Within-species diversity and CWR conservation. Jenny Hagenblad

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1 Within-species diversity and CWR conservation Jenny Hagenblad

2 13 MAY How diverse are organisms? Arabidopsis thaliana Oryza sativa Populus tremula Leffler et al, 2012

3 13 MAY How diverse are eukaryotes? Pinus radiata Arabidopsis thaliana Populus tremula Capsella grandiflora Leffler et al, 2012

4 13 MAY How diverse are plants? Dicots Monocots Algae Leffler et al, 2012

5 13 MAY Genetic diversity is correlated with genome and population size Barton et al, 2007

6 13 MAY Genetic diversity depends on the mode of reproduction Leffler et al, 2012

7 13 MAY Genetic diversity the clay of evolution

8 13 MAY Crop species contain genetic variation for adaptive traits Vanhala et al, forthcoming

9 13 MAY But HR alleles in Swedish landrace pea are not geographically distributed... Vanhala et al, forthcoming

10 13 MAY Neutral genetic diversity show latitudinal structuring in Fennoscandian landrace barley Forsberg et al, Heredity 144:

11 13 MAY But putative adaptive genes are invariant in Fennoscandian barley... Aslan et al, Crop Sci, 55:

12 13 MAY Within-population diversity and adaptation Ma et al, 2010

13 13 MAY Plant diversity

14 13 MAY How genetically diverse are crops? Wild progenitor Landraces Modern cultivars Maize Maize Rice Rice (Indica) Rice (Japonica) Foxtail millet Pearl millet Soybean Barley Wheat Average

15 13 MAY Landrace crops Lacking formal improvement Locally adapted Dynamic population structure Distinct identity Historic origin Associated with traditional farming systems Genetically diverse

16 13 MAY Swedish historic landraces were not always more variable than modern accessions. 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 Microsatellite diversity Leino & Hagenblad, Mol Biol Evol, 27:

17 13 MAY Genetic diversity in historical and extant barley and rye landraces. Barley Rye 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Extant Historical 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Extant Historical Hagenblad et al, Genet Resour Crop Evol, 59:

18 13 MAY The distribution of genetic diversity in crops will depend on mode of reproduction. barley rye Hagenblad et al, Genet Resour Crop Evol, 59:

19 13 MAY The distribution of genetic diversity in crops will depend on the amount of seed exchange. extant accessions historical accessions Leino et al, Heredity, 110:

20 13 MAY The distribution of genetic diversity in crops will depend on the cultivation practice. Hagenblad et al, under review

21 13 MAY Sampling single individuals may give different impressions of the genetic diversity. Hagenblad et al, under review

22 13 MAY Increased omnivore and predator, but not herbivore abundance in with increased genotypic diversity in evening primrose. Johnson et al, 2006

23 13 MAY Yield advantages of cultivating mixtures Crop # comparisons Minima Maxima % yield difference mixture and components Barley ± 0.28 Oat ± 0.17 Wheat ± 0.38 Maize ± 0.67 Sorghum ± 0.72 Groundnut ± 0.92 Soybean ± 0.29 Other crops ± 0.89 Smithson & Lenné, 1996

24 13 MAY Disease reduction from cultivating mixtures Crop Disease average % disease reduction Barley Powdery mildew 38,22 Barley Scald 30,65 Barley Net Blotch 35,70 Barley Rust -23,10 Wheat Leaf Blotch 37,00 Wheat Rust 29,53 Wheat Powdery mildew 52,10 Oat BYDV 47,00 Rice Blast 58,15 Sorghum Leaf Blight 33,50 Common bean Rust 13,80 Common bean Angular leaf spot 13,53 Common bean Anthacnose 6,80 Common bean Halo-blight 16,40 Smithson & Lenné, 1996

25 13 MAY Less severe rice blast when susceptible plants were grown together with resistant plants than when grown in monoculture. monoculture mixture Zhu et al, 2000

26 13 MAY What do we know about plant within-species diversity? Lots of genetic diversity not visible to the naked eye. Plant genetic diversity span over a similar range as animal genetic diversity. Genetic diversity is correlated with population size. Outcrossing plants are more genetically diverse than selfing plants. Domestication is associated with a reduction in genetic diversity as is plant improvement.

27 13 MAY What do we know about plant withinaccession diversity? Variable within-accession genetic diversity in landraces. Amount of diversity and distribution of diversity depends on mode of reproduction amount of seed exchange cultivation practices...

28 13 MAY Why we should care about within-species diversity when it comes to CWR? Within-species diversity is a valuable resource in itself! Of interest to understand the species evolutionary history. The clay of evolution. Allows for adaptation. A source of phenotypic variation. Can lead to increased production and disease reduction.

29 13 MAY Acknowledgements People Matti Leino Tytti Vanhala Nils Forsberg Selçuk Aslan Jenny Zie Erik Boström Hugo Oliveira Funding Formas Lagersbergs stiftelse The Swedish Board of Agriculture The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry (KSLA) Carl Tryggers Foundation The Nilsson-Ehle foundation The Helge Ax:son Johnsson foundation.

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