck Chernozem in the Cndin system of soil clssifiction nd Pchic Hploorolls in the USA system) were collected in erly Octoer 2005 s topsoil (020 cm) from four fertiliztion tretments in long-term experiment in northest Chin initited in Plots were cropped to soyen [Glycine mx (L.) Merrill] in 2003, nd to mize (Ze mys L. Hiyu 6 in 2004 nd In 2003, the four tretments were: no fertilizer (F1), low fertilizer rte of 13.5 N kg h 1 nd 34.5 P 2 O 5 kg h 1 (F2), high fertilizer rte of 30 N kg h 1 nd 45 P 2 O 5 kg h 1 (F3), nd F3 plus kg h 1 (dry weight sis) of pig mnure (F4). In 2004 nd 2005, the four tretments were: no fertilizer (F1), low fertilizer rte of 96 N kg h 1 nd 34.5 P 2 O 5 kg h 1 (F2), higher fertilizer rte of 150 N kg h 1 nd 75 P 2 O 5 kg h 1 (F3), nd F3 plus kg h 1 (dry weight sis) of pig mnure of (F4). The generl soil physicl nd chemicl properties re listed in Tle 1. Soils from ech plot were collected, ir dried, ground nd sieved to pss 2-mm sieve. Approprite mounts of smple soils (300 mlulk density) were clculted nd weighed ccording to originl ulk density (mesured just efore smple collection) nd wter content, the soils were then mixed with n pproprite mount of wter for specific wter content efore eing plced in the ottle. Soils were compcted to the required volume (scle 300 ml) to chieve the originl ulk density s ws oserved in the field. A comintion of tretments (temperture nd wter content) ws rndomly ssigned to the jrs nd replicted nine times for totl of 108 jrs. Deionized wter ws dded to ech jr every 4 d to mintin wter content t 4555%, 6575% nd 8595% of field wter-holding cpcity. Jrs were incuted t constnt tempertures of 5, 10 nd 208C. Soils were smpled fter 42-d incution period, were ir dried t 558C for 48 h nd then ground to pss 2-mm sieve. Soil P ws determined using the Mehlich 3 (Mehlich 1984), Morgn (McIntosh 1969), Olsen (Olsen et l. 1954), nd Bry 1 (Bry nd Kurtz 1945) tests. The verge cross the four fertiliztion tretments in the different soil P tests ws used to compre the effects

3 SONG ET AL. * TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON SOIL TEST P 539 Tle 1. Soil physico-chemicl properties in four fertilizer tretments collected fter hrvest (Octoer 2005) from cultivted Blck soil in northestern Chin SOM FC Bulk density Morgn P Mehlich 3 P Olsen P Bry 1 P Tretments ph z (g kg 1 ) (mg kg 1 ) No fertilizer (F1) y Fertilizer t lower level (F2) Fertilizer t high level (F3) F3mnure (F4) z Soil ph ws mesured in 1:1 (wt/vol) wter extrction. Soil orgnic mtter (SOM) ws estimted using the loss-on-ignition method (Storer 1984) nd converted to SOM percentge using the following conversion fctor: (0.7loss on ignition)0.23 (Hrden et l. 2007). FC, field wter-holding cpcity. y F1, no fertilizer pplied; F2, 96 kg N h kg P 2 O 5 h 1 ; F3, 150 kg N h 1 75 kg P 2 O 5 h 1 ; F4, 150 kg N h 1 75 kg P 2 O 5 h 1 30 t h 1 pig mnure. of soil temperture nd moisture. The PROC GLM procedure of SAS Institute (SAS Institute, Inc. 2001) ws used in this study with Tukey djustment t P50.05 for nlysis the impct of temperture, moisture nd their interction. RESULTS Soil Temperture Effects on STP Averged cross four fertiliztion tretments nd different soil moisture contents, the temperture hd Mehlich 3 soil P (mg kg 1 ) Olsen soil P (mg kg 1 ) A C significnt impct on STP, while the responses vried mong soil test methods (Fig. 1). Mehlich 3 P, Morgn P nd Bry 1 P decresed with increse in temperture. Significnt differences in Mehlich 3 P were found etween 58C nd 108C, nd etween 58C nd 208C tretments (PB0.05), wheres no differences were found etween 108C nd 208C (Fig. 1A). For Morgn P, significnt difference ws found etween 5 nd 208C (PB0.05), nd no difference existed etween 58C with 108C s well s 108C with 208C (Fig. 1B). The difference Morgn soil P (mg kg 1 ) Bry 1 soil ville P (mg kg 1 ) B D Soil temperture ( C) Soil temperture ( C) Fig. 1. The impct of soil temperture on the extrctle phosphorus concentrtion, ssessed with four test methods, in cultivted Blck soil from northestern Chin.

4 540 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE etween 58C with 108C in Bry 1 P ws significnt (PB 0.05), ut no difference ws found etween 208C with 58C nd 108C (Fig. 1D). However, Olsen P incresed significntly when temperture incresed from 5 to 108C (PB0.05), ut no difference existed etween 5 nd 208C or etween 10 nd 208C (Fig. 1C). Soil Moisture Effects on STP Averged cross four fertiliztion tretments, nd different soil tempertures, the soil moisture effects on STP vried mong soil test methods (Fig. 2). Both Mehlich 3 P nd Olsen P incresed with the increse in soil moisture from 50 to % of field wter-holding cpcity. Significnt differences were found etween 50 nd % s well s etween 50 nd 70% of field wter-holding cpcity (PB0.05) in Mehlich 3 P nd Olsen P, respectively, wheres no differences were found etween 50 nd 70% or etween 70 nd % in Mehlich 3 P (Fig. 2A), or etween 70 nd % of field wterholding cpcity in Olsen P (Fig. 2C). The soil moisture hd no effect on Morgn P or Bry 1 P, lthough higher STP vlues were otined t % of field wter-holding cpcity compred with 50% of the field wter-holding cpcity (Fig. 2B, Fig. 2D). Mehlich 3 soil P (mg kg 1 ) Olsen soil P (mg kg 1 ) A C Soil Fertiliztion Level Effects on STP Fertiliztion level did not ffect the STP in cler pttern, s the temperture nd moisture vried for ll four methods. Interction of Soil Temperture with Moisture on STP Under ny given field wter-holding cpcity, i.e., 50, 70 nd % of the field wter-holding cpcity, soil temperture hd significnt effects on the soil test P, while soil moisture hd significnt effects only on Mehlich 3 P nd Olsen P under given soil temperture (Tle 2). However, interction etween soil temperture nd soil moisture on soil test P ws only found in Mehlich 3 P (Tle 2). DISCUSSIONS The present study found tht Mehlich 3, Morgn nd Bry 1 STP decresed with n increse in temperture, while Olsen P incresed with n increse in temperture. This mens (1) tempertures nd, consequently, time of smpling (utumn vs. spring) influence the soil test results; (2) the effects of temperture on STP differ mong extrctnts, s n increse in incution temperture resulted in greter STP vlues of Olsen P, ut lower STP vlues for the other three tests. Morgn soil P (mg kg 1 ) Bry 1 soil P (mg kg 1 ) B D % 70% % 50% 70% % Percent of field wter cpcity (%) Percent of field wter cpcity (%) Fig. 2. The impct of soil moisture on the extrctle phosphorus concentrtion, ssessed with four test methods, in cultivted Blck soil from northestern Chin.

5 SONG ET AL. * TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON SOIL TEST P 541 Tle 2. Effect of soil temperture nd moisture nd their interction on the extrctle P concentrtion mesured with four test methods in cultivted Blck soil from northestern Chin Soil test methods z Temperture (T) Proility significnce (P) Moisture (M) TM interction Mehlich 3 * ** * Morgn * NS NS Bry 1 * NS NS Olsen * * NS z Mehlich 3 (Mehlich 1984), Morgn (McIntosh 1969), Olsen (Olsen et l. 1954), Bry 1(Bry nd Kurtz 1945). y Soil tempertures tretment (5, 10, 208C); soil moisture tretment (50, 70, % of field wter-holding cpcity). *, ** Significnt t PB0.05 nd significnt PB0.01. The reltionships of Mehlich 3 P, Morgn P nd Bry 1 P with temperture were consistent with the results of Bollnd (1993), who reported decrese in ville P due to incresed dsorption s soil temperture incresed. Olsen STP t 158C ws lower thn t 7.28C (Power 1964). Kemp et l. (1985) found negtive reltionship etween Bry 1 P nd modified Olsen P with therml index. The decreses in Mehlich 3 P, Morgn P nd Bry 1 P with n increse in temperture in the present study re in greement with their results, while the reltionship etween temperture nd Olsen P ws opposite to their results. However, our oservtions relted to Olsen P were consistent with the results of Sleque et l. (1996); Olsen P ws greter t 308C thn t 208C fter -d incution period. This indictes greter vriility in the Olsen method, possily due to soil type or loction, in comprison with other three methods. Among the four soil P tests, in this study only Mehlich 3 P nd Olsen P incresed with the increse in soil moisture. Song nd Ketterings (2010) reported tht n increse in soil moisture from 50 to % significntly incresed the Morgn P in New York soil. Our results re only consistent with their conclusion in our high fertility soils nd t high moisture content (Fig. 3). Thus, compred with soil temperture, moisture hd less impct on soil P test. Interction etween soil temperture nd soil moisture on soil test P ws only found in Mehlich 3 P, suggesting tht the Mehlich 3 method is more ffected y environmentl conditions. Lrsen (1967) suggested tht Morgn method ws lest suited for using on soils with wide difference in properties. Power et l. (1964) found tht the impct of temperture on Olsen P ws less significnt when the soil P concentrtion ws low nd more significnt t high P concentrtion, with the lrgest difference occurring t the highest P concentrtion. Consistent responses to soil temperture were found in this study lthough the soils used hd different P concentrtions (dt not show). Therefore, consistent soil smpling conditions, Morgn soil P (mg kg 1 ) % 70% % F1 F2 F3 F4 Soils t different fertiliztion rte Fig. 3. The impct of soil moisture on the Morgn extrctle phosphorus concentrtion in four fertilizer tretments from cultivted Blck soil in northestern Chin. Soil chrcteristics nd detils of the fertilizer tretments re given in Tle 1. especilly soil temperture, pper to e the first step to chieve relile STP for ny soil P test. CONCLUSIONS Across the four fertiliztion tretments, temperture hd the gretest impct on STP, lthough the mgnitude of its impct vried mong soil test methods. The responses of STP in Mehlich 3 P, Morgn P nd Bry 1 P to temperture were negtive, while its response ws positive in Olsen P. Soil moisture only ffected Mehlich 3 P nd Olsen P. Soil temperture hd more impct on soil P test thn soil moisture content. Only Mehlich 3 P ws influenced y the soil temperture nd soil moisture interction. The responses of the Olsen method to temperture differed from the other three tested methods. Priority should e given to soil temperture when collecting the soil smple for soil P test. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study ws prtilly supported y Ntionl Nturl Science Foundtion of Chin ( ), Specil Fund for Reserch in the Pulic Interest of MWR ( ), nd Ntionl Science nd Technology Ministry funds (2009BADB3B04). We re grteful for the comments of two nonymous reviewers. Brrow, N. J Slow rections etween soil nd nions. 1. Effects of time, temperture, nd wter-content of soil on decrese in effectiveness of phosphte for plnt-growth. Soil Sci. 118: Brrow, N. J A mechnistic model for descriing the sorption nd desorption of Phosphte y soil. J. Soil Sci. 34: Bollnd, M. D. A Effect of storing ir-dry soil smples t room temperture on Colwell soil test phosphorus. Commun. Soil Sci. Plnt Anl. 24:

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