TILLAGE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON INPUT EFFICIENCY OF WINTER WHEAT, MAIZE AND SOYBEAN IN ROTATION

Transcription

1 NARDI FUNDULEA, ROMANIA ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, NO. 27, 21 Print ISSN ; Online ISSN TILLAGE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON INPUT EFFICIENCY OF Alexnru I. Coiu 1 1 Ntionl Agriulturl Reserh n Development Institute Funule, 9152 Fun E-mil: oiu2@yhoo.om ABSTRACT Tillge systems for soil onservtion (CT) hve een extene in the lst ees on lrge sle ll over the worl, s n ttrtive lterntive to the onventionl prties, minly ue to their reue ost of proution n importnt ontriution to soil n environment protetion.this reserh ws rrie out t the Ntionl Agriulturl Reserh n Development Institute Funule (NARDI), in griulturl yer (the seon yer of these tehnology testing) on mi hernozem soil type. The min ojetive ws the evlution of eonomi effiieny of ifferent tillge systems for three rops: winter whet (Tritium estivum L.), mize (Ze mys L.) n soyen [Glyine mx (L) Merr.], in rottion. The following tillge systems were stuie: (I) tritionl, with molor plough (TS); (II) hisel plough tillge primry tillge exeute with hisel implement type without furrow overthrowing (CS); (III) isk/sweep tillge (DS); (IV) strip till (ST) vrint of No till, pplie to row rops. (V) No till (NT) without ny tillge work. The results of this reserh revel importnt eonomil vntges of onservtion tillge systems (CT) in omprison with tritionl one (TS), for ll three rops in rottion, mintining similr yiel levels. Thus, for winter whet, fuel onsumption ws reue with up to 58%, lor ost n time with up to 55%, n the ost per one tone of grin with up to 47%. For mize, fuel onsumption ws reue with up to 69%, lor time with up to 61% n the ost per one tone of grin with up to 28%. For soyen, fuel onsumption ws reue with up to 66%, lor time with up to 65%, n the ost per one tone of grin with up to 13%. It is onsiere tht, esie enhning eonomi effiieny y eresing inputs for rop proution without reuing outputs, the onservtive tillge systems hve n importnt ontriution to soil preservtion ginst erosion, n overll to the environment protetion. Key wors: tritionl tillge systems, onservtion tillge system, fuel onsumption, lor time, ost per one metri ton of grin. I INTRODUCTION n the lst ees, the tillge systems for soil onservtion hve een extene on lrge rege ll over the worl, s n ttrtive lterntive to the onventionl prties, minly ue to their reue ost of proution n ontriution to the environment (Smrt et Brfort, 1999; Brn et l., 28). Retention of vegetl resiues of the previous rop on 3% of soil surfe is onsiere the lower limit of the lssifition of tillge systems for soil onservtion (onservtion tillge: CT). This term is ttriute to: no till (iret seeing), minimum till (reue tillge), n strip till (for row rops), whih hve the ommon im soil onservtion (Bker et l., 22). CT hs lso the following vntges: soil erosion reution, wter use effiieny inrese, n fuel sving so lowering CO2 emission (Gre et l., 23). Other reserh shows tht CT inreses the eonomi effiieny ue to less work for rop implementtion (Hos n Gupt, 23). Vegetl resiues on soil surfe my slow own plnt growth in the first stges of vegettion ue to lower soil temperture, higher moisture, slower root growth, slower nutritive element moiliztion, s well s ue to some toxiity proue y vegetl resiue eomposition (Opoku et l., 1997). The plnt growth n evelopment lgging ereses grully n the ifferenes ispper y looming stge. It is onsiere tht the slower plnt growth in the first stges improves wter use effiieny. We onsier tht the results n onlusions of this reserh will help the Reeive Ferury 17, 21; epte Mrh 15, 21

2 82 Numer 27/21 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Romnin frmers to inrese their rops (winter whet, mize, n soyen) effiieny, whih is require y the tul griulture poliy, with no or little governmentl susiies. MATERIAL AND METHODS This reserh ws rrie out t the Ntionl Agriulturl Reserh n Development Institute Funule (NARDI), in griulturl yer. The following tillge systems were stuie: I. tritionl, with molor plough (TS); II. hisel plough tillge primry tillge exeute with hisel implement type without furrow overthrowing (CS); III. isk/sweep tillge it hs omine effet of reking up the resiues, long with the primry tillge performe y sweeps, without furrow over throwing (DS); IV. strip till (ST) vrint of No-till, pplie to row rops. It is exeute in fll, opening furrows with with of 1/3 r of the istne etween the rows, so it gittes less the soil n etermines fster soil wrming up in spring; V. no till (NT) without ny tillge work. Tle 1. Min soil hrteristis t the testing site Chrteristis of rle horizon Soil type Cmi hernozem Cly ontent (%) 36.5 Bulk ensity (g m 1.26 Penetrtion resistne (kg m Hyruli onutivity (mm h The men temperture of 28/29 griulturl yer t Funule ws 1.4ºC higher thn the norml (Figure 1), positive evitions were reore eh month, rnging etween.4ºc n 2.8ºC. The wrmest months were Deemer (+2.8ºC evition) n Ferury (+2.7ºC evition). The highest temperture ws reore in June (24ºC). Men temperture (ºC) X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Month MMA Figure 1. Monthly men tempertures in 28/29 griulturl yer, t Funule The totl rinfll in 28/29 ws of mm, whih ws 17.3 mm less thn the multi-nnul men (Figure 2). Winter whet showe norml growth n evelopment up to yiel formtion stge, when the lk of wter stress strte. The equte soil wter reserve in spring ssure goo emergene of orn n soyen, n the surplus of rinfll in June n July ontriute to norml rop evolution up to hrvest. Rinfll (mm) X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Month MMA Figure 2. Monthly rinfll in 28/29 griulturl yer, t Funule Min prmeters of the experimente tillge systems re presente for eh rop involve in rottion in Tles 2 n 3. Lor time n iesel fuel onsumption were lulte totlly for ll plots in eh tretment. Lor n fuel requirements for tillge, plnting, fertiliztion, heriie pplition, n hrvest were iretly ssoite with fiel opertions n i not inlue time spent for equipment repirs n preprtions. onsumption ws lulte fter opertion in eh plot of eh tretment 18.5

3 ALEXANDRU I. COCIU: TILLAGE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON INPUT EFFICIENCY OF 83 topping up the fuel tnk of the trtor with grute yliner. onsumption i not inlue fuel spent for trtor turning in the lleys etween the plots. Lor ws mesure with stop wth for eh tretment. The winter whet n soyen experimentl plots were 1 m long n 1.5 wie, n were hrveste y omine. The experimentl mize plots were omprise of 2 rows, 1 m long, hosen from the mile of lrger plot. Yiels were reporte on the ry weight sis. The effiieny of the tillge systems uner stuy ws estimte only in the seon yer of testing ifferent tehnologies (i.e. in 28/29), se on the tehnileonomi prmeters of the fiel equipment utilize n the verge yiels of the three rops. Experimentl esign for eh rop ws rnomize omplete lok, in three replitions, n with 5 tillge systems s tretments. The nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) ws pplie for ll prmeters, n Dunn test t P.5 (multiple omprison metho) ws lulte to estimte the signifine of ifferene. Tle 2. Estimtion of the min tehnil-eonomi prmeters of the tillge systems experimente for winter whet t Funule, 28/29 No. Tehnologil vrint onsumption l/h Work pity h/h PRIMARY TILLAGE h. me./h Work hours Costs Mterils TOTAL 1 Molor plowing, 18-2 m Chisel plowing, 18-2 m Work with isk/sweep, 1-15 m SEED BED PREPARATION 4 Diske + hrrowing Cultivtion viro roller SEEDING + CROP CARE 6 Seeing in prepre see e Diret seeing Phosphor fertiliztion Nitrogen fertiliztion Heriie pplition Totl heriie pplition HARVEST 12 Hrvesting + hopping TOTAL TILLAGE SYSTEM Tritionl (1+4+(5) ) Chisel (2+4+(5) ) Disk/sweep (3+4+(5) ) No till ( ) * Diesel fuel ost: 3.77 /l n 5.61 /me.hour

4 84 Numer 27/21 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Tle 3. Estimtion of the min tehnil-eonomi prmeters of the tillge systems experimente for mize n soyen t Funule (29) No. Tehnology vrint onsumption l/h Work pity h/h h.me./h Work hours Costs Mterils TOTAL MAIZE PRIMARY TILLAGE 1 Molor plowing, 25-3 m Chisel plowing, 2-22 m Work with isk/sweep, m Strip initition SEED BED PREPARATION 5 Diske + hrrowing Cultivtion viro roller SEEDING + CROP CARE 7 Seeing in prepre see e Diret seeing Phosphor fertiliztion Nitrogen fertiliztion Heriie pplition 2 x Totl heriie pplition Hoeing 2 x HARVEST 12 Hrvesting + hopping TOTAL TILLAGE SYSTEM Tritionl ( ) Chisel ( ) Disk/sweep ( ) Strip till ( ) No till ( ) SOYBEAN PRIMARY TILLAGE 1 Molor plowing, 25-3 m Chisel plowing, 2-22 m Work with isk/sweep, m Strip initition SEED BED PREPARATION 5 Diske + hrrowing Cultivtion viro roller SEEDING + CROP CARE 7 Seeing in prepre see e Diret seeing Phosphor fertiliztion Heriie pplition 2x Totl heriie pplition Hoeing 2x HARVEST 13 Hrvesting + hopping , TOTAL TILLAGE SYSTEM Tritionl ( ) Chisel ( ) Disk/sweep ( ) Strip till ( ) No till ( ) * Disel fuel ost: 3.77 /l n 5.61 /me.hour

5 ALEXANDRU I. COCIU: TILLAGE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON INPUT EFFICIENCY OF 85 RESULTS Effet of tillge systems on grin yiels The verge yiels were: 4.55 t h for winter whet, t h for mize, n 2.55 t h for soyen. The ifferenes of yiels otine with ifferent tillge systems were not sttistilly signifint for ny of the three rops (Figure 3). Grin yiels (t h -1 ) Winter whet Mize Soyen Figure 3. Winter whet, mize n soyen grin yiels when ifferent tillge systems were pplie, t h -1. Funule, 29 Effet of tillge systems on fuel onsumption For winter whet, fuel onsumption for TS ws 57.8 l h. It ws reue to 41.5 l h with CS, to 39.1 l h with DS, n to 25.6 l h with NT (Tle 2). For mize, the fuel onsumption for TS ws 67.7 l h n it ws reue to 47. l h with CS, to 44.6 l h with DS, to 28.4 l h with ST, n to 23.2 l h with NT (Tle 3). For soyen, the fuel onsumption for TS ws 66.3 l h, n it ws reue to 45.6 l h with CS, to 43.2 l h with DS, to 27. l h with ST, n to 21.8 l h with NT (Tle 3). onsumption for otining one ton of whet grin ws etween 13. l t with ST n 5.4 l t with NT (Figure 4). It ws 8.5 l t with DS, n 1. l t less thn with CS. onsumption for one ton of mize ws etween 6.2 l t with ST n 1.9 l t with NT. With ST it ws 2.7 l t, rising to 3.9 l t with DS n to 4. l t with CS. In the se of soyen, fuel onsumption for one ton ws etween 25.4 l t with ST n 8.6 l t with NT. With SD vrint it ws 18. l t, lowering to l t with CS, n to 1.4 l t with ST. All these ifferenes were sttistilly signifint. onsumption (t -1 ) Winter whet Mize Soyen Figure 4. Effet of tillge systems on fuel onsumption for one metri ton of winter whet, mize n soyen yiel. Funule, 29 Effet of tillge systems on lor expeniture Lor expeniture for winter whet with TS ws 4.6 hour h. It ws reue to 3.34 hour h with CS, to 3.2 hour h with DS, n the smllest one ws of 2.28 hour h with NT (Tle 2). For mize, the lor for TS ws 8.14 hour h n it ws reue to 5.87 hour h with CS, to 5.54 hour h -1 with DS, to 4.14 hour h with ST, n to 3.45 hour h with NT (Tle 3). For soyen, the lor for TS ws 7.28 hour h -1. It ws reue to 5.1 hour h -1 with CS, to 4.68 hour h with DS, to 3.19 hour h with ST, n to 2.5 hours h with NT (Tle 3). Lor spent for one ton of whet grin ws etween 1. hour t with ST n.5 hour t with NT. It ws.8 hour t with CS, n.1 hour t less thn with DS (Figure 5). Lor time (h t -1 ) Winter whet Mize Soyen Figure 5. Effet of tillge systems on lor expeniture for one ton winter whet, mize n soyen yiel Funule, 29 For one ton of mize, lor ws etween.7 hour t with ST n.3 hour t with NT.

6 86 Numer 27/21 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH With CS n DS it ws.5 hour t, n me own to.4 hour t with ST. For one ton of soyen, lor expeniture ws etween 2.8 hours t with ST n 1. hour t with NT. With SD it ws 2. hours t, getting lower, to 1.9 hours t with CS, n to 1.2 hours t with ST. All these ifferenes were sttistilly signifint. Effet of tillge systems on mteril ost Mteril ost for winter whet erese from 1243 h with TS, CS, n DS vrints to 732 h -1 with NT (Tle 2). For mize n soyen (Tle 3), mteril ost erese from 1552 h with TS, CS, n DS to 1356 h -1 with ST n NT. Mteril osts ( t -1 ) Winter whet Mize Soyen Figure 6. Effet of tillge systems on mteril ost for one ton winter whet, mize n soyen yiel Funule, 29 Mteril osts for one ton of whet grin ws etween 283 t with CS n 155 t with NT, the ifferene eing sttistilly signifint (Figure 6). It ws 279 t with TS n 27 t with DS. For one ton of mize, mteril osts ws etween 141 t with ST n 113 t with NT, ut ll ifferenes were not sttistilly signifint. For one ton of soyen, mteril osts ws etween 557 t with DS n 44 t with ST n ll ifferenes were sttistilly signifint. Effet of tillge systems on totl ost Totl ost for winter whet proution erese from 1487 h with TS vrint to 1418 h with CS, to 147 h with CS, n to 841 h -1 with NT (Tle 2). For mize, the totl ost erese from 1854 h with TS to 1763 h -1 with CS, to 1753 h with DS, to 1487 h with ST, n to 1463 h with NT (Tle 3). For soyen, the totl ost erese from 1632 h -1 with TS to 1541 h with CS, to 1531 h with DS, to 1264 h with ST, n to 124 h with NT (Tle 3). Totl osts ( t -1 ) Winter whet Mize Soyen Figure 7. Effet of tillge systems on totl ost for one ton winter whet, mize n soyen yiel Funule, 29 Totl ost for one ton of whet grin ws etween 334 t with TS n 178 t with NT, the ifferene eing sttistilly signifint (Figure 7). For one ton of mize, the totl ost ws etween 168 t with ST n 122 t with NT. For one ton of soyen, totl ost ws etween 637 t with SD n 487 t with ST n NT, n ll ifferenes were sttistilly signifint. DISCUSSION The results of this reserh revel importnt eonomil vntges of onservtion tillge systems (CT) in omprison with tritionl one (TS), for ll three rops in rottion. When the ost of the finl prout (grin yiel) is onsiere, the min enefits re s follows: For prouing one ton of winter whet: - fuel onsumption ws reue y 58% with NT, 35% with DS, n 27% with CS; - lor expeniture ws reue y 55% with NT, 36% with DS, n 26% with CS; - mteril osts were reue y 45% with NT, 3% with DS, ut were 1% higher with CS; - totl ost ws reue y 47% with NT, 8% with DS, n 3% with CS.

7 ALEXANDRU I. COCIU: TILLAGE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON INPUT EFFICIENCY OF 87 For prouing one ton of mize: - fuel onsumption ws reue y 69% with NT, 57% with ST, 37% with DS, n 36% with CS; - lor expeniture ws reue y 61% with NT, 47% with ST, 34% with DS, n 32% with CS; - mteril osts were reue y 2% with NT, 1% with ST, 4% with DS, n 7% with CS; - totl ost ws reue y 28% with NT, 17% with ST, 9% with DS, n 11% with CS. For prouing one ton of soyen: - fuel onsumption ws reue y 66% with NT, 59% with ST, 29% with DS, n 3% with CS; - lor expeniture ws reue y 65% with NT, 56% with ST, n 3% with DS n CS; - mteril osts were reue y 14% with ST, 13% with NT, 8% with DS, n 8% with CS; - totl ost ws reue y 22% with NT n ST, 17% with ST, n 4% with CS, ut with DS the totl ost ws 2% higher. CONCLUSIONS Four min eonomil enefits n e hieve opting onservtion tillge systems (CT), in omprison with tritionl one (TS): lor expeniture n time reution; reution of fuel onsumption n fiel opertion tivity; eonomi effiieny improving y eresing inputs n prllel inresing outputs; enhning soil n overll environment protetion. REFERENCES Bker, C.J., Sxton, K.E. & Rithie, W.R., 22. Notillge seeing siene n prtie. 2 n en. Oxfor, UK, CAB Interntionl. C.M., 28. Long-term evelopment of griulture in miro-re Dorotfor-Pojorât. Romnin Agriulturl Reserh, 25: Gre, P.R., Hrrington, L., Jin, M.C. n Roertson, G.P., 23. Long-term sustinility of the tropil n sutropil rie-whet system: n environmentl perspetive. Improving the proutivity n sustinility of rie-whet system: issues n impt, vol.65 (es.: J.K. Lh, J. Hill, R.K. Gupt, J. Duxury & R.J. Buresh), pper 7, ASA speil pulitions: 27-43, Mison, WI: ASA. Hos, P.R. & Gupt, R.K., 23. Resoure onserving tehnologies for whet in rie-whet systems. Improving the proutivity n sustinility of rie-whet system: issues n impt, vol. 65 (es. J.K. Lh, J. Hill, R.K. Gupt, J. Duxury & R.J. Buresh), pper 7, ASA speil pulitions: , Mison, WI: ASA. Opoku, G., Vyn, T.J. n Swnton, C.J., Moifie no-tillge systems for orn following whet on ly soils. Agron. J., 89: Smrt, J.R., n Brfor, J.M., Conservtion tillge orn proution for semiri, sutropil environment. Agron. J., 91: