Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Milling and Physicochemical Properties of Aromatic Rice

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1 Thai Journal of Agricultural Science 2009, 42(4): Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Milling and Physicochemical Properties of Aromatic Rice M.F. Hossain 1, *, M.S.U. Bhuiya 2, M. Ahmed 2 and M.H Mian 3 1 Department of Agronomy, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Dinajpur, Bangladesh 2 Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 3 Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh *Corresponding author. faridhossain04@yahoo.com Abstract The experiment was conducted at the Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Farm, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during July to December of 2005 to observe the influence of organic, inorganic and integrated management of fertilizers on the milling and physicochemical properties of aromatic rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment comprised five treatments viz., control (no fertilizer), recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn), well-decomposed cow dung at 10 t ha -1, green manure at 15 t ha -1 (Sesbania rostrata) and combination of recommended dose with green manure. Three varieties namely, Kataribhog, Badshabhog and BRRI dhan38 were used. Milling, head rice, grain elongation, volume expansion, protein content, amylose content and cooking time were significantly but grain length and length breadth were not significantly affected by fertilizer. Highest percentage of milling was recorded in green manure at 15 t ha -1 and it was identical to control, application of cow dung at 10 t ha -1 and combination of recommended dose of NPKSZn fertilizer with green manure (Sesbania rostrata) at 15 t ha -1. Head rice (63.96) was higher under green manure at 15 t ha -1 and it was identical to control and recommended dose of NPKSZn fertilizer. elongation was higher in green manure at 15 t ha -1 and it was identical to application of cow dung at 10 t ha -1.The highest protein content was found by recommended chemical fertilizer dose. All the studied parameters were significantly affected by varieties. The interaction between fertilizer and variety was insignificant in respect of all grain quality characteristics except head rice, grain length and protein. Keywords: fertilizer, cow dung, green manure, milling and physicochemical properties, aromatic rice Introduction The organic fertilizer is traditionally an important source for supplying nutrients for rice in Bangladesh but use of inorganic fertilizers has increased dramatically, whereas utilization of organic fertilizers decreased. The application of farmyard manure meets N requirement provides micronutrients and modifies soil physical behavior (Larson and Clapp, 1984) and thus favours rice production and probably it may affect the grain quality of aromatic rice. Moreover, use of farmyard manure not only acts as a source of N and other nutrients but also increases the efficiency of applied nitrogen (Sarvanan et al., 1987).Organic matter determine the fertility and nutrient status of a soil. Most of the tropical and sub-tropical regions including Bangladesh are deficient in organic

2 214 M.F. Hossain et al. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science matter. The maintenance of soil organic matter around 2.5 to 3.0 % is desirable for satisfactory crop production. A good soil should have organic matter content of about 2.5% (BARC 1997).Green manure prepared from Sesbania spp. is a cheaper and feasible alternative to other organic sources like cow-dung and crop residues. Green manuring species such as Sesbania rostrata can fix sufficient amounts of N for optimum rice yield without any inorganic N input (Becker et al., 1990; Meelu et al., 1992). Aromatic rice is rated best in quality and fetches much higher price than high quality non-aromatic rice in the domestic and international market. The demand of aromatic rice for internal consumption and also for export is increasing day by day (Das and Baqui 2000). Dinajpur region is a native area of some indigenous aromatic rice cultivars. About 30% of rice land in Dinajpur is covered by aromatic rice varieties during Aman season (Baqui et al. 1997). Due to low yield and limited market facilities farmers seem to have little interest to continue growing these aromatic rice cultivars. Nature of sensitivity of aroma is a genetic factor, which is highly affected by environmental conditions (Singh et al., 1998). Farmer s observation at present day is that aromatic rice gradually losing their aroma and other qualities due to lack of organic matter in soil and huge use of chemical fertilizers. Use of judicious combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer is very important for tropical country (Khan et al., 1986) like Bangladesh. This will ultimately economize fertilizer use and maintain soil productivity and grain quality. The information is limited on varietals response to different organic and inorganic fertilizers with their interactions particularly in respect of physicochemical properties of aromatic rice. Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to study the effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain quality of aromatic rice. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at the Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Farm, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during July to December of The experimental field was a medium high land belonging to the non-calcareous dark gray floodplain soil under the agro-ecological zone (AEZ-1) of Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain (UNDP and FAO, 1988).The soil texture of experimental site was loamy. The field was medium high land with low organic matter content and slightly acidic in reaction. The soil was rich in P and other nutrients were some extent lower compared to the critical level. Details of the nutrient status of initial soil are, p H -6.0, OM (%)-1.62, total N (%)- 0.08, available P (ppm) , exchangeable K (cmol kg -1 )- 0.29, available S (ppm) , available Zn (ppm)- 0.70, available Ca (cmol kg -1 )- 2.02, available Mg (cmol kg -1 )- 0.35, available Mn (ppm)- 4.0, available B (ppm)- 0.31, Cu (ppm) and available Fe (ppm) The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of five treatments viz., Control (T 1 ), Recommended dose of NPKSZn fertilizers (T 2 ), Cow dung at 10 t ha -1 (T 3 ), Green manure at 15 t ha -1 (T 4 ) and Recommended NPKSZn fertilizers + Green manure at 15 t ha -1 (T 5 ). Three aromatic rice varieties namely, Kataribhog (V 1 ), Badshabhog (V 2) and BRRI dhan38 (V 3 ) were included in the experiment. The unit plot size was 4.0m 2.5m. According to the experimental specification, no fertilizer was used under control treatment. (T 1 ), P, K, S and Zn were applied as basal through TSP 65 kg, MP 110 kg, gypsum 87 kg and ZnSO kg ha -1 were applied at final land prepan. Nitrogen was applied in the form of urea at 138 kg ha -1 in two equal splits at 20 and 45 days after transplanting (T 2 ), well decomposed sun dry cow-dung at 10 t ha -1 was mixed in the specific plots at final land prepan (T 3 ), green manuring crop (Sesbania rostrata) was sown on 15 May with 40 kg seed ha -1. Fifty day old crop was cut and incorporated at 15 t ha -1 in the same plots before 10 days of transplanting (T 4 ) and recommended dose of chemical fertilizer was applied with green manure at 15 t ha -1 (T 5 ). Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted in the plots at a spacing of 20 cm 15 cm using 3 seedlings hill -1 on 15 July All other cultural practices were done uniformly as per recommendation. Whole plots were harvested to obtain grain yield. After drying, required of grain samples of appropriate sizes at 14% moisture content from each plot were taken randomly to record physicochemical parameters.

3 Vol. 42, No.4, 2009 Effect of fertilizer on properties of aromatic rice 215 Samples were milled raw and analyzed for physicochemical properties. physicochemical properties were measured at Quality and Nutrition Division Laboratory, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh. Milled rice was determined by dehulling 200g rough rice in a Satake Rice Mill, followed by 75 second polishing in Satake Testing Mill TM-05. Head rice was determined by separating broken from milled rice by hand. Milled rice and head rice were expressed as percentage of rough and milled rice respectively. At least 4/5 length of whole milled grain was counted as unbroken for determining head rice. Milled grain length and breadth were measured in mm by digital slide calipers. Protein content was calculated from nitrogen and it was determined by the micro Kjeldahl method (Juliano et al., 1968; AOAC, 1970). Aroma of cooked kernels was tested by the procedure of Sood and Siddiq (1978). Volume of cooked and milled rice was measured by water displacement. Cooking time was measured when 90% of cooked rice was totally gelatinized. 10 grains are collected every min. until 9 of the 10 grains are without white core. Data were analyzed following the ANOVA technique and mean differences were adjudged with Duncan s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results and Discussion Milling, head rice, grain elongation, volume expansion, protein content and cooking time were significantly but milled grain length, length breadth and amylose were not significantly affected by fertilizer (Table 1). Highest percentage of milling (69.14) was recorded in green manure at 15 t ha -1 and it was identical to control, application of cow dung at 10 t ha -1 and combination of recommended dose of NPKSZn fertilizer with green manure (Sesbania rostrata) at 15 t ha -1. Head rice (63.96) was higher under green manure at 15 t ha -1 and it was identical to control and recommended dose of NPKSZn fertilizer. Lowest milling (66.42) and head rice (60.41) were found in sole application of NPKSZn chemical fertilizer. elongation was higher (1.44) under green manure at 15 t ha -1 and it was identical to application of cow dung at 10 t ha -1. Lowest grain elongation (1.34) was found in NPKSZn fertilizer application. Maximum volume expansion (5.21) was observed under control which was identical to the combination of recommended NPKSZn fertilizer with green manure (Sesbania rostrata) at 15 t ha -1 and minimum (4.71) in NPKSZn fertilizer application. Fertilizers had Table 1 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the grain quality of aromatic rice. quality property Treatment Milling Head rice length Length breadth elongation Volume expansion Protein Amylose Cooking time ( % ) (mm) ( % ) (min) T a 63.41a bc 5.21a 6.80d c T b 60.41b d 4.71c 7.78a a T a 61.45b ab 4.79c 7.37b c T a 63.96a a 4.89bc 7.06c b T a 63.32a c 5.14ab 7.55b c F-test 1/ ns ns ns 0.01 CV (%) / In a column followed by different letters differ significantly but with common letter(s) not differ significantly at 5% level of probability; ns=not significant. T 1 - Control (no fertilizer), T 2 - Recommended NPKSZn fertilizer dose, T 3 - Cow dung at 10 t ha -1, T 4 - Green manure at 15 t ha -1, T 5 - Recommended dose + Green manure at 15 t ha -1

4 216 M.F. Hossain et al. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science showed significant influence on protein percentage in brown rice. The highest protein (7.78%) was found by recommended chemical fertilizer dose and the lowest (6.80%) was found by control. There was not much variation in aroma in the cooked rice from all the fertilizer treatments but variation was observed due to varieties as evident from the sensory evaluation method used. Milling, head rice, grain length, grain length breadth, grain elongation, volume expansion, protein content, amylose content and cooking time significantly affected by varieties (Table 2). Among the aromatic varieties, Badshabhog recorded the highest milling (69.71%) and it was identical with that of Kataribhog. Head rice was the highest (65.98%) in Badshabhog and lowest (56.68%) in BRRI dhan38. length (5.33mm), length breadth (2.86) and cooking time (17.43 min.) were higher in BRRI dhan38. length (3.79mm) and length breadth (2.14) were found in Badshabhog. elongation was higher (1.42) in the Kataribhog, which was statistically similar to Badshabhog, but volume expansion was higher (5.24) in the Badshabhog, which was statistically similar to BRRI dhan38. Among the varieties highest protein content (7.71%) was obtained in Kataribhog and the lowest (7.07%) was in Badshabhog that was statistically similar to BRRI dhan38. Highest amylose content (24.91%) was obtained from Kataribhog, which was statistically similar to BRRI dhan38. Badshabhog contained 24.07% amylose. The interaction between fertilizer and variety was insignificant in respect of all grain quality characteristics except head rice and grain length and protein content (Table 3). The highest head rice (67.33%) was obtained from T 4 V 2 and it was identically followed by T 1 V 1, T 1 V 2, T 2 V 2, T 3 V 2, T 4 V 1, T 5 V 1, T 5 V 2 treatment. The lowest head rice (54.33%) was found with the treatment combination of T 2 V 3 and it was identically followed by T 3 V 3. Maximum grain length was obtained with the treatment combination of T 1 V 3, T 2 V 3, T 3 V 3, T 4 V 3, T 5 V 3 and the minimum in T 1 V 2,T 2 V 2,T 3 V 2, T 4 V 2, T 5 V 2. Application of green manure (Sesbania rostrata) at 15 t ha -1 and recommended NPKSZn fertilizers with green manure (Sesbania rostrata) at 15 t ha -1 produced significantly better quality grain than NPKSZn fertilizers application but not control in terms of high milling, head rice. elongation was better under the application of cow dung at 10 t ha -1 and green manure (Sesbania rostrata) at 15 t ha -1. The superior performance of these treatments might also be owing to improvement in physical, chemical and microbiological environment of soil favoring increased availability of plant nutrients. Whereas, sole use of some chemical fertilizer is supply few elements with high amount that is not sufficient to improve the quality of rice grain. On the other hand chemical fertilizers reduce the physical properties and microbiological activities of soil. Similar result was reported by Pandey et al. (1999) and Hemalatha et al. (2004). They reported that all the sources of organic manures improve the soil fertility, yield and quality of rice. Table 2 Effect of variety on the grain quality of aromatic rice. Treatment Milling Head rice length Length breadth quality property elongation Volume expansion Protein Amylose Cooking time ( %------) (mm) ( % ) (min) Kataribhog (V 1 ) 69.32a* 64.87b 4.71b 2.63b 1.42a 4.40b 7.71a 24.91a 14.20b Badshabhog (V 2 ) 69.71a 65.98a 3.79c 2.14c 1.41a 5.24a 7.07b 24.07b 13.67c BRRI dhan38 (V 3 ) 65.23b 56.68c 5.33a 2.86a 1.37b 5.20a 7.15b 24.86a 17.43a F-test 1/ CV (%) / In a column followed by different letters differ significantly but with common letter(s) not differ significantly at 5% level of probability.

5 Vol. 42, No.4, 2009 Effect of fertilizer on properties of aromatic rice 217 Table 3 Interaction effect of fertilizer and variety on the grain quality of aromatic rice. quality property Treatment Milling Head rice length Length breadth elongation Volume expansion Protein Amylose Cooking time ( %------) (mm) ( % ) (min) T 1 V ab 4.64b cd T 1 V ab 3.71c f T 1 V d 5.27a f T 2 V c 4.76b a T 2 V ab 3.80c bc T 2 V e 5.32a b-d T 3 V bc 4.69b b T 3 V ab 3.81c de T 3 V e 5.35a de T 4 V ab 4.78b b-d T 4 V a 3.82c ef T 4 V d 5.32a ef T 5 V a 4.66b bc T 5 V ab 3.83c cd T 5 V d 5.37a b F-test 1/ ns ns ns ns 0.05 ns ns CV (%) / In a column followed by different letters differ significantly but with common letter(s) not differ significantly at 5% level of probability; ns=not significant. T 1 - Control (no fertilizer), T 2 - Recommended NPKSZn fertilizer dose, T 3 - Cow 10 t ha -1, T 4 - Green 15 t ha -1, T 5 - Recommended dose + Green 15 t ha -1 V 1 - Kataribhog, V 2 - Badshabhog, V 3 - BRRI dhan38 Acknowledgments The financial support of Bangladesh University Grants Commission (UGC) Ph.D. Fellowship programme for conducting the experiment is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thanks scientists of Quality and Nutrition Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) for technical assistance throughout the study period. References AOAC (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists) Methods of Analysis. 11 th ed., Washington DC. Baqui, M.A, M.E Harun, D. Jones and R. Straingfellow The Export Potential of Traditional Varieties of Rice from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur. Bangladesh. BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) Fertilizer Recommendation Guide. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka. Becker, M., J. K. Ladha and J.C.G. Ottow Growth and N 2 -fixation of two stem nodulating legumes and their effect as green manure on low land rice. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28: Das, T. and M.A. Baqui Aromatic Rices of Bangladesh. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. India. Hemalatha, M., V. Thirumurugan and R. Balasubramanian Effect of organic sources of nitrogen on productivity, quality of rice (Oryza sativa) and soil fertility in single crop wetlands. Indian J. Agron. 45: Juliano, B.O., C.C. Ignacio, V.M. Panganiban, and C.M. Perez Screening for high protein rice varieties. Cereal Sci. Today 13: : 313.

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