Yonglong Lu. Address Challenges for Green Food. Production in China. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences

Transcription

1 Address Challenges for Green Food Production in China Yonglong Lu Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Green Week, Brussels, Belgium. June 3-5, 2014

2 Messages about Circular Economy Basis: near zero pollution Process: natural design Innovation: appropriate technology Implementation: good governance

3 Data (2010) from National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) Water shortage and uneven distribution Yangtze River, Pearl River, southeast and southwest rivers Water resources : >70% Grain yield: 40% Songhua, Liaohe, Haihe River Basin Water resource: 20% Grain yield: 50% Distribution of water resources: Extremely uneven

4 Water resources Irrigation Significant correlation between effective irrigation area and grain yield (Linear correlation coefficient: 0.79) Irrigation plays an essential role in ensuring food security Data (2010) From NBS

5 Data (2010) from MEPC Surface water pollution : Northeast > Southwest Haihe River > Yellow River, Huaihe River > Liaohe River > Songhua River > Pearl River, Yangtze River > Southwest Rivers. Assessment of km length of River in China in 2010: Ⅰ: 4.8%, Ⅱ: 30.0%, Ⅲ: 26.6%, Ⅳ: 13.1%, Ⅴ: 7.8%, >Ⅴ: 17.7% (From CHINA WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN 2010) The distribution of water quality and grain yield in 2010

6 sage of Fertilizer and Pesticide and Grain Yield in Past Two Decades Relationship between application of fertilizer, pesticide and grain yield in the past two decades Applications of fertilizer and pesticide: increase with linear rate * Grain (including rice, wheat and corn)

7 Usage of Pesticide in Provinces Positive correlation: usage of pesticide and grain yield. The more in usage of pesticide in provinces, the more the production. Usage of pesticide: increasing, especially in the provinces with great production.

8 Relationship of Pesticide Residues in Grain and Soils Jiangxi province: Residues in rice > residues in soils Positive correlation: the residues in rice increased with the residues in soils. Study of Organochlorine Pesticides in the rice of Jiangxi Province. Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, China. 2011

9 Metals Cycling in Agro-ecosystem Atmospheric deposition Fertilizer application Waste water, Solid waste Volatilization Physical-chemical process Soil minerals Mining and smelting enterprises are important sources of farmland heavy metals. Heavy metals Agro-ecosystem Leaching and runoff Biochemical process Soil biology Fertilizer application: Compound fertilizer, Phosphatic fertilizer, and Excrements of livestocks. Import phosphatic fertilizer usually has higher Cd and excrements from intensive livestock farming have high concentrations of As, Zn and Cu.

10 Reported Data of Heavy Metals Contaminated Farmland The over standard rate of heavy metals in soil from 360 km 2 out of 3000 km 2 prime cropland preservation area was 12.1%. Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection, % farmland was contaminated by heavy metals, farmland in 25 districts of 11 provinces got contaminated by Cd CNRRI (China national rice research institute) and Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, 2010 There is km 2 sewage irrigated farmland in China, of which 64.8% was contaminated by heavy metals. Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources 12 million tons of food was contaminated by heavy metals each year in China. Chinese Ministry of Agriculture

11 Heavy Metal Contamination Events in China Longmen mountain of Deyang, Sicuan Soil contaminated with Cd contained mine. Residents ingested rice and wheat with Cd concentration over standard 2~10 times, 2008 Fenghuang, Hunan Rice near Pb-Zn mineral district was contaminated severely of Pb and As, 2008 Zhuzhou, Hunan Cd contamination from Xiangjiang River, 2008 Yangzonghai, Yunnan As contamination, 2008 Baiyin, Gansu Farmland soil contaminated by HM from mining and smelting Wanshan special zone of Guizhou Adults ingested 49μg Hg per day from rice, 2010 Mining and smelting Sewage irrigation Chemical industry Yixing, Jiangsu was contaminated by Cu from sewage irrigation Liuyang, Hunan Cd contamination event of Xianghe Chemical, 2009 Longjiang River of Guangxi Cd contamination, 2012 Zhangshi, Shenyang, Liaoning 25km 2 farmland was contaminated by Cd from sewage irrigation, 1950s~ Suichang, Zhejiang Cd rice surrounding gold mineral district, 1987 Dayu, Jiangxi Cd rice surrounding W mining district, 1997 Dabao mountain of Guangdong Cancer villaege, Cd, Pb contaminated from mining Suburb Guangzhou, Guangdong 27km 2 farmland was contaminated by sewage irrigation

12 Soil Remediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils Chemical Remediation Combined Remediation Physical Remediation Bioremediation Phytoremediation Adjust agricultural planting structure; Change soil properties through long-term fertilization

13 The 12 th Five-Year Plan of Heavy Metal Pollution Prevention and Control 14 key provinces: Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai 5 key industries: Mining Smelting Lead battery Leather products Chemical engineering Goal (Till 2015): Build up integrated system for prevention and control, accident emergency system and environmental health risk assessment system of heavy metal pollution; Discharge of heavy metal pollutants reduce 15% in 14 key provinces and there will be no increase in other provinces compared with that in 2007.

14 Major water resources, pollution control and sewage irrigation policies

15 1950s 1952 Production of HCHs and DDTs 1957 Production of OP pesticide 1960s Increasing production of carbamate pesticide Focus on acute toxicity 1973 Banning the use of organomercurous fungicide 1970s Pay attention to quality of pesticide 1978 Mass production of herbicide 1980s Production of pyrethroid pesticide 1981 <Hygienic Standard for Grains> 1980s Focus on pesticide safety, residues in environment and food 1983 Banning the use of HCHs and DDTs <Regulations on Control of Agricultural Chemicals> <Standards for Sage Use of Pesticides> 1990s Construction of laws and regulations MEP, s Management of high toxic pesticide and safety of agricultural products MEP, 1995 <GB , Environmental quality standards for soils> Administrative regulations of prevention and control tailing-mine pollution Ministry of Chemical Industry & MEP, 1992 Rules of prevention and control of environmental pollution in the Cr compound production 2007 Banning the use of 5 OP pesticide 2005 <Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food> MEP, 2006 MEP, 2005 Technology policy of ecological environment protection and pollution control of minery (Hg, As, Pb, Zn) State council, 1998 Banning producing, selling and leaded gasoline using 2015 Environmental friendly pesticide account for above 50%; high toxic and residual pesticide <3% MEP, 2008 <GB >, Revision of GB <HJ/T , Farmland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products> MEP, 2010 Special actions of heavy metals emission enterprise investigation Hunan, 2004 Governance actions of Cd pollution in Xiangjiang River Ministry of Information Industry, 2006 <Control and manage the pollution of Electronic Information Products>(Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr 6+, PBB, PBDE) MEP, Integrative governance actions of Cr slag pollution Ministry of Agriculture, 2012 Governance actions of HM pollution in farmland soil for agricultural products farmland soil State council, 2011 the 12 th Five-Year Plan of HM pollution prevention and control Hunan, 2011 Governance actions of HM pollution in Xiangjiang River basin Guangxi, 2012 Heavy metals project need authorization by the provincial level. (Cd pollutant event in Longjiang River) MEP, 2011 Lead battery production need authorization at or above the provincial level.(blood-pb event)

16 Relationship between government departments and related factors influencing food security Challenges: define more clear responsibilities; strengthen supervision and punishment; management of food security should be brought forward

17 CONCLUSION There is a direct relationship between soil, water pollution and food security. It s urgent to improve soil and water quality for food security and safety in China. Soil and Water Pollution Food Security Surface water pollution: northern >southern (Spatial) and (temporal change, >V). Food Security Water Soil Serious soil and water pollution has not only affected the food security, but also been harmful to human health. Human Health Spatial Distribution of Pollution: Water: Northern Haihe River Basin Soil: Central Hunan

18 CONCLUSION Heavy metals contaminated farmland in China: Central > eastern > western, especially in nonferrous mineral area in Hunan. Food security problems were often reported because of frequent incidents of soil heavy metals pollution. Years of accumulation of heavy metals in farmland with long-term policy gaps resulted in food safety problems. Measures to remediate soil pollution have not been paid much attention. Policy Gap Long term accumulation Heavy metal contamination of soil Water and soil pollution control policies should not be made in isolation.

19 Policy recommendations Make integrated food security policies from the perspective of soil and water pollution. Strengthen coordination and cooperation between government departments. Establish a new environmental protection department under the river basin conservancy commissions to integrate water pollution, water resources transfer and soil erosion management. Turn the passive environmental policy making to an active one. (early warning system; source control) Build a food supply chain tracking system from field to fork

20 Thank you!