Management ofwater content of soil in cultivation of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L, Nasim variety) in Isfahan- Iran

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1 Africn Journl of Biotechnology Vol. 1(54), pp , 19 September, 211 Avilble online t DOI: /AJB ISSN Acdemic Journls Full Length Reserch Pper Mngement ofwter content of soil in cultivtion of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis stivus L, Nsim vriety) in Isfhn- Irn S. H. Tbtbei 1 *, Sh. Moslehi 2, P. Njfi 2 nd T. Riesi 3 1 Deprtment of Wter Engineering, Fculty of Agriculture, Shhrekord University, Shhrekord, Irn. 2,3 Deprtment of Soil Science, Agriculturl Fculty, Khorsgn (Isfhn) Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Isfhn, Irn. Accepted 8 August, 211 Mesurement nd control of wter content of soil is n essentil fctor in irrigtion mngement, to pply the best mngement prctice for reducing wter consumption nd improving product qulity. The wter content of soil is n importnt fctor in greenhouse where it is directly relted to the totl mount of wter consumed for irrigtion. Since cucumbers (Cucumis stivus L, Nsim vriety) is considered s the min nd much used summer crop in Irn, which re extremely sensitive to dverse conditions prticulrly wter stress, determintion nd supply of wter is vitl for this plnt. To this end, mximum llowble depletion (MAD) should be determined. This experiment ws conducted in the reserch greenhouse (Plstic Covered) of Islmic Azd University in Khorsgn, Isfhn, during period of five months. This project ws implemented in the frmework of three 4, 6, nd 8 cm br wter suction tretments with three replictions using tensiometer. Before tretment ppliction, wter content of soil ws determined in weight. MAD in 4, 6, nd 8 cm br tretments ws 22, 32 nd 5%, respectively. Sttisticl results nd men comprison demonstrted tht MAD of 22 nd 32% led to significnt yield increse (P<.1), while MAD of 5% hd the lest yield. The results revel tht there ws significnt difference between MAD of 22 nd 32% in incresing lef re index (LAI) (P<.1). Key words: Mximum llowble depletion, greenhouse cucumber, tensiometer, lef re index. INTRODUCTION Wter vilbility is generlly the most importnt fctor limiting the development of griculture in rid nd semirid regions (Bozkurt nd Mnsurolu, 211). New innovtions for sving irrigtion wter nd thereby incresing crop wter use efficiency (WUE) re especilly importnt in wter-scrce regions (Gencogln et l., 26). In irrigtion mngement discussion, mesurement nd control of wter content of soil is regrded s n essentil component to pply optiml mngement methods for the purpose of reducing wter *Corresponding uthor. E-mil: stbei@gr.sku.c.ir. Tel: Fx: Abbrevitions: MAD, Mximum llowble depletion; LIA, lef re index. consumption nd improving WUE. Wter content of soil is n importnt component in greenhouse, which hs direct impct on the mount of wter used to irrigte crops. Greenhouse cultivtion is of vrious types in mny prts of the world nd is considered s n expensive method to produce number of products (Cnkci nd Akinci, 23). Furthermore, the min gol of greenhouse development is to improve productivity nd efficiency of wter consumption (Hsndokht, 25). To improve wter productivity is possible in two wys: (1) keeping the production degree t the current level long with reducing wter consumption nd (2) incresing the yield (including product weight, product dimeter, stem dimeter, nd lef re index) in return for the consumptive wter unit (Hsndokht, 25). To be more precise, the degree of production is incresed through protecting vilble wter resources. As result, wht is considered in the greenhouse is to

2 11158 Afr. J. Biotechnol. increse the yield in return for the consumptive wter unit. Since cucumber(cucumis stivus L.) is considered s the min nd populr summer crop in Irn, nd is extremely sensitive to dverse conditions prticulrly wter stress, determintion nd supply of wter need is vitl for this plnt (Hsndokht, 25). To this end, it seems necessry to determine mximum llowble depletion (MAD) of soil. Prt of the vilble wter is esily bsorbed into plnt which is nmed redily vilble wter (RAW). On the other hnd, plnt requires lot of energy to bsorb the rest of wter which results in product reduction. As it is not fvorble for the frmers, prcticlly, they irrigte the field t point between field cpcity (FC) nd Permnent Wilting Point (PWP). This potentil point is clled MAD, expressed in percent nd dependent on the irrigtion mngement nd type of cultivtion. Hence, it is clled mngement llowble depletion (Alizdeh, 1999). Studies of Krmer nd Boyer (1995) demonstrted tht doubling the number of irrigtion during the pek time of blooming of whet led to rise in productivity up to 25%. Moreover, studies to determine the index of MAD showed tht it is possible to use MAD equl to 65% to determine the mount of wter usble for the plnt. In ddition, Rouphel nd Giuseppe (25) greed tht wter tension decrese the lef re index (LAI) in greenhouse cucumber. Eisu et l. (29) in the experiment tht ws conducted for mximum llowble soil wter depletion levels (MAD), 2, 4, 6 nd 8% of the plnt vilble soil wter (ASW) in the top.8 m root zone, were pplied s tretments. Plnt roots extrcted most soil wter from the top.4 m soil lyer. Incresing the soil wter depletion level to 6% nd higher resulted in significnt reduction in herbge mss nd essentil oil yield. An increse in mximum llowble depletion level generlly resulted in decrese in lef re nd n increse in lef to stem fresh mss rtio. Up to 28% of irrigtion wter could be sved by incresing mximum llowble depletion level of ASW from 2 to 4%, without significnt reduction in essentil oil yield. Wng et l. (27, b) demonstrted tht the mtric potentil between 2 to 5 kp led to mximum yield in tomto. Gonti nd Tiwri (28) hve shown tht their study ws conducted to develop the reltionship between cnopy ir temperture different nd vpor pressure deficit for no stress condition of whet crop. The MAD of the vilble soil wter (ASW) of 1, 4, 6% nd no irrigtion were minted in the crop experiments. The cnopy ir temperture difference nd VPD resulted liner reltionship nd the slop nd intercept for lower bseline of pre-heding nd post heding stges of whet crop were found s m = , c = nd m = , c = , respectively. The CWSI ws determined by using the developed empiricl eqution for three irrigtion schedules of different MAD of ASW. Shongwe et l. (21) lso reported prmeters tht were used with four wter tretments (.4,.6,.8, nd 1. FC). Prmeters mesured included lef number per plnt, plnt height, chlorophyll content, cnopy size, lef width, lef length, stem girth, dry mss, fresh mss, fruit length, nd brix content. There were significnt (P<.5) increses in lef number, plnt height, chlorophyll content, cnopy size, fresh nd dry mss tops nd fruit length t the highest moisture level (1. FC), followed by the second highest regime (.8 FC), whilst the lower wter regimes resulted in lower increses in ech of the prmeters. LAI did not differ significntly cross ll tretments. In incresing order, the tretments.8 nd 1. FC gve higher yields, but in decresing order lower brix nd thus subsequent lower pprik qulity. Bozkurt nd Mnsurolu (211) studied the effects of different irrigtion levels on yield, qulity nd wter use chrcteristics of lettuce (Lctuc stiv vr. longifoli cv. Litl) cultivted in solr greenhouse in the Estern Mediterrnen region of Turkey. Five irrigtion tretments (I) were bsed on djustment coefficients (.25,.5,.75, 1. nd 1.25) of Clss A pn evportion. The results show tht Irrigtion levels hd significntly (P<.1) different effects on yield nd yield components except for plnt dry weight, plnt height nd hed firmness. The results show tht the highest yield ws obtined from SDI1 (subsurfce drip irrigtion t 1 cm depth) I1 tretment. The WUE nd the irrigtion wter use efficiency (IWUE) incresed s the irrigtion ws reduced. Determintion of quntity nd direction of wter flow is very importnt for sustinble lnd mngement (Sriyev et l., 27). The forementioned literture shows tht wter use efficiency nd yield depends on soil wter mngement nd MAD, especilly in greenhouse condition, nd it should be determined for greenhouse production. The objectives of the present study were determintion of (1) mximum llowble depletion coefficient in greenhouse condition nd cucumber cultivtion for semi-rid region, nd (2) yield nd yield components of the condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment ws conducted in the reserch greenhouse of Islmic Azd University, Khorsgn brnch, Isfhn, Irn (Ltitude: 32 37' N, Longitude: 51 4' E nd Elevtion: m) during five-month's cultivtion period strting from My 28 to December 28. Averge nnul temperture is bout (16.2 C), nd verge nnul precipittion is bout mm, which minly concentrted from June to September. The dominnt soil is silty-lom, with n verge bulk density of 1.36 g/cm 3. The totl re of the greenhouse ws 1377 m 2, with useful re of 15 m 2. The greenhouse ws covered with 45% UV Polyethylene nd equipped with open-ble ceilings nd heting (heter) nd cooling (fn nd utility) systems. Drip irrigtion system ws used nd drippers were put t the distnce of pproximtely 4 cm. Cucumber s seed (Cucumis stivus L, Nsim vriety) were

3 Tbtbei et l Tble 1. Properties of irrigtion wter. EC (ds/m) ph SO 4 (meq/l) C (meq/l) ½ 1.6 Tble 2. Physicl properties of greenhouse soil. Depth (cm) Aw (%) PWP (%) F.C (%) Sp (%) b (g/cm 3 ) Texture Silty-lom Aw, Avilble wter; PWP, permnent wilting point; FC, field cpcity. Tble 3. Chemicl properties of greenhouse soil. Depth (cm) EC (ds/m) ph N (%) P (meq/kg) K (meq/kg) directly plnted into the soil t the distnce of 4 cm in row nd 1.5 m row s distnce. Properties of the irrigtion wter, physicl properties of the soil, nd chemicl properties of the soil re shown in Tbles 1, 2 nd 3, respectively. Methods Agronomic mesures such s fertilizing, pruning, lyering nd weed nd pests control were eqully tken in ll tretments. The sttisticl design used ws the Rndomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), which ws implemented in the frmework of three 4, 6, nd 8 cm br wter suction tretments with three replictions (nmed T4, T6 nd T8, respectively). The control tretment ws irrigted every other dy (trditionl use of wter in the region). Before tretment ppliction, wter content of soil ws mesured in weight. A number of tensiometers were used in the soil to mesure wter content of soil nd t the sme time, wter content of soil by weight (Bybordi, 23) nd the soil mtric potentil were mesured through stndrd methods (Bybordi nd Nderi, 21). The reltion between wter content of soil nd soil mtric potentil, nd wter content nd time were obtined through Curve Expert Softwre nd its digrm ws drwn. To determine MAD for ech tretment nd the mount of vilble wter, Equtions 1 nd 2 were used respectively (Bybordi, 23). MAD θ AW i θ i = (1) θ AW ( θ θ ) = FC PWP (2) Where, Aw is the soil vilble wter (%); FC is the soil moisture in field cpcity (%); PWP is the soil moisture in permnent witling point (%); i is the difference of peks in moisture-time digrm for ech tretment nd MAD i is the mximum llowble depletion for ech tretment. Soil wter tension dt ws dily recorded by tensiometer. When the dt ws below the trget soil mtric potentil, irrigtion ws then initited. Cucumber yield indexes were mesured including: weight of product mesured by digitl scle, dimeter of stem nd length nd dimeter of the fruit mesured by cliper, nd LAI mesured by plnimeter (Rossini nd Dejesus, 24). For this purpose, six bushes were rndomly selected from ech repliction in ech tretment. Sttisticl nlysis, including nlysis of vrince nd men comprison by Duncn's multiple rnge test, were performed t 5% level of significnce using SPSS Softwre (Sttistics Pckge for Socil Science), version 14. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The depth of wter for ech irrigtion event of ll tretments is shown in Figure 1. The number of irrigtion events vried from 1 events in the lowest soil mtric potentil tretment (tretment 8) to 34 events in the highest soil mtric potentil tretment (tretment 4). It shows tht the irrigtion mount vried from 78 (control) to 34 cm (tretment 8). The number of irrigtion events nd totl irrigtion mount reduced s trget soil mtric potentil decresed (Figure 1). The durtion of ech irrigtion intervl differed betweentretments. Tretment 4 got the most frequent irrigtion nd irrigtionoccurred lmost 4 dys, while tretment 8 got lest irrigtion frequency nd the vergeirrigtion ws 13 dys (Figure 1). Tble 4 shows the clculted MAD using Equtions 1 nd 2. There re three levels of MAD rnging from 22 to 5%. Figure 2 shows the wter content of soil vrition vs. time in ech tretment. The result shows there is highly significnt difference between the tretments in

4 1116 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Depth of Irrigtion (cm)/number Irrigtion Events/Averge Irrigtion Intervl (dy) Number of irrigtion events Totl Irrigtion depth (cm) Averge Irrigtion Intervl Control T4 T6 T8 Tretment Figure 1. Cumultive irrigtion mount under different tretments. Tble 4. MAD in ech tretment. Tretment suction (Br) Mximum wter content of soil (%,w/w) Minimum wter content of soil (%, w/w) (%) FC (%) PWP (%) Aw (%) MAD FC = soil moisture in field cpcity; PWP = soil moisture in permnent witling point; Aw = soil vilble wter; MAD i = mximum llowble depletion for ech tretment. incresing LAI (P<.1) (Figure 3). It showed tht no significnt difference ws found between MAD of 22 (T4) nd 32% (T6). Figure 3 shows the LAI in three sizes of lrge, medium nd smll in three tretments. The results of comprison of men using Duncn's multiple rnge test in smll nd medium leves indicted tht the size of smll lef in MAD of 22 nd 32% nd the control hd no significnt difference (P>.5), while there ws significnt difference (P<.1) between these three tretments nd MAD of 5%. It is evident tht minimum LAI ws observed in MAD of 5%. Furthermore, from mong the three pplied tretments, MAD of 22 nd 32% provided the most LAI nd the most suitble condition for the greenhouse cucumber growth. This is due to the high wter content of soil (less wter stress) in the MAD of 22 nd 32%. Compring the men, it ws found tht there ws significnt difference (P<.1) between ech tretment of MAD of 22, 32 nd 5% regrding the lrge size of lef, but the MAD of 22% hd the mximum LAI nd hd no significnt difference (P>.5) with the control. This mens tht the lrger sizes of the lef re more sensitive to wter stress thn medium nd smll size. Figure 4 shows the comprison of men for the fruit yield. Sttisticl nlysis results, s well s men comprison, reveled tht MAD of 22 nd 32% led to significnt increse of fruit yield t P<.1, while MAD of 5% hd the lest yield. Compring the results with the control, irrigtion tretment confirms this fct. Peyvst (26) declred tht yield, LAI, nd stem dimeter in tomto hd no significnt difference (P>.5) under different irrigtions. Eisu et l. (27) exmined the impct of four levels of MAD (25, 4, 55 nd 7%) on potto nd cme to the conclusion tht MAD of 25 nd 4% incresed the growth nd yield of potto tuber, while MAD of 5 nd 7% decresed the yield. Kounsoukeh et l. (23) explined tht wter stress in Jpnese persimmon tree led decrese in fruit nd stem dimeter. Fsehun (1978) concluded tht lef re, number of lef, nd plnt weight would be minly decresed by rise in soil suction (from.1 to.72, 1 kp). Moreover, Mo et l. (23) concluded tht the

5 Tbtbei et l Tretment Soil moisture (%) Dy Tretment Soil moisture (%) Dy Tretment 8 Soil moisture (%) Dy Figure 2. Wter content of soil vs. time in the three tretments (, b, nd c).

6 11162 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Figure 3. Comprison of LAI men in pplied tretments. Different letters show significnt difference, while similr letters demonstrte no significnt difference in the level of 5% using Duncn's test. 1.9 b b.8.7 Y i e l d ( K g ) Control T4 T6 T8 Tretment c Figure 4. Weight of fruit in pplied tretments. Different letters show significnt difference while similr letters demonstrte no significnt difference in the level of 5% using Duncn's test.

7 Tbtbei et l F ru it len g th (m m ) Control T4 T6 T8 Tretment Figure 5. Comprison of length of fruit men in pplied tretments. 145 Fruit length dimeter (mm) (mm) Control T4 T6 T8 Tretment Figure 6. Comprison of fruit dimeter men in pplied tretments. yield of greenhouse cucumber (weight, bush height, LAI, fruit nd stem dimeter) ws ffected by the volume of consumptive wter in ll growth stges. In ddition, Xing et l. (27) greed tht the best soil mtric potentil for the optiml yield of potto ws 25 kp. They demonstrted tht the mtric potentil between 2 to 5 kp led to mximum yield in tomto. Alizdeh (1999) estimted the MAD of cucumber with root depth of.7 to 1.2 m to be 5%. There ws however, no significnt difference (P>.5) between other growth indexes including length of fruit, dimeter of fruit, nd stem, nd other in demnd properties of greenhouse cucumber mong three tretments nd the control (Figures 5, 6, nd 7). Conclusion On the bsis of the results of this reserch, the following conclusions re drwn:

8 11164 Afr. J. Biotechnol Stem Stem dimeter dirmeter (mm) (mm) Control T4 T6 T8 Tretm ent Figure 7. Comprison of stem dimeter men in pplied tretments. () MAD of 32% hs the best effect on the weight of plnt nd ppernce of cucumber (fruit length, fruit nd stem dimeter). (b) Considering LAI, MAD of 22 nd 32% hs the best effect on it. (c) Irrigtion to MAD of 5% led to decrese in yield, fruit length, fruit nd stem dimeter, nd lef re index. It is therefore recommended tht with regrds to drought nd texture of soil nd depth of root development, greenhouse cucumber could be irrigted with MAD of 32%. REFERENCES Alizdeh A (1999). Reltion of Wter, Soil & Plnt. Imm Rez University Press, Mshhd. p Bybordi M (23). Soil physics. Tehrn university press, p Bozkurt S, Mnsurolu GS (211). The effects of drip line depths nd irrigtion levels on yield, qulity nd wter use chrcteristics of lettuce under greenhouse condition. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 25 April, (17): Cnkci M, Akinci I (23). Energy use pttern nlyses of greenhouse vegetble Prod. Energy J. 31: Eisu BK, Soundy P, Hmmes PS (27). Response of potto (Solnum tuberosum) tuber yield components to gel-polymer soil mendments nd irrigtion regimes. New Zelnd. J. Crop. Horticult. Sci. 35(1): Eisu B.K. Steyn J.M. Soundy P. (29). Rose-scented gernium (Pelrgonium cpittum P. rdens) growth nd essentil oil yield response to different soil wter depletion regimes. Agriculturl Wter Mngement, 96(6): Fsehun FE (1978). Effect of soil mtric potentil on lef wter potentil, diffusive resistnce, growth nd development of Gmelin rbore L. seed. Biol. Plnt. J. 21(2): Gencogln C, Altunbey H, Gencogln S (26). Response of green ben (P. Vulgris L.) to subsurfce drip irrigtion nd prtil rootzone-drying irrigtion. Agric. Wter Mnge. 84(3): Gonti NK, Tiwri KN (28). Development of crop wter stress index of whet crop for scheduling irrigtion using infrred thermometry. Agriculturl Wter Mngement, 95(1): Hsndokht M (25). Greenhouse Mngement (Production Technology of Greenhouse Products). Mrz Dnesh Press, p. 32. Kounsoukeh F, Ito J, Mohptr PK, Hirofumi S, Kei L, Heilil K, Kwi K, Ohkur K (23). Circdin rhythm of stem nd fruit dimeter dynmics of Jpnese persimmon (Diospyrus kki Thunb.) is ffected by deficiency of wter in sline Environ. Functionl Plnt Biol. J. 3(7): Krmer PJ, Boyer JS (1995). Wter reltion of plnts nd soils, Acdemic press, Sn Diego, Clif. USA. Mo X, Liu M, Wng X, Liu C, Hou Z, Shi J (23) Effects of deficit irrigtion on yield nd wter use of greenhouse grown cucumber in the North Chin Plin. Agriculturl Wter Mngement 61(3): Shongwe VD, Mgongo BN, Msrirmbi MT, Mnytsi AM (21) Effects of irrigtion moisture regimes on yield nd qulity of pprik (Cpsicum nnuum L). Physics nd Chemistry of the Erth, Prts A/B/C, 35(13-14): Peyvst G (26). Effect of different irrigtion scheduling of tomto lef re in mound culture. Proceeding of the 4th Intentionl Symposium on Protected Cultivtion in Mild Winter Climtes. Kissimmee, Florid, USA. Act Hortic. 569: Rossini A, Dejesus T (24). Lef re prediction models for Zinni elegns Jcq. Zinni hgen regel nd 'profusion cherry. Sci. Agric. (Pircicb, Brz.). 61(1): Rouphel Y, Giuseppe C (25). Rdition nd wter use efficiencies of greenhouse zucchini sqush in reltion to different climte prmeters. Eur. J. Agron. 23(2): Srıyev A, Polt V, Mujdeci M, Yusufov M, Akç E (27). Mthemticl modelling of soil hydrulic properties nd numericl nlyses of moisture dynmic. Asin J. Chem. 19(4): Wng D, Kng Y, Wn S (27). Effect of soil mtric potentil on tomto yield nd wter use under drip irrigtion condition. Agric. Wter Mnge. J. 87(2): Wng FX, Kng Y, Liu SP, Hou XY (27). Effects of soil mtric potentil on potto growth under drip irrigtion in the North Chin Plin. Agric. Wter Mnge. J. 88(1-3):