NORTHERN MARCH 2017 SAFFLOWER CONTENTS

Transcription

1 MARCH 2017 SAFFLOWER CONTENTS

2 safflowers What s new Introduction A.1 Safflower agronomy at a glance...xiv A.2 Crop overview...xv A.2.1 Marketing safflower... xvi Seed...xvi Linoleic oil...xvii A.2.2 Potential industry growth... xvii A.2.3 Safflower production in Australia... xvii A.3 End uses...xviii 1 Planning/Paddock preparation 1.1 Paddock selection Paddock rotation and history Benefits of safflower as a rotation crop Break crop Enterprise diversification Drought tolerance Tool for managing problem weeds Entry crop and soil ameliorant Tool for managing salinity and waterlogging Pest deterrence Disadvantages of safflower as a rotation crop Fallow weed control Seedbed requirements Soil moisture Soil moisture use Dryland Irrigation Yield and targets Seasonal outlook Fallow moisture Water Use Efficiency Nitrogen-use efficiency Double-crop options viii

3 safflowers 1.9 Disease status of paddock Cropping history effects Pre-planting 2.1 Safflower varieties High-oleic safflower Planting seed quality Seed size Seed germination and vigour Seed storage Safe rates of fertiliser sown with the seed Planting 3.1 Seed treatments Time of sowing: yield losses due to delay, frost-risk timing Targeted plant population Calculating seed requirements Sowing depth Row spacing Sowing equipment Plant growth and physiology 4.1 Effect of temperature, photoperiod and climate effects on plant growth and physiology Temperature Wind and hail Plant growth stages Emergence and early growth Stem elongation and branching Flowering to maturity Nutrition and fertiliser 5.1 Declining soil fertility Soil organic matter Current situation Options for reversing the decline in soil organic matter...5 Impact of fertiliser N inputs on soil Crop removal rates Soil testing Plant and/or tissue testing for nutrition levels Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur... 9 ix

4 safflowers Potassium Micronutrients Weed control 6.1 Registered herbicides Potential herbicide damage effects Insect control 7.1 Aphids (plum, green peach and leaf curl) Damage caused by aphids Thresholds for control Management/control Cutworms (Agrotis spp.) Varietal resistance or tolerance Damage caused by cutworms Thresholds for control Management/control Helicoverpa spp Varietal resistance or tolerance Damage caused by Helicoverpa Thresholds for control Management/control Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor) Varietal resistance or tolerance Damage caused by Rutherglen bug Thresholds for control Management/control Redlegged earth mites (Halotydeus destructor) and blue oat mite (Penthaleus major) Varietal resistance or tolerance Damage caused by mites Thresholds for control Management/control Other pests Nematode management 9 Diseases 9.1 Alternaria blight (caused by Alternaria carthami) Varietal resistance or tolerance Damage caused by the disease Symptoms Conditions favouring development...2 x

5 safflowers Management of the disease Phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora cryptogea) Varietal resistance or tolerance Symptoms Conditions favouring development Management of the disease Rust (caused by Puccinia carthami) Symptoms Conditions favouring development Management of the disease Other diseases Plant growth regulators and canopy management 11 Crop desiccation/spray out 12 Harvest 12.1 Header settings Windrowing Wet harvest issues and management Dry harvest issues and management Fire prevention Storage 13.1 How to store product on-farm Pests of stored grain Environmental issues 14.1 Frost issues for safflower Risk management for frost The changing nature of frost in Australia Waterlogging and flooding issues Other environmental issues Marketing 15.1 Selling principles Be prepared...2 When to sell...2 How to sell Establish the business risk profile...3 Production risk profile of the farm...4 Establishing a target price...5 Income requirements Managing your price...8 xi

6 safflowers Methods of price management Ensuring access to markets Storage and logistics Cost of holding grain Converting tonnes into cash...13 Set up the toolbox How to sell for cash Counterparty risk...17 Relative values...17 Contract allocation Read market signals Northern safflower: market dynamics and execution Price determinants for northern safflower Executing tonnes into cash for northern safflower Delivery standards...21 xii