Digesting 8 Years of Nematode Data from NW Raspberry Fields. Inga A. Zasada USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit Corvallis, OR

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1 Digesting 8 Years of Nematode Data from NW Raspberry Fields Inga A. Zasada USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit Corvallis, OR

2 Nematodes and raspberry worldwide Plant-parasitic nematodes are production limiting in most raspberry producing regions Species present will depend upon location Most commonly found nematodes: Pratylenchus penetrans (root lesion nematode) Xiphinema spp. (dagger nematode)

3 Plant-parasitic nematode biology Root lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) Migratory endoparasite Dagger Nematode (Xiphinema spp.) Migratory ectoparasites Vector viruses Important species in raspberry: X. americanum, X. pachticum, X. bakeri, others?

4 Current status of nematode management Nematology is a victim of its own success Limited number of products available Restrictions on the use of soil fumigants Alternative management practices exist (rotation, cover crops, biological control) economics and effectiveness? Plant resistance cornerstone to any nematode management program Future methods and targets?

5 Success through Collaboration Many people have been involved with this research over the years

6 Decision-making for nematode management Decide to Replant a Field Sample for Plant- Parasitic Nematodes Soil Roots Interpretation Pre-plant Nematode Management Field Renovation Fumigation Yes No Planting Material Selection Plant type Cultivar Plant Establishment and Health Post-plant Nematode Management Yes No How can knowledge of nematode biology drive these decisions?

7 Decision-Making for Nematode Management Decide to Replant a Field Sample for Plant- Parasitic Nematodes Soil Roots Interpretation Pre-plant Nematode Management Field Renovation Fumigation Yes No Planting Material Selection Cultivar Plant Establishment and Health Post-plant Nematode Management Yes No How can knowledge of nematode biology drive these decisions?

8 Root vs. soil samples for nematode diagnostics p < r 2 = samples 8 farms Average Pp/250 g soil = 655 Average Pp/g root = 1, samples 10 farms Average Pp/250 g soil = 100 Average Pp/g root = 1,450

9 Interpretation of results McElroy (1992) Common Scientific name Pre-plant Established planting name #/250 g soil #/250 g soil Lesion Pratylenchus penetrans ,000 Dagger Xiphinema bakeri 50? Dagger Xiphinema americanum 1 (is virus present) Common name Zasada and Walters (2016) Scientific name 30% fields sampled in above proposed threshold Pre-plant #/250 g soil Lesion Pratylenchus penetrans (sandy loam) (silt loam) Interpretation will depend upon many factors: soil type, fertilizer regime, cultivar, etc

10 Decision-making for nematode management Decide to Replant a Field Sample for Plant- Parasitic Nematodes Soil Roots Interpretation Pre-plant Nematode Management Field Renovation Fumigation Yes No Planting Material Selection Cultivar Plant Establishment and Health Post-plant Nematode Management Yes No How can knowledge of nematode biology drive these decisions?

11 Field renovation - root removal experiment Determine if the removal of roots prior to fumigation reduces nematode pressure to replanted raspberry. Plots fumigated or not with Telone C-35 P. penetrans in root and soil and plant performance measured

12 Root removal is not effective in reducing nematode populations Root removal did not reduce P. penetrans populations Fumigation P < * * September year after fumigation, 6 months after planting

13 Field renovation cover crops experiments Role that winter cover crops play in maintaining P. penetrans populations. Field Treatment P. penetrans/g wheat root 1 Telone C-35 rolled, water seal Non fumigated Telone C-35 nontarped 3,467 4 Dominus 710 Vapam 626 Telone C-35 nontarped 5,141 Wheat is an excellent host for P. penetrans!!!

14 Are there alternatives to wheat? 2016 experiment Evaluate winter cover crops as hosts for P. penetrans. Cover crop Susceptible Moderately resistant Wheat Black Oats Rye Wheeler Tall fescue Jesup x x x??? Resistant Host status of cover crops to P. penetrans

15 Fumigation Soil fumigant options 1,3-Dicholoropropone plus chloropicrin (Telone products) 1,3-D is the 6 th most abundantly used pesticide in the U.S. Vapam (metam sodium) K-pam (metam potassium) Dominus (allyl isothiocyanate) Goal of fumigation: Reduce nematode population densities to allow for successful plant establishment.

16 Fumigation - type experiments Evaluate different types of fumigants for P. penetrans management. Fumigated Sept 2014, planted spring 2015 Fumigated Sept 2015, planted spring 2016

17 Fumigation tarps and bed fumigation experiments Evaluate bed fumigation compared to broadcast fumigation for P. penetrans management.

18 Tarped, bed fumigation works as well, if not better than broadcast fumigation Soil Roots Lynden 1 Lynden 2 Few or no nematodes found in alley samples over duration of experiment in any treatment

19 Fumigation soil type experiment Determine the role that soil plays in fumigant efficacy. 2 soil types sandy loam and loamy sand Sampled pre and post fumigation and at planting

20 Soil type matters Loamy sand (70% sand) Sandy loam (52% sand)

21 Decision-Making for Nematode Management Decide to Replant a Field Sample for Plant- Parasitic Nematodes Soil Roots Interpretation Pre-plant Nematode Management Field Renovation Fumigation Yes No Planting Material Selection Cultivar Plant Establishment and Health Post-plant Nematode Management Yes No How can knowledge of nematode biology drive these decisions?

22 Most Available Cultivars are Susceptible to Damage by Root-lesion Nematode experiment Evaluate the response of different raspberry varieties to root lesion nematode. Raspberry cultivars planted into fumigated and nonfumigated areas Nematode population dynamics and plant performance evaluated

23 Most Available Cultivars are Susceptible to Damage by Root-lesion Nematode Non Fumigated Fumigated Cascade Bounty Meeker

24 Decision-Making for Nematode Management Decide to Replant a Field Sample for Plant- Parasitic Nematodes Soil Roots Interpretation Pre-plant Nematode Management Field Renovation Fumigation Yes No Planting Material Selection Cultivar Plant Establishment and Health Post-plant Nematode Management Yes No How can knowledge of nematode biology drive these decisions?

25 Decision-Making for Nematode Management Decide to Replant a Field Sample for Plant- Parasitic Nematodes Soil Roots Interpretation Pre-plant Nematode Management Field Renovation Fumigation Yes No Planting Material Selection Cultivar Plant Establishment and Health Post-plant Nematode Management Yes No How can knowledge of nematode biology drive these decisions?

26 Registered Post-plant nematicides for WA Name Ingredient Type of nematicide Admire Pro, Alias, Nuprid Imidacloprid Chemical Azaguard, Azamax, Azasol, Azatin, Azatrol, Biosafe, Debug, Ecozin, Azatrol, Mot-X, Neemix Azadirachtin Botanical Melocon Paecilomyces lilacinus Biological Debug, Neem Pro, Neemix, Plasma Neem Neem oil Botanical Monterey Quillaja saponins Botanical Vydate Oxamyl Chemical Ditera Myrothecium verrucaria Biological WSU PICOL accessed November 18, 2016 Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing scientific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the United States Department of Agriculture.

27 Post-plant nematicides do not rescue raspberry from nematodes 15 months after treatment

28 Post-plant nematicide - Vydate experiment Evaluate application timing of Vydate on non-bearing raspberry for nematode control. Wakefield Meeker * * * May be more effective in low density fields

29 Post-plant nematicides new compounds experiment Evaluate the efficacy of postplant nematicides in raspberry. These compounds are not currently labeled for use in raspberry for nematode control

30 Conclusions Decide to Replant a Vineyard Sample for Plant- Parasitic Nematodes How Interpretation Pre-plant Nematode Management Vineyard Renovation Fumigation Yes No Planting Material Selection Plant Establishment and Health Post-plant Nematode Management Yes No Rootstock Ownrooted How can knowledge of nematode biology drive these decisions?

31 Nematode management recommendations Ability of practices in raspberry to manage plant-parasitic nematodes Management practice Yes No Sampling Root removal Fumigation Broadcast Bed Cover crops Plant selection Plant health x x x Drip?? Non-bearing nematicide Bearing nematicide?? x x x x x