7 AGRICULTURE & CIVILIZATION HOW DID FARMING CHANGE THE WAY HUMANS LIVED?

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1 7 AGRICULTURE & CIVILIZATION HOW DID FARMING CHANGE THE WAY HUMANS LIVED?

2 UNIT 7 AGRICULTURE & CIVILIZATION CONTENTS UNIT 7 BASICS 3 Unit 7 Overview 4 Unit 7 Learning Outcomes 5 Unit 7 Lessons 6 Unit 7 Key Vocabulary 7 Looking Back: What Happened in Unit 6? KEY CONTENT 10 Threshold 7: Agriculture 12 Why Was Agriculture So Important? 13 Collective Learning: Part 2 of 4 14 Where & Why Did the First Cities Appear? 15 Agrarian Civilizations 17 Looking Ahead: What s Next in Unit 8? 2

3 UNIT 7 OVERVIEW Key Disciplines: Archaeology, anthropology and history Timespan: Farming developed about 11,000 years ago Key Question: How did farming change the way humans lived? Threshold for this Unit: Threshold 7: Agriculture 3

4 UNIT 7 LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of Unit 7, students should be able to: 1. Define agriculture and describe where it emerged and the Goldilocks Conditions for development. 2. Identify the features of agrarian civilizations and the role collective learning played in its growth and development. 3. Explain why agriculture is a threshold of increasing complexity in the big history story. 4. Analyze a variety of primary and secondary sources to compare and contrast the lifestyles of hunter-gatherers to the lifestyles of humans living in agrarian civilizations. 4

5 UNIT 7 LESSONS 7.0 Agriculture and big history Foraging can only take you so far. The emergence of agriculture was a huge step in human development because it paved the way for cities, states, and civilizations. 7.1 Why was agriculture so important? Planting crops instead of hunting for nuts and berries meant we stopped following food sources. The effect that this change had on human history? Big. Very big. 7.2 Where and why did the first cities and states appear? Larger and larger communities of people living together sounds like you might need some kind of organization. 7.3 Ways of knowing: Agriculture and civilization Like detectives solving a murder mystery, historians use artifacts and written records of past civilizations as clues to understand our history as a species. 5

6 UNIT 7 KEY CONCEPTS agrarian civilization agriculture cities collective learning domestication empire exchange network Fertile Crescent innovation monumental architecture trade village 6

7 LOOKING BACK

8 WHAT HAPPENED IN UNIT 6? Unit 6 focused on the emergence of humans as part of the Big History story. We learned: How the first humans lived. What physical adaptations have made us different from our primate cousins. What role human language plays in collective learning. How collective learning allows us to pass knowledge from one generation to the next. 8

9 KEY CONTENT

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12 WHY WAS AGRICULTURE SO IMPORTANT? Main Talk / David Christian Farming is different from foraging. Farmers select a small number of plant and animal species, tend to them very carefully, and keep them in protected environments. The earliest evidence of farming is from Mesopotamia and Egypt around 11,000 years ago. Farming appears to have developed independently in China and Papua New Guinea around 8,000 years ago, and also in West Africa and the Americas about 4,000 years ago. Farming probably developed as a result of two factors: Population growth spurred the need for more food by human populations. Climate changes at the end of the last ice age resulted in other, larger-scale environmental changes which made farming possible in areas with human populations. 12

13 COLLECTIVE LEARNING: PART 2 OF 4 Article / David Christian Collective learning accelerated with the appearance of agrarian civilizations because: Population growth meant there were larger networks of people and more possibilities for exchanging information. Division of labor helped created diversity of thought and increased the amount of information available. Uneven information flows led to an uneven distribution of wealth and power, with those at the top of the social structure having the best connections and the most access to information. 13

14 WHERE & WHY DID THE FIRST CITIES APPEAR? Main Talk / David Christian After learning to domesticate plants and animals, humans began to take advantage of animals to provide power, transportation, and products such as wool and milk. Because farming allowed them to settle in one place, humans also began to live a sedentary lifestyle. Specialization developed because not all humans needed to hunt or gather. Hierarchy emerged as societies organized around their specializations. Humans also began to build monumental architecture. 14

15 AGRARIAN CIVILIZATIONS Article / Cynthia Stokes Brown In this series, Cynthia Stokes Brown introduces the concept of agrarian civilizations and provides six examples, sharing the characteristics that made each civilization unique. Aboriginal peoples arrived in Australia by boat about 60,000 years ago. These settlers developed complex ways of life, but the majority of people did not adopt farming. Agrarian civilizations in East Asia were dramatically influenced by their geographical settings, such as the flooding of the Yellow River in China. Greece was a series of independent states for much of its history. In Italy, powerful Roman rulers were able to unite the peninsula and then conquer vast neighboring territories in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Continued next slide 15

16 AGRARIAN CIVILIZATIONS Article / Cynthia Stokes Brown Continued from previous slide Humans and their ancestors have existed for approximately 7 million years but our species only began farming 10,000 years ago, which means that humans have spent most of their time on earth as foragers. Some human societies have maintained the foraging lifestyle into recent times, including the Bushmen of Botswana, the Aborigines of Australia, and the Yanomami of the Brazilian rainforest. However, pressure from modern agricultural and industrial societies has forced these groups to modify traditional practices. Anthropologists continue to study modern foraging peoples. 16

17 LOOKING AHEAD

18 WHAT S NEXT? In Unit 8, we will focus on the expansion of agrarian civilization and the growing connections between the world s four major zones. We will learn: How innovation and collective learning helped people from distant world zones connect and interact with one another. How systems of exchange and trade made the world a smaller place. How the Afro-Eurasian world zone gained power. About the stories, new ideas, and new technologies explorers brought home with them after they traveled to far corners of the world. 18