Corn Stover Update Jan 31 th, 2013

Transcription

1 Corn Stover Update Jan 31 th, 2013

2 Corn Yields will Double by 2030 Higher Corn Yields come with more residue Livingston County, IL 28 May 2010 Strip till corn after corn 2009 corn yield 230 bu/ac High residue levels may negatively impact corn yields in corn on corn 1. High residue levels can affect seed to soil contact at planting 2. With sustainable stover harvest the soils warm faster 3. Disease levels may be lowered with residue harvest 4. With increasing demand for stover from feeders and processors this can become an additional revenue source. 2

3 Harvest Index (grain/total above ground mass) Corn Stover: A challenge and an opportunity The amount of stover on a field increases as grain yields increase Harvest index vs. grain yield Planting 2 nd yr corn in Nebraska 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Grain yield (bu/ac) 2008 trials 13 locations, 14 unique hybrids (101 to 111RM) Grain ~ 58% of the dry biomass in a field at harvest Stover (stalks, cobs, leaves) ~ 42% of the dry biomass 200 bu/ac field 4.8 bone dry tons/ac 3.4 bone dry tons/ac 3

4 Farmers view residue management as a problem Over the past few years, would you say that managing corn residue has become: 4

5 Growers are spending more time and money to manage residue Specialized equipment Yetter Manufacturing Cut and Move Combo John Deere Stalk Master Corn Head Row Unit Calmer Revolving Window BT "CRUSHING" Knife Rolls Tillage passes based on rotation (Eastern IA) Corn-corn Soy-corn Monsanto 2009 grower interviews

6 Management tools can be used to estimate national stover supply Harvestable Stover (dry tons/ac) State Residue (million tons) Area (million ac) Harvest rate (tons/ac) Iowa Illinois Minnesota Nebraska Indiana Ohio Includes soil organic matter (SCI), water erosion (RUSLE2) and wind erosion (WEPS). Source: D. Muth 6

7 Uncertainty and risks of corn stover harvests Baled field in Iowa Shredded field in Nebraska with wind drift Properly done, corn stover harvests will increase the value of an acre of corn Improperly done, corn stover harvests will damage fields 7

8 Measuring bales, over 2000 bale samples 8

9 Nutrient replacement costs ($/large round bale) Nutrient replacement value ($9.92 ± $3.84 large round bale) Nutrient replacement value 50%, half of the bales are more expensive and half of the bales are less expensive Fertilizer price ($/lb)* N $ 0.68 $ 0.33 $ 0.51 P 2 O 5 $ 0.90 $ 0.38 $ 0.59 K 2 O $ 0.72 $ 0.43 $ 0.47 Nutrient (NPK) costs and removal rates vary by year Replacement costs are estimated using fall prices Fixing a bale price in the spring is pre-selling nutrients *Estimated Costs of Crop Production in Iowa ISU File A1-20 9

10 Ruminants are nature s fiber converters Processing technologies enable natural conversions in the animal Rumen digestion, % Potentially digestible with processing

11 DM digestion [%] As an animal feed: Stover fractions are less digestible than corn grain Individual stover fractions incubated for 48 hours in buffered rumen fluid from beef cattle Rumen fluid contained fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic microbial species (bacteria, yeast, fungi) DM = dry matter

12 Then comes application of lime to ground stover Size reduce (grind ) and hydrate with water Before treatment Add lime powder to create Ca(OH) 2 Store in low oxygen system (ag bag, bunker) Displace grain and fodders (hay) in ration Color Changes After treatment

13 Calcium Hydroxide Treatment of Corn Stover 7% percent Calcium Hydroxide by dry weight 50% moisture by weight Hold 5 to 7 days after treatment before feeding. Inclusion rates vary by ration and additional feed stocks Finishing cattle 20% Grower rations 40% Dry cow, growing heifer or cow calf 50%+

14 Magnification of Corn Stover Untreated Corn Stover After Calcium Hydroxide Treatment

15 Feeding trials [Iowa State University] Single-pass stover field chopped or conventional bales tub ground Single pass stover treated with nothing or 5% wt:wt dry powder CaO and water to create Ca(OH) 2 Single pass compressed and stored in plastic Ag bags, anaerobically for 95 days Used in sheep trial to determine feed digestion Used in cattle feeding trial with 210 steers. Cattle fed 183 or 195 days. ADM Sheep and Cattle Feeding Trials Iowa State University

16 Pre-processing stover improved cattle performance Corn displacement was substantial a ADG, lb ~ 30 bushels less corn versus high grain control ration 3.84 a c 3.56 c b 3.42 b 3.36 b Corn Grower/Finisher Baled Stover Grower/Corn Finisher Untrt Stover Grower/Corn Finisher Trt Stover Grower/ Corn Finisher Baled Stover Grower/Finisher Untrt Stover Grower/Finisher Trt Stover Grower/Finisher a,b,c Means with unlike superscripts are different (P<.05) ADM AFR Cattle Feeding Trial Iowa State University

17 Pre-processing of stover improved feed conversion lb of feed:lb of weight gain 6.24 c b 5.83 b a 5.45 a a,c 5.20 c Corn Grower/Finisher Baled Stover Grower/Corn Finisher Untrt Stover Grower/Corn Finisher Trt Stover Grower/ Corn Finisher Baled Stover Grower/Finisher Untrt Stover Grower/Finisher Trt Stover Grower/Finisher a,b,c Means with unlike superscripts are different (P<.05) ADM AFR Cattle Feeding Trial Iowa State University

18 Treating stover improved returns Feeding CRF throughout trial was best Return, $/steer Ingredient DM Cost/ton or bu as is Cost/dt Baled Stover, ground 0.73 $ 55 $ 75 Bagged, not-treated 0.68 $ 59 $ 87 Bagged, treated 0.47 $ 51 $ 110 Modified wet DG 0.50 $ 89 $ 179 Corn 0.88 $ 5.50 $ 6.26 Supplement 0.89 $ 400 $ 447 $ $90.54 $87.00 $64.56 $47.66 $35.07 Corn Grower Baled Stover Grower Untrt Stover Grower Trt stover Grower Baled Stover Untrt Stover Trt Stover Corn Finisher Corn $(12.16) Finisher Corn Finisher Corn Finisher Grower/Finisher Grower/Finisher Grower/Finisher ADM AFR Cattle Feeding Trial Iowa State University

19 Summary of Nebraska Beef Feeding Trials CRF technology improves profitability and reduces grain feeding Trial 1 (140 day feeding) Dry feed intake, lb/d Gain, lb/d Gain:Feed Additional profit/hd Control (33.7 $6/bu) Corn saved, bushels CRF (stover) $ CRF (straw) $ Trial 2 (150 day feeding) Control (37.5 $7/bu) CRF (stover 3 grind) $ CRF (stover 1 grind) $ University feeding trials now being conducted or completed. Finishing cattle, Dairy, cow calf.

20 University feeding trials demonstrate feed value of lime treated stover 1 lb treated stover use in place of 0.5 lb grain and 0.5 lb hay ISU Feeding study UNL Feeding study UNL chemical treatment study 20

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22 Updated Continuous Treatment System for Bale Grinders

23 Couser Cattle Company Loading Ground Corn Stover Adding 7% Calcium Hydroxide and Water Unloading treated Corn Stover Packed Treated Corn Stover for Feeding

24 Another on farm Corn Stover Treatment Method Adding ground corn stover to the mixer Adding calcium hydroxide mixed with water Mixing Corn Stover, 5% Calcium Hydroxide and 50% water by weight Let the chemical reaction take place for 5-7 days and then feed

25 Companies are starting to focus new products and new equipment in this area

26 12 Row Cornrower on Case-IH Combine Applying 7% Dry Calcium Hydroxide to wet windrow Adding gallons of water to dry calcium hydroxide to control dust. optional Chopping Treated Corn Stover with little dust or loss of product at high capacity

27 Unloading Treated Corn Stover in the field Unloading Treated Corn Stover at the Bunker Calcium Hydroxide Trailer with Unloading Auger Excellent annual rye cover crop stand

28 Cover Crops in Indiana

29 Cornrower and water added to corn stover Calcium Treatment and Cover Crops in NE

30 Chopping Treated Corn Stover in Nebraska 270 bushel Corn

31 Treated Corn Stover bunker in Nebraska This will be used in a 600 Cow/Calf operation

32 Testing new corn stover treating equipment in Minnesota

33 Hovel Farms feeding lime treated high moisture corn stover bales

34 Wisconsin Trials

35 New Corn Stover Harvest Equipment

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37 Properly done, stover harvests can improve the value of an acre of corn Conclusions and Considerations Cattle fed treated corn stover and distillers grains performed as well as cattle fed a high grain diet On-farm stover processing/treating can be practiced using existing equipment. Cattle feeders, dairies, cow calf operations are searching for new less expensive ways to build rations and treated corn stover can be a part of the ration. Corn on Corn growers are finding increased corn yields with sustainable corn stover removal.

38 Contacts Steve Petersen 3290 U Ave Chelsea, Iowa steve.petersen@monsanto.com Max Keuning 808 West 2 nd St Prairie City, Iowa max.keuning@monsanto.com