International Symposium on Improvement of Nutrient Use Efficiency in China under Zero Growth of Chemical Fertilizers

Transcription

1 International Symposium on Improvement of Nutrient Use Efficiency in China under Zero Growth of Chemical Fertilizers Mar 17 th -18 th, Beijing High yield and high efficiency nutrient management technology of winter oilseed rape in China Jianwei Lu College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

2 Outlines Production and fertilization of winter rapeseed in China Key techniques of high yield and high efficiency fertilization in rape Summary

3 I. Production and fertilization of winter rapeseed in China 1.Rapeseed production and edible oil supply Annual planting area of oilseed rape was million ha and rapeseed yield was 1.4 million t, which accounts for 21.4 % and 21.5% in the world, respectively. Rape planting area in the world(10 4 ha) Chinese rapeseed production and yield

4 Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is the main oil crops with the largest planting area in China, which provide 60% of national edible oil. Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is a major planting area of oilseed rape, accounting 85% of national planting area and yield production.. China's edible oil self-sufficiency rate is only 33%. At present, winter oilseed rape is the most potential to expand the planting area of oil crops.

5 2. Main problems in rape production and fertilization Unstable planting area with fluctuate yield Main reasons: low soil nutrient supply capacity, low investment, low comparative benefit, poor management (e.g., fertilization), affected by climate influence, and weak ability of anti disaster. Low soil fertility Drought Disease Weeds

6 Climate condition of rape planting areas in the YRB Rainfall Temp Crop rotation system of winter oilseed rape in the YRB Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Winter oilseed rape (Transplanting) Middle rice (Transplanting) Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Winter oilseed rape Early Rice Late Rice Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Winter oilseed rape (Transplanting) Cotton (Transplanting)

7 Soil nutrient status in different planting areas of winter oilseed rape Area SOM (g/kg) AN (mg/kg) AP (mg/kg) AK (mg/kg) ph Upland-upland rotation (RUU) Paddy-upland rotation in the upper YR (RPUU) Paddy-upland rotation in the middle and lower YR (RPULM) Paddy-paddy-upland rotation (RPPU) AVE No fertilization OPT CK 1.27 t/ha FP 2.18 t/ha RF 2.65 t/ha Contribution of soil fertility was only 45.6% for rapeseed yield.

8 Investigation on fertilization of winter rapeseed in China Chemical fertilizer input(kg/ha) Fertilizer Area Num. N P K Yunnan Sichuan Chongqing Guizhou Hubei Hunan Anhui Jiangxi Jiangsu Zhejiang Total Current issues Imbalance between regions and fields. Excess and deficiency coexist in N fertilization. Phosphorus is appropriate mostly, but excess and deficiency coexist. Deficiency of potassium fertilization 60% of the region apply boron Fertilization method, the proportion of the seasons is not scientific, with low yield to investment ratio

9 3. Fertilization effects on Winter Rapeseed in China Effects of N, P and K fertilizers on rapeseed yield in different planting areas Area YI* (kg/ha) N P K YIR (%) YI (kg/ha) YIR (%) YI (kg/ha) YIR (%) RUU b RPUU b RPUML a RPPU c Total (n=1787) *YI, yield increment; YIR, yield increase rate RPUML>RUU RPUU>RPPU

10 Fertilization use efficiency of rapeseed in the YRB(%) Area N P K FP* OPT FP OPT FP OPT Upper reaches Middle reaches Lower reaches YRB *FP, farmer s practice; OPT, optimum fertilization

11 II. Key techniques of high yield and high efficiency fertilization in winter rape 1. Various nutrients need to be supplemented by fertilization for winter oilseed rape in China N P K B

12 2. Recommended amount of N, P and K fertilizer in winter rapeseed in China Nutrient requirement of rape varieties under high yield condition Variety Transplanting rape Direct seeding rape Nutrient requirement(/100 kg rapeseed) N P 2 O 5 K 2 O N : P 2 O 5 : K 2 O : 0.38 : : 0.45 : 1.50 AVE : 0.42 : 1.37 Yield target 2.25 t rapeseed t rapeseed

13 The economic optimum N rate of winter oilseed II I IV III Further optimization of N fertilizer is needed throughout the agricultural sector. 45% of area applied N reasonably well, 28% of area needs to be reduced, and 27% of the region needs to increase slightly. The economic optimum N rates are 166, 170, 201 和 159 kg N/ha for the RUU, RPUU, RPULM, and RPPU, respectively

14 The economic optimum P rate of winter oilseed II I IV III Recommended phosphorus fertilizer can be reduced properly. 41% of area applied P reasonably well, 38% of area needs to be reduced, and 21% of the region needs to be increased. The economic optimum P rates are 73, 75, 72, and 69 kg P 2 O 5 /ha for the RUU, RPUU, RPULM, and RPPU, respectively.

15 The economic optimum K rate of winter oilseed II I IV III Recommended potassium fertilizer can be reduced properly. 47.4% of area applied K reasonably well, 37.6% of area needs to be reduced, and 14.9% of the region needs to be increased. The economic optimum P rates are 64, 73, 90, and 107 kg K 2 O/ha for the RUU, RPUU, RPULM, and RPPU, respectively.

16 干物质积累量 (kg/hm 2) Dry malter accumulation N 积累量 (kg hm -2 ) N accumulation amount P2O5 积累量 (kg hm -2 ) P2O5 accumulation amount K2O 积累量 (kg hm -2 ) K2O accumulation amount 3. Suitable fertilization time of Winter Rape Dynamic characteristics of dry matter and main nutrient accumulation of Winter Rape Roots Stems Green leaves Flowers Buds Shells Seeds Living body Dead leaves Total Pods 苗期 Seeding 27% 蕾薹期 Bud 花期 Blooming 角果期 Pod 58 % 15 % 成熟期 Mature 根 茎 绿叶 角壳 籽粒 落叶 活体 总积累 生殖器官 苗期 Seedling 蕾薹期 Bud 花期 Blooming 31 % 13 % 角果期 Pod 56 % 成熟期 Mature 根 茎 绿叶 角壳 籽粒 落叶 活体 总积累 生殖器官 苗期 Seedling 蕾薹期 Bud 花期 Blooming 69 % 31 % Storage characteristics of nutrients 播种后天数 (d) Days after sowing in seedling stage 角果期 Pod 成熟期 Mature 播种后天数 (d) Days after sowing 根 茎 绿叶 角壳 籽粒 落叶 活体 总积累 生殖器官 苗期 Seedling 蕾薹期 Bud 50 % 50 % 花期 Blooming 角果期 Pod 成熟期 Mature 播种后天数 (d) Days after sowing 播种后天数 (d) Days after sowing

17 N accumulation (kg/ha) Nutrient accumulation and climate parameters for direct seeding and transplanted rape Dry and cold Wet and warm Dry and cold Wet and warm The activity and supply ability of soil nutrients were affected by the temperature and humidity of the soil. The growth of rape could be more dependent on soil nutrients. Thus,

18 Effect of N fertilization times on winter rape Treatment ratio Yield (kg/ha) Relative N N 180 (1 time) N 180 (2 times) N 180 (3 times) N 180 (4 times) Effect of controlled release N fertilizer on winter rape Treatment Yield ave (n=5,kg/ha) NO N(N 0 ) time Urea(N 180 ) Split Urea(N 180 ) time CRU (N 180 ) time Urea(N 135 ) time CRU(N 135 ) 2220 Nutrient demand characteristics-nutrient uptake of winter rape, sensitivity to nutrient deficiency and storage function of early stage; Temporal and spatial availability of soil nutrients - nutrients availability changed with temperature and humidity, root changes during the growth ; Maneuverability of nutrient management in practical production - nutrients release from the former residue, climate impact on topdressing; All the factors determine the fertilization strategy of promoting basic fertilization and stable the topdressing.

19 4. Fertilization place of winter rape Effects of different cultivation patterns and N application methods on rapeseed yield(t/ha) Treatment Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 AVE N Transplanted N 180 Surface application N 180 Incorporated N 180 Cell application N Direct seedling N 180 Surface application N 180 Incorporated N 180 Cell application Response of N fertilizer application to was more sensitive in direct seeding rape than that of transplanting rape; Effect of N application methods on rapeseed yield: concentrated >incorporated > surface application.

20 5. High efficient utilization of straw resource Effects of straw incorporation Effective Use of resources Enhance soil fertility Control weeds Regulation of soil moisture Prevent cold and antifreeze Increasing production and efficiency

21 Effect of continuous straw returning on yield and nutrient supply under triple rotation cropping system (5 years field trial) Yield (kg/ha) N uptake(kg/ha) P uptake(kg/ha) K uptake(kg/ha) Early Rice Late Rice Rape Early Rice Late Rice Rape Early Rice Late Rice Rape Early Rice Late Rice Rape Control straw returning Increment Incr. rate %

22 6. Other key supporting technology -(1)Increase density Effects of nitrogen application rate, planting density and sowing date on rapeseed yield(t/ha) N (kg/ha) Density ( 10 5 /ha) Sowing date Sep 15 th Oct 1 st Oct 15 th Oct 30 th

23 4.5~ plant /ha for direct sowing rape Increasing planting density to save fertilizers, fit the mechanization, control the weeds, and enhance yield. 1.0~ plant /ha for transplanted rape For the direct seedling rape, lateral root growth was significantly higher in the late than that in the early. The distribution ratio of root system in deep layer soil was significantly higher than that in the earlier stage. Sound nutrient management would significantly increase quantity and quality of root population.

24 6. Other key supporting technology -(2)Control the weeds Rape Weeds Straw incorporation Chemical weed control Enhance planting density Nutrients control in the seeding stage

25 6. Other key supporting technology -(3) Using mechanization

26 III. Summary Highly efficient technology of rape fertilizer application includes the reasonable nutrient proportion, the suitable application amount, fertilizer deep applying (5-7 cm) and concentration (banding or cell fertilizing) application, collaborative management of water and fertilizer and compound of organic and inorganic (straw), using aftereffect, etc. The above technique is essential to increase rape yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency. Right time Right rate Right source Supporting key technology for rape fertilization Right place Right use straw Rotation system

27 Rural labor force status and scientific farming development level determines the winter rape planting mechanization and technology integration (special slow-release fertilizer) is the future direction.

28 Acknowledgement Rape nutrient management team Xiaokun Li Tao Ren Rihuan Cong Lishu Wu Fangsen Xu Yangyang Zhang Juan Zou Yin Wang Wei Su Bo Liu Hui Li Zhifeng Lu Lantao Li Yinshui Li Suping Wang Xiuxiu Liu Tao Liu Ri Ming Meng Zhang Quanquan Wei

29 Thank you for your attention