The Challenge Program on Water and Food: Addressing Poverty through Integrated AWM Interventions

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1 The Challenge Program on Water and Food: Addressing Poverty through Integrated AWM Interventions

2 Outline Overview of CPWF goals and research Insights from research projects examining relationships between water and poverty Basin focal projects Food and Water Security under Global Change project Sustaining inclusive Collective Action that Links across Economic and Ecological Scales project Multiple Use Water Systems project Summary Future directions

3 What is the CPWF? Research for development International, multi-institutional research initiative set up by CGIAR Brings together researchers, development specialists, government, NGOs, private sector and communities (>200 partners) Collaborative research projects (>80 projects and $70M over 5 years)

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5 Four goals of the CPWF To achieve food security at household level To improve rural and periurban livelihoods To improve health through better nutrition and reduced agriculture-related pollution and water-related diseases To improve environmental security through improved water quality and maintenance of water-related ecosystems and biodiversity

6 Five themes Challenge Program on Water & Food Crop Water Productivity Improvement Water & People in Catchments Aquatic Ecosystems & Fisheries Integrated Basin Water Management The Global Food & Water System

7 Research Highlights Basin Focal Projects

8 Basin Focal Projects Components WATER POVERTY ANALYSIS WATER AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS AGRICULTURAL WATER PRODUCTIVITY INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS INTERVENTION ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE BASE

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10 Approach for the Mekong BFP: Measurement of Poverty from Local to National Scale

11 Basis for Measurement at Local Scale Participatory Poverty or Well Being Assessment Starting point is the definition of poverty by communities themselves. Result is wealth rankings

12 Wealth Rankings Characteristics Higher wealth Households Medium wealth households Lower wealth households Area of owned land Rice land of 20 ha, house land of 0.30 ha Rice land of 3 ha, house land of 0.20 ha Rice land of 1 ha, house land of 0.10 ha House type Roof made of tile Roof made of zinc Roof made of palm leaves Occupation of household Rice farmer, fisher, tractor operator, speed boat operator, rice mill owner Rice farmer, fisher, fish farmer Small rice farmer/labourer, fishing labourer Other household assets Big motorized boat, tractor, big water pump motor, several livestock Motorized boat, small water pump motor Small non-motorized boat Livestock assets Several livestock 1-2 livestock No livestock

13 How to take this to basin scale? Local analysis shows broad categories: Food security (# months without sufficient food) Landholdings Shelter (Quality/condition of house) Livestock (# of cows/buffalo/pigs) Productive assets (tractor, nets, boats) Disposable income (TV, radio, motorbike/car) Income/debt National census and survey data at village/commune level gathered to identify indicators for these criteria

14 Community Level Poverty Map

15 Synthesis at basin scale Integrating Water Productivity Project established types of water-related constraints to the livelihood activities of the rural poor Poverty and Productivity combined using Delphi Process Participatory technique aimed at building agreement and consensus to identify poverty - water constraint hotspots in the basin

16 Research Highlights Food and Water Security under Global Change Project

17 Food and Water Security under Global Change Purpose: To provide policymakers and stakeholders in Ethiopia and South Africa with tools to better understand, analyze, and form policy decisions that will allow them to adapt to global change Regional Focus: Nile Basin, Ethiopia Limpopo Basin, South Africa International Food Policy Research Institute

18 Conceptual Framework Climate change Extreme weather events Demographic change Conflict & crises crop and livestock selection cropping & grazing pattern irrigation/watering technology water allocation policies infrastructure investment land use change agriculture & water price policies investment, subsidy & tax policies trade policies regional trade policies global climate policies global trading pattern Farm level Basin level National level Regional level Global level GLOBAL CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES SPATIAL SCALES

19 Preliminary Research Results 60% of farmers perceive long-term (adverse) changes in rainfall and temperature 40% of these farmers adapt by building water harvesting structures, changing crop varieties, shifting planting dates, planting trees, among others Others don t adapt due to limited access of information (20%) and limited access to credit (20%) Thus policies must address these issues, along with traditional adaptation policies such as increasing water supply and changing crops

20 Research Highlights Sustaining Inclusive Collective Action that Links across Economic and Ecological Scales Project (SCALES)

21 Research Focus Role of collective action and livelihood strategies in enabling poor to escape poverty traps Nile (Ethiopia) and Andes (Columbia) Project shows that substantial improvement in policy making can be gained with more in-depth understanding of development process and dynamics of poverty

22 Stages of Progress Methodology After identifying the communities, focus groups are convened to: 1. Define poverty 2. Define stages of progress and the poverty line, based on what poor households would do if they had a little more money. 3. Categorize all households according to the stage they are at now, and the stage they were at some reference point in the past 4. Categorize households by group A, B, C, D 5. For a sample of households, identify the causes behind their movement into or out of poverty 6. Follow up interviews with households to confirm results of the focus groups. Adapted from Krishna, A (2004a). Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor: Who Gains, Who Loses, and Why?. World Development Vol. 32, No. 1,

23 Comparison of SoP with National Objective Measures Stages of Progress 1. Food 2. Education 3. Clothes 4. Housing/Shelter 5. Small Animals 6. Land 7. Public Services (electricity, water supply, sewage) 8. Household Appliances 9. Health 10. Crops Basic Needs School attendance: Households with children between 7 and 11 years old that are not going to school Inadequate Housing: Dust floor and bad walls material Life Conditions EDUCATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL Proportion of children between 5-11 years old that attend to school HOUSE QUALITY Floor predominant material Walls predominant material

24 Preliminary Results Local perceptions/context - not only include basic elements, but also a range of assets relevant for rural households Useful to design poverty alleviation programs results showed that AWM may not be the critical area of investment in some communities Tradeoffs may be necessary Experimental games resulting in increased trust upstream-downstream

25 Research Highlights Multiple Use Water Systems Project

26 Integrated, needs-based design Domestic - plus Productive -plus Multiple use by design

27 MUS: a problem or a solution? Single-use planned domestic or irrigation schemes are de facto used for multiple purposes Involving communities in design of systems for multiple uses can maximize poverty alleviation

28 Summary Poverty is best understood using a livelihoods perspective Water is only one dimension of poverty Multiple uses of agricultural water (including rain) need recognition Local understanding and definitions of poverty provide crucial insights into how water can play a role in poverty alleviation

29 Future Directions Continued research on cross-scale issues related to water and poverty Linking research results into improved investments in agricultural water management Contribute to a pro-poor orientation of World Bank's reinvestment in water for food Phase 2 of CPWF proposal development in 2007 opportunities to discuss directions and focus