Economics of Supplemental Irrigation to FCV Tobacco Using Harvested Water in Alfisols of Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh

Transcription

1 * Economics of Supplemental Irrigation to FCV Tobacco Using Harvested Water in Alfisols of Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh R.Sreenivasulu, A.R.Panda and V.Krishnamurthy Cental Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry, A.P. & M. Osman, K.V.Rao and B.Narsimlu Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, A.P.

2 INTRODUCTION Prakasam District : Largest producer of FCV Tobacco. Climate Hot and humid. Tobacco is a major rainfed rabi crop. The area is prone to drought and cyclones. Ground water is unfit for drinking & irrigation. Soils: Alfisols with moderate WHC. Irrigation facilities are poor.

3 SEASONAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION KANDUKUR, PRAKASAM DISTRICT OF A.P TO 2009 SEASON Normal MEAN REMARKS S.W. MONSOON (JUNE SEPT) 407 (19) 330 (22) 134 (9) 403 (24) 293 (17) 152 (16) 197 (22) 485 (21) 278 (22) 284 (19) D=5 Seasons N.E. MONSOON (OCT DEC) 640 (20) 591 (19) 475 (13) 280 (15) 379 (17) 631 (19) 558 (16) 597 (14) 613 (18) 522 (16) D=3 Seasons WINTER PERIOD (JAN-FEB) 30 (2) 153 (3) NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 81 (4) NIL 33 (1) D=6, E=2 SUMMER PERIOD (MAR-MAY) 74 (3) NIL 59 (3) 161 (7) 50 (1) 65 (4) 66 (4) 117 (6) 74 (4) ANNUAL 1146 (49) 1074 (44) 667 (25) 844 (46) 723 (38) 848 (40) 822 (42) 1280 (45) 891 (40) 913 (40) D=6 Figures in parenthesis indicate rainy days; D: drought season; E: excess rain fall seasons

4 RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION DURING CROPPING PERIOD TOBACCO SEASON Normal MEAN REMA RKS ESTABLISHMENT (OCTOBER) 292 (9) 344 (9) 354 (10) 205 (10) 258 (13) 511 (13) 246 (7) 486 (10) 220 (9) 334 (10) D=2, E=2 ACTIVE GROWTH (1 st Week NOV- 2 nd Week DEC) 302 (10) 239 (8) 126 (3) 54 (3) 121 (4) 119 (5) 259 (8) 107 (3) 362 (8) 175 (6) D=6, E=1 MATURITY&HAR VESTING (3 rd WEEK DEC- FEB) 79 (2) 162 (5) NIL 20 (2) NIL NIL 54 (1) 85 (5) 30 (1) 46 (2) D=6, E=2 TOTAL CROP SEASON (OCT- FEB) 670 (21) 745 (22) 475 (13) 280 (15) 379 (17) 631 (19) 558 (16) 678 (18) 613 (18) 555 (18) D=3 Figures in parenthesis indicate rainy days; D: drought season; E: excess rain fall seasons

5 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS AND RAINFALL IN DIFFERENT STORM SIZES YEAR <6 mm 6 12mm 12 25mm 25 50mm mm > 100mm TOTAL (65) 9 (62) 13 (195) 9 (231) 4 (285) 2 (232) 57 (1075) (24) 6 (54) 7 (137) 6 (154) 1 (79) 1 (180) 29 (667) (59) 13 (121) 11 (190) 6 (235) 3 (240) (844) (63) 8 (72) 8 (143) 8 (262) 3 (195) (723) (71) 8 (79) 8 (140) 5 (73) 5 (310) 1 (173) 48 (848) (78) 7 (59) 8 (134) 7 (236) 6 (316) (822) (88) 8 (76) 6 (109) 5 (208) 7 (527) 2 (272) 60 (1280) (57) 7 (71) 8 (168) 7 (248) 3 (203) 1 (131) 46 (891) MEAN 17 (65) 8 (75) 9 (146) 7 (228) 4 (253) 1 (145) 46 (913) Figures in parentheses indicate total amount

6 Material and Methods Topographical survey with total station equipment. Delineation of CTRI micro watershed (40.0 ha) m length of waterways for safe disposal of surplus rainwater and networking of farm ponds. Farm ponds excavated: 6 (lined 2, unlined -4). Defunct wells converted to percolation ponds: 3 Total volume of rainwater harvested: 8690 m 3 Roof rain water harvesting structure: 1 (100m 3 ). Water utilized for tobacco nursery and life saving irrigation of main crop.

7 Tobacco is highly sensitive to water logging - safe disposal of surplus water through water ways

8 Crop damaged due to cyclonic rains Crop can be saved through proper drainage

9 Volume and catchment area of different storage structures S.No 1 Farm pond/ Percolation pond Farm pond-1 Location Field No. 5 Catmt. area (ha) 2.0 Dimensions Top-Bottom- Depth (m) 16 x 16 m 8.4 x 8.4 ; 3.8 m Excav. Volume (m 3 ) 580 Storage capacity (m 3 ) Farm pond-2 Farm pond-3 Farm pond - 4 Farm pond - 5 Farm pond-6 Percolation pond-1 Percolation pond 2 Percolation pond 3 Field No.6 Field No.6 Field No. 9 Field No. 8 Field No. 1 Field No.11B Old dugout renovated Field No. 6 Defunct well renovated Field No. 8 Defunct well renovated x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0 m 16.5 x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0m 32.5 x 19.0 m + * 23.5 x 8.0 ; 4.5 m 16.5 x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0 m 16.5 x 16.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 4.0 m 18.5 x 18.5 m 8 x 8 ; 4.5 m 18.5 x 18.5 m 8 x 8 ; 7.0 m 19.5 x 18.5 m 8.5 x 8.5 ; 6.5 m 645 (645) 1575 (2300) (900) (600) 1275 (1900) (750) No. of fillings observed with respective rain fall and there was surplus flow too.

10 Rainwater harvesting for raising of nursery & Supplemental irrigation of tobacco

11 Effect of supplemental irrigation on yields of FCV Tobacco, (kg/ha) Treatment Green leaf Cured leaf Bright leaf % Bright leaf Grade index No irrigation One irrigation Improvement (%) Addl. yield of Grade Index Gross Rs /-kg Expenditure on irrigation Rs. Net returns Rs. 203 kg/ha 8,790/- 3,000/- 5,790/-

12 Area irrigated with different methods of irrigation using water from different storage structures ( ) Sl. Farm Location Catch- Storage Water Area Method Depth Expected No. pond ment Capacity available Cove Of of Area Area (m 3 ) (m 3 ) -red irrigation irriga- (ha) (Ha) (ha) tion (mm) 1 FP-1 FD Perfo PP-1 FD-11B Perfo FP-3 FD Furrow PP-2 FD Furrow FP-2 FD Flood FP-4 FD Flood FP-5 FD Flood

13 Flooding method (40mm) Perfo- method (35 mm) Supplemental irrigation for productivity enhancement Furrow method (35 mm) Alternate furrow method (25mm)

14 Watering of Nurseries

15 YIELD OF FCV TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION LEVELS (POOLED DATA TO ) Kg/ha. Treatments T1: 20 mm one irrigation T2: 30 mm one irrigation T3: 30 mm two irrigation T4: 40 mm one irrigation T5: 40 mm two irrigation T6: Control (no irrigation) SEASONS MEAN S.Em=/- Seasons Treatments Interaction CD at 5% Seasons Treatments Interaction CV % Seasons Treatments Green leaf NS NS Cured leaf NS NS Bright leaf NS Bright leaf (%) Grade index NS

16 GRADE INDEX OF FCV TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION LEVELS AND % IMPROVEMENT OVER CONTROL (kg/ha) Treatments T1: 20 mm one irrigation T2: 30 mm one irrigation T3: 30 mm two irrigation T4: 40 mm one irrigation T5: 40 mm two irrigation T6: Control (no irrigation) Mean GRADE INDEX (kg/ha) Mean % IMPROVEMENT Mean

17 WITH ONE LIFE SAVING IRRIGATION WITHOUT IRRIGATION

18 Treatments CHEMICAL QUALITY CHARACTERS OF FCV TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION LEVELS POOLED DATA TO T1: 20 mm one irrigation T2: 30 mm one irrigation T3: 30 mm two irrigation T4: 40 mm one irrigation T5: 40 mm two irrigation T6: Control (no irrigation) SEASONS MEAN Nicotine (%) R.Sugars (%) Chlorides (%) Nicotine:R.Sugars

19 EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION ON YIELDS AND ECONOMICS OF FCV TOBACCO ( ) Treatment Green Cured Bright Bright Grade leaf leaf leaf leaf (%) index Control ( No irrigation) One irrigation % Improvement Addl. yield of Cured leaf kg/ha 181 Gross Rs.84/-kg Rs. Expenditure on Irrigation etc., Rs. Net return Rs. 15,200 10,204/- 5,000/-

20 WATER HARVESTING AND SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION POSSIBILITIES FOR ALFISOLS * AVERAGE ANNUAL RAIN FALL : 1046mm * EXPECTED RUNOFF : 15 % * NUMBER OF FILLINGS : 3 * QUANTITY OF WATER HARVESTED /1.5 ha : 645m 3 * SEEPAGE & EVAPORATION LOSSES : 33.33% * DEPTH OF LIFE SAVING IRRIGATION : 40 mm * AREA COVERED BY FLOOD IRRIGATION : 1.0 ha * AREA COVERED BY FURROW / SPRINKLER SYSTEM : 1.2ha * IMPROVEMENT IN YIELD : 240 kg/ha * ADDITIONAL GROSS kg leaf : Rs.20,160/- * ADDITIONAL NET RETURNS : Rs. 15,160/- Payback: 2 years for unlined and 5-7 years for lined ponds