National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan- Myanmar

Transcription

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS... 2 GLOSSARY... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... 4 FOREWARD... 4 SUMMARY... 4 CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND... 5 CHAPTER TWO: SETTING THE CONTEXT... 6 CHAPTER THREE: THE STRATEGY CHAPTER FOUR: THE IMPLEMENTING FRAMEWORK ANNEXES ANNEX 1: ACTION PLANS ANNEX 2: METHODOLOGY FOR STRATEGY FORMULATION REFERENCES

2 ACRONYMS AWD ADB CC CBD COP CSOs DFID DMH DLFRD DHSHD DoAR DRR EWS ECD EIA FDI FAO GDP GEF GHGs GoM ICT IEA INC INDC INGOS IUCN JICA LCD MCCA MIS MRV MDG M&E MoAI MoECF NMTPF MoAI MoBF MoE MoEP MoH MoI MoLFRD Alternative Wet and Dry Asian Development Bank Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of Parties Civil Society Organisations Department for International Development Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Directorate of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development Department of Human Settlements and Housing Development Department of Agriculture and Research Disaster Risk Reduction Early Warning Systems Environment Conservation Department Environment Impact Assessment Foreign Direct Investment Food and Agriculture Organisation Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Fund Green House Gases Government of Myanmar Information and Communication Technology Initial Environment Assessment Initial National Communications Intended Nationally Determined Contributions International Non-Government Organizations International Union for Conservation of Nature Japan International Cooperation Agency Low-Carbon Development Myanmar Climate Change Alliance Management Information System Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Millennium Development Goals Monitoring and Evaluation Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry National Medium-Term Priority Framework Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry of Budget and Finance Ministry of Education Ministry of Electric Power Ministry of Health Ministry of Information Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development 2

3 MoPED Ministry of Planning and Economic Development MoRT Ministry of Rail Transport MoSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Rehabilitation MoT Ministry of Transport MAPDRR Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction NAPAs National Adaptation Programmes of Action NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan NCEA National Commission for Environmental Affairs NDPCC National Disaster Prevention Central Committee NECC National Environmental Conservation Committee NEHAP National Environment and Health Action Plan NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategy NIP National Implementation Plan NWP National Water Policy NGOs Non Government Organizations PA Protected Area PFM Public Finance Management REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RBF Results Based Framework TWG Technical Working Group SIA Social Impact Assessment SEA Strategic Environment Assessment SD Sustainable Development SFM Sustainable Forest Management SRI System of Rice Intensification UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WFP World Food Programme 3

4 GLOSSARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FOREWARD HE Minister of MoECAF EU UN-Habitat and UNEP SUMMARY 4

5 CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND Introduction Introductory paragraph Highlight the need and rationale for strategy and action plan formulation Target audience of the strategy Organisation of chapters Strategy formulation process The process for the formulation of the strategy (coordination mechanisms) The timeline Methodology Defining objectives and scope of National Climate Change Strategy and Sector Action Plans Initial launching workshop (April, 2015) Technical team meeting Policy and institutional review: Database established with sectoral Laws, Plans and Policies with more than 100 documents Vulnerability assessment and identification of adaptation and mitigation options National Workshops, Sectoral Consultations, Bilateral Meetings (including INDC) with 20 line ministries; 3 major cities; CSOs; Academia; Development Partners Sub-national consultations covering townships in 5 states (Rakhine, Bago, Mandalay, Pathein and Kachin): 600 individuals consulted Capacity needs assessment Drafting National Strategy and Sector Action Plans National workshop to receive initial feedback on findings (2 nd November, 2015) COP 21 presentation (December, 2015) Stakeholder consultation and validation- January- March, 2016 Finalisation and dissemination of National Strategy and Sector Action Plans Bilateral consultations Final workshop (March, 2016) 5

6 CHAPTER TWO: SETTING THE CONTEXT 2.1. National Circumstances Economic Growth Economic transformation i.e. shifting from primary to tertiary economy. On average, Myanmar s economy grew at a rate of 5.1% between 2005/06 and 2009/10, and at an average of 6.5% since the transition. A key driver of this growth has been the export of natural gas (World Bank, 2014). The agriculture sector contributes to 37% of GDP. Contribution to employment in 2012/13 includes: Agriculture (52%), Services (36%), Manufacturing (12%) (ADB, 2012). Analyses suggest that by 2030 Myanmar s manufacturing sector could become the economy s largest sector and create a large number of jobs (ADB, 2015). According to the National Energy Policy (2014), the electricity sector is expected to expand rapidly over the next decade with a target of 45% electrification by 2020/21 and 60% by 2025/26. Subsequent population increases in urban areas is projected to grow from 30% at present to 50% by 2040 (UNPD, 2014). The industry sector is going to expand. The share of industry increased from less than 10 percent to 26 percent over the last decade. The GHG contribution from the industry and construction sectors combined (?) was 10% in 2002 (INC, 2012). Annual coal production is projected to increase significantly to 2.7 million tons by 2016 and 5.6 million tons by 2031 (GoM, 2014) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is increasing. As of June 2015, 40.40% of FDI was in oil and gas; 38.70% in power; 9.71% in manufacturing; 6.49% in transport and 5.05% in mining (GoM, 2015). Despite growth and projections, the impact of disasters is causing major setbacks to the economy. The estimated cost of national loss and damage due to Nargis is estimated to be over USD4bn (World Bank, 2015). The World Bank has predicted that Myanmar s 8.2% growth forecast by 2017 will be limited to 6.5% due to the floods that swept the country in July and August 2015 (Myanmar Times, 2015). Social Development Myanmar has made significant progress in achieving MDG targets, e.g.: o Child mortality was reduced from 10% to 5.2% for under-fives between 1990 and 2010 o Net primary education enrollment rates have improved over the past two decades (UNDP, 2012) GoM targeted increased spending on the social sectors. Budget allocation for education increased from 0.8% of GDP in 2011/12 to 1.8% in 2013/14 and the budget allocation for health increased from 0.2% in 2011/12 to 0.9% in 2013/14 (ADB, 2015). Growth has not been inclusive: 25.6% of the population lives below the poverty line and nearly 85% of the poor live in rural areas (UNDP, 2013). Poverty levels vary substantially across different geographic regions. Rakhine (in the coastal zone) and Chin (in the hills) are by far the poorest states, with poverty rates of 78% and 71.5% respectively (ADB, 2015). There are socio-economic gaps among the population: 6

7 o o o Literacy levels are lowest in the states of Shan, Kayin and Chin at 65%, 74% and 79% respectively. There are higher rates of unemployment in Rakhine and Kayin states. 44% of urban households have access to electricity compared to only 5.6% of rural households (Census, 2014). On top of the existing challenges, climate change poses an additional burden to social development. Approximately 75% of the rural population rely on the climate sensitive sectors for their livelihoods. Approximately 52 million of the population (Census, 2014) is concentrated in delta regions, the coastal belt and near disaster prone zones. Environment Myanmar is ecologically diverse. Forest and ecosystem services benefit a range of socio-economic sectors and local livelihoods. The country is undergoing change on multiple fronts, with pressures arising from internal reforms, economic liberalisation and global trends, including climate change. The drivers of change include: energy sector development, industry sector development, urban development, land use change and deforestation. Unsustainable agricultural practices and encroachment on forested areas (e.g. through slash and burn) have major environmental implications. From , the annual deforestation rate in Myanmar is estimated at 466,420 ha/annum. Over the past two decades, Myanmar has lost >3% of its forest ecosystems (Forest Resource Assessment, 2015). 69.2% of the population of households use firewood as main source of energy (Census, 2014). Although mining has a rather small share of Myanmar s GDP (0.54%), it is causing significant and increasing environmental damage. Oil and gas development, primarily for export, can cause significant environmental damage in marine and coastal ecosystems. The industry sector and the coal production are going to expand. The transport sector is the largest consumer of fossil fuels and consumption in this sector is projected to increase dramatically. The transport sector GHG contribution was 20% in 2002 (INC, 2012) Climate Context of Myanmar a. Observed Climate Change Status of current modeling: NAPA as baseline, on going REIMS, INC Myanmar is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change (NAPA, 2012). In 2015, Myanmar was ranked as the second most vulnerable country in the world to extreme weather events for the third consecutive year (Germanwatch, 2015). Myanmar has observed extreme climate variability and change (NAPA, 2012). The observed climate variability and change in Myanmar over the last ~six decades includes the following: o A general increase in temperatures across the whole country (~0.08 C per decade), most notably in the northern and central regions; o A general increase in total rainfall over most regions, however with notable decreases occurring in certain areas (e.g. Bago Region); 7

8 o o A decrease in the duration of the south-west monsoon season as a result of late onset and early departure times; and Increases in the occurrence and severity of extreme weather events, including cyclones/strong winds, flood/storm surges, intense rains, extreme high temperatures, drought and sea-level rise. Myanmar is a net greenhouse gas (GHG) sink. The general trend of net GHG emissions in CO 2 equivalent is low and consistent in Myanmar. Total net GHG emissions in CO 2 equivalent for the year 2000 were approximately 74 million tons and rose to 62 million tons in 2005 (INC, 2012). Increased economic growth and development is likely to lead to an increase in emissions. b. Climate Hazards The observed changes in climate related hazards in Myanmar include: An increase in the prevalence of drought events: o Drought years were frequent in the 1980s and the 1990s. The country faced severe drought in An increase in intensity and frequency of cyclones/strong winds: o From 1887 to 2005, 1,248 tropical storms formed in the Bay of Bengal. Eighty of these storms (6.4% of the total) reached Myanmar s coastline. o Recent cyclones of note include Cyclone Mala (2006), Nargis (2008) and Giri (2010). o Cyclone Nargis hit the Ayeyarwady Delta in May It left 138,373 dead and affected a further 2.4 million people. o Cyclone Giri hit Rakhine State in October 2010, destroying 21,242 houses and affecting at least 224,212 people. Rainfall variability including erratic and record-breaking intense rainfall events: o Over the period , there were shorter rainfall seasons in combination with erratic and intense rainfall resulted in numerous flooding events; o From July to October in 2011, there was heavy rain and flooding in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mon and Rakhine Regions/States. An increase in the occurrence of flooding and storm surge o o o o o From 1910 to 2000, 12 major floods occurred in the country. In June 2001, a severe flash flood occurred in the Wuntwin Township in central Myanmar, which swept away a number of villages. In October 2006, two-week floods from the Zawgyi River caused extensive damage. In June 2010, intense rains resulted in excessive sedimentation of paddy fields in the Rakhine State. July and August 2015 flooding and landslides displaced 1.6 million people caused almost 120 deaths, and damaged agriculture and infrastructure. An increase in extreme high temperatures: o Sea-level rise: o During summer 2010, 1,482 heat-related disorders were reported and 260 heat-related deaths occurred across Myanmar. Between 2001 and 2010, sea-level rise in coastal areas caused cultivated lands inundated, and ground water contamination. 8

9 c. Climate Change Projections: Climate change predictions Climate change predictions Climate change predictions An increase in temperature of ~ º C across Myanmar with the Yangon Deltaic region experiencing the greatest increase An increase in clear sky days in Northern and Central Myanmar exacerbating drought events Highly variable rainfall changes throughout the country including large increases in the Northern Hilly region (~228 mm/annum) as well as decreases in the Rakhine Coastal, Yangon Deltaic, and Southern Coastal region (~58 mm/annum) An increase in floods and droughts resulting from variable rainfall conditions An increase in temperature of ºC across Myanmar with the Yangon Deltaic (1.4 ºC) and Rakhine Coastal region (1.2 C) experiencing the greatest increases An increase in rainfall across the country with the Rakhine Coastal region experiencing the greatest increases (661 mm/annum) and the Eastern Hilly region experiencing the smallest increase (36 mm/annum) Periods of heavier rains Longer dry spells An increase in temperature of ºC across Myanmar with the highest increases in the Rakhine Coastal and Yangon Deltaic regions A weakened monsoon climate supported by decreased cloud coverage; An increase in drought periods across most of Myanmar An increase in precipitation with highest increases in the Rakhine Coastal region (1582 mm/annum) and smallest increases in the Eastern Hilly region (209 mm/annum) Table: Detailed projected climate change trends across Myanmar for (NAPA, 2012). d. Projected Vulnerability to and Impact of Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security Impact on crop production The rise in temperature in Myanmar is expected to have negative impacts on agricultural production and food security. The highly productive deltaic and low-lying coastal rice cultivation areas will be exposed to increased salinity, coastal erosion and inundation. An increase in extreme high temperatures is already creating problems in the dry zone areas. The severe drought in 2009 impacted major cereal crops (WFP, 2009). In 2010, severe drought diminished village water sources across the country and destroyed agricultural yields of peas, sugar cane, tomato, and rice. From July-October 2011, heavy rain and flooding in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mon and Rakhine Regions/States resulted in losses of ~1.7 million tons of rice. The Zawgyi River floods in October 2006 caused extensive crop damage. In 2007, extensive record-breaking flooding resulted in ~809,284 ha of cropland inundated and >50% crops damaged. The excessive sedimentation in the Rakhine State in 2010 damaged rice 9

10 seedlings and reduced harvests resulting in total damages of ~USD 1.64 million. Impact on fisheries Climate change has affected the coastal and marine environment, causing deterioration of mangroves, coral reefs and sea-grass beds. Cyclones cause loss of fishing vessels and impact offshore, inshore and inland fisheries, causing high economic losses (NAPA, 2012). Impact on livestock Climate induced disasters impact livestock e.g. cyclones cause losses in livestock populations. The extreme high temperatures lead to pest and disease outbreaks e.g. foot and mouth disease in livestock (NAPA, 2012). Environment Resources and Biodiversity Impact on forest Climate change is likely to affect both the distribution and composition of forests in Myanmar. Changes in temperature and precipitation levels, as well as extreme climate events (drought and floods) have caused forest die back, conversion of forests to grasslands/steppes/deserts and increased the spread of invasive species/insect pests. The predicted increase in droughts and extreme temperatures will increase evapotranspiration from the canopy of trees, causing increased moisture stress. This will in turn increase the vulnerability of forests to fires. The Dry Zone is experiencing intense heat and desertification, leading to loss of plant species. Impact on water resources The late onset and early withdrawal of the monsoon period will result in large quantities of rain falling over short periods, leading to flooding, contamination of water resources, erosion and limited replenishment of waterways. Impact on biodiversity There is a shift in the range and migration patterns of species. There have been notable changes in the flowering and fruiting seasons/times of plant species. Climate change is likely to impact freshwater biodiversity. The increasing sea temperatures and changes to seawater chemical composition affected marine biodiversity, particularly coral reef ecosystems. Impact on tourism Degradation of vegetation cover and poor land management around Inle Lake (Myanmar s largest Lake) has caused severe soil erosion and sedimentation resulting in the lake becoming shallower, impacting tourism and recreational activities. Public Health Increasing temperatures and erratic precipitation patterns will create favourable conditions for the spread of infectious diseases. Additional effects of increasing temperatures on human health include inter alia heat stress, heat exhaustion and dehydration (NAPA, 2012). During summer 2010, 1,482 heat-related disorders were reported and 260 heat-related deaths occurred across Myanmar. Higher temperatures will reduce the development time for pathogens and thereby increase transmission rates e.g. mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue will increase. Shan and Rakhine are experiencing Malaria outbreaks. An increase in non-potable fresh water sources will result in communities 10

11 without safe drinking water, increasing dehydration risks and further exacerbating diarrheal diseases (NAPA, 2012). Communities more often mentioned diarrhea and coughs in the rainy season; in the winter people suffered coughs due to increased (WFP, 2014). Impact on other sectors (To be developed) - Industry, transport and energy - Coastal areas - Gender - Urban e. Regional Impact Vulnerability 1 Bago and Kayin The major climate hazards in Bago and Kayin are intense rainfall, flood, storm surge and landslide. Intense rainfall is impacting agriculture, water and public health sectors in mountainous region of Kayin state and the flood plains in Bago. In Hpa-an, during flood in 2013, the water level was over 900cm reaching dangerous level. Flood and storm surge have impacted agriculture (crop, livestock), water, infrastructure, energy and public health. Landslides in hilly areas are causing the degradation of agriculture land, forest and biodiversity in the hilly areas. The existing coping and adaptive capacity of communities in Bago and Kayin state is low. Kayin state has lower capacity to respond because of poor socioeconomic condition of households and poor access to basis services. The most vulnerable groups are farmers, poor households, women, elderly and children. Ayeyewady delta Flooding, cyclone and sea level rise impact the delta region. Flooding occurs every year in the delta region. The most severely affected areas are: Nyaung Tone, Kyaung Kone, Thar Paung, Nga Thaung Chaung, Yae Kyi, Kankyi Saung, Zalon, Hninthada, and Myan Aung. Most of the delta floods during monsoon season. Every 2 years ~2 million hectares of land is flooded and 3.25 million hectares is moderately inundated. In 2008, Nargis greatly impacted NgaPuTaw, PhyarPone, Bokalay, KyaikLatt, DayDaYae, LaPutta, and MawLaMyaing Kyun Township, causing human losses and damage to agriculture crops, livestock and infrastructure. T caused saltwater intrusion in the Ayeyarwardy division, instantly decreasing agricultural production instantly. According to farmers in Labutta North Polder, the paddy yield after Nargis decreased from baskets/acre to baskets/acre - equivalent to minus 50-75% (JICA, 2011). The most vulnerable groups in the delta region are farmers, fisherman, poor households, women, elderly and children. Mandalay and Sagaing Mandalay Region s climate has changed significantly in the last decade, with rainfall slumping from inches in 2006 to inches in The information in this section is mostly derived from sub-national level consultations carried out as part of the strategy formulation process. 11

12 Since 2011, Mandalay Region has suffered record-breaking drought and, in July and August, record-breaking rains. Between , NaHtoeGyi, MyinChan and Taung Tha townships were impacted by drought. In the 2007 drought, farmers in Myin Chan, TaungTha, NwarHtoeGyi, NyaungOo Townships had to abandon cultivation of sesame. In the 2009 drought, pests destroyed crops in MeikHtila, Wundwin, and Hmalaing Townships. In the dry zone, extreme temperature has resulted in an increase in soil PH (more acidic) soil. Extreme drought and flooding in the central dry zone has caused feed shortage for livestock. The existing coping and adaptive capacities of the communities in Mandalay is low due to their socio-economic conditions. The most vulnerable groups were farmers, poor households, women, elderly and children. Climate driven migration is already evident in the dry zone (Census, 2014). Kachin Erosion, landslide, flooding and drought are the major climate hazards in Kachin state. Riverbank erosion occurs every year. Flooding caused heavy losses in Bamaw, Shweku, Waingmaw along the Ayerwady River. Some parts of Shan state and Chin state are subject to food insecurity. WFP (2010) reported household food insecurity to be chronic in Chin State, with a rodent infestation from 2007 to 2009 pushing marginal farmers into poverty (FAO, 2011). Soil erosion in the Chin state has damaged productive agricultural land. The incidence of malaria was evident in Shan State. Communities perceive that the malaria incidence is more frequent with increasing temperatures and spread of mosquitoes. The existing coping and adaptive capacity of households and communities in Kachin and Shan states is low due to poor economic conditions, low access to basic services, and low awareness and capacity. The most vulnerable groups are farmers, poor households, ethnic groups, women, elderly and children. Rakhine From July-October 2011, heavy rain and flooding in the Rakhine state resulted in the loss of tons of rice. In June 2010, intense rains resulted in excessive sedimentation of paddy fields in the Rakhine State, which damaged rice seedlings and reduced harvests, resulting in total damages of ~USD 1.64 million. The frequency of epidemics was also observed in Rakhine state, Major causes include population migration, increased breeding sources, new settlement and unusual rainfall. Communities perceive that sea level rise is evident in Rakhine state. The coastal areas are impacted due to salt-water intrusion and inundation. The existing coping and adaptive capacity of households and communities in Rakhine state (one of the poorest states) were lower due to poor economic conditions, poor access to technology and low awareness and capacity. The most vulnerable groups are farmers, fisherman, and poor households who depend on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fisheries for their livelihood. 12

13 2.3. Existing Capacity to Respond to Climate Change Legal and policy context Legislation and framework Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar: 2008 Myanmar Agenda 21: 1997 Environmental Conservation Rules (2014) National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS): 2009 National Medium-Term Priority Framework (NMTPF): Foreign Direct Investment Law and Rules (2013) EIA Procedures (Finalised, 2015) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): 1994 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD): 1997 The Sendai Framework for Action: Climate change related policy instruments United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): 1992 The Kyoto Protocol: 1997 The Environment Conservation Law: 2012 Initial National Communication: 2012 NAPA: 2012 REDD+ Roadmap: 2015 INDC: 2015 Green House Gas Inventory: 2009 Sectoral Policy Alignment Sector Normative instruments Alignment to CC Agriculture Law of Protection of Farmers Rights and Enhancement of their Benefits Seed Law Land Use policy (draft) Enhances farmers adaptive capacity Environment, Forest and Biodiversity The Forest Law National Forestry Master Plan ( ) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) National REDD+ Readiness Roadmap National Environment Conservation Policy- Revision stage Ecosystem based adaptation Adaptation and mitigation cobenefits Water National Water Policy (NWP) Water resource management Public Health National Health Policy National Environment and Health Action Plan (NEHAP) Health sectors resilience to climate change Energy Transport National Energy Policy Long Term Energy Master Plan- draft National Electrification Master Plan-draft National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar- draft National Implementation Plan (NIP) on Environmental Improvement in the Transport Sector ( ) Potential for switching to clean energy and energy efficiency Low-carbon development 13

14 Disaster Management National Planning Others Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction, Preparedness, Relief and Rehabilitation ( ) 2013 Natural Disaster Management Law National Comprehensive Development Plan - draft Myanmar National Social Protection Strategic Plan Urban Policy- draft Enhances adaptive capacity of communities Mainstreaming climate change Resilience building through social protection Existing coordination mechanisms Natural Resources and Environment Committee in Parliament: Overview and Guidance on Environment and Natural Resources management National Environmental Conservation Committee (NECC) (Previously National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA)) MOECAF, President s Office, MoHA, MoFA, MoAI, MoC, MoT, MoHT, MoI, MoRT, MoE, MoEP, MoE, MoH, MNPED, etc. Environmental Conservation Committee Policy, Law and Standards Working Committee Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Working Committee Land use and Culture /Heritage Working Committee Urban and Industries Working Committee Environmental Education Working Committee National Energy Committee Regions/States Environmental Supervision Committee Myanmar Climate Change Alliance Committee (MCCAC) Climate change committee chaired by MoECAF. The Vice Chairs of the committee are comprised of two Deputy Ministers of MoECAF whilst the secretary of the committee is the Director General of the Department of Planning and Statistics. Members consist of 28 Directors Generals of related government line agencies. Myanmar Climate Change Alliance Programme (MCCA) Technical working group with 20 line ministries, 3 major cities, 2 Universities, 1 representative of NGOs and 1 Representative of Private Sector, 1 Representative of DRR group The National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee (NDPCC) in Myanmar National Disaster Preparedness Management Working Committee and 10 sub-committees Others (to be added) 14

15 Climate Change initiatives (projects/programmes) Projects Agency Amount (US$- Million) Addressing Climate Change Risks on Water Resources UNDP 7.9 and Food Security in the Dry Zone of Myanmar Sustainable cropland and forest management in priority FAO 5.5 agro-ecosystems of Myanmar Improvement of Industrial Energy Efficiency in Myanmar UNIDO 3.1 Strengthening Sustainability of Protected Areas in UNDP 6.71 Myanmar Adapting Community Forestry landscapes and UNDP 5.6 associated community livelihoods to a changing climate, in particular an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events Strengthening the adaptive capacity and resilience of FAO 6.0 fisheries and aquaculture-dependent livelihoods in Myanmar Integrated Protected Area Land and Seascape FAO-UNDP 5.9 Management in Tanintharyi Mitigation-Focused Rural Productivity and Ecosystem GEF-ADB 5.22 Services Enhanced in Central Dry Zone Forest Reserves Ecosystem-Based Conservation of Myanmar s Southern GEF-FAO 5.0 Coastal Zone The Restoration Initiative (TRI): Fostering innovation and GEF-IUCN 3.02 integration in Support of the Bonn Leapfrogging the National Market to High Efficiency GEF-UNEP 2.5 Lighting and Appliances Fire Adapt: Climate-Smart Fire Management of Rural Landscapes of Myanmar FAO 5.2 2nd National Communication under UNFCCC UNEP 0.5 Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) EU (UN- Habitat and UNEP) 5.05 Others: NAP, FISHADAPT, EBA, (to be added) Source: ECD, Existing Capacity for Coordination and Responding to Climate Change Strengths GoM is committed to addressing climate change through policy reform and actions. Myanmar has developed a NAPA to address urgent adaptation needs and an INDC and REDD+ Roadmap to show commitment towards mitigation. ECD (MoECAF) is leading climate change initiatives in Myanmar. MCCA formed to coordinate climate change responses. Weaknesses Lack of clear policy directives and policy instruments for integrating climate change at all levels. Lack of institutional mechanisms for better coordination. Lack of functional coordination among government and non-government actors. Awareness and capacity to plan and deliver climate change is low at all levels. 15

16 Some of the sectoral line ministries are already initiating climate change initiatives e.g. MoECAF, MoAI, MoLFRD, MoFWRR. NAPA has identified 21 urgent adaptation projects. Some of the projects are being implemented in sectors such as: agriculture, forestry, and industry. DMH is upgrading its skill level to provide timely forecasts and projections. Opportunities The government s swift action towards policy and institutional reform may expedite a climate change response. Myanmar can adopt climate resilient and low carbon pathways to address vulnerability and generate co-benefits. International cooperation (finance and technology) can help the GoM to implement policies and plans. Civil society is willing to support government to respond to climate change. Weak technological capacity to respond. Climate change data, information and evidence are inadequate. Limited sector specific data on climate change. Inadequate projection, forecasting and response on disasters. Lack of advanced computing facilities to enable accurate warning and information and scenarios. Threats Increased disaster frequency and impact might jeopardise the climate change response. Myanmar s economic growth and focus on mining, coal, oil and gas, industry and urbanisation poses a threat to the environment. Lack of adequate financial resources may hamper the implementation of policies and plans. Additional information on Capacity assessment will be added in this section Mitigation Potential 2 Mitigation abatement potential: Forestry (REDD + roadmap, 2015) Conservation: An estimated 2,081,000 ha of forests fall within Myanmar s protected area (PA) system (6.5% of the total forest area). Considerable potential exists to expand this PA system, which can act as carbon sink. Sustainable Management of Forest (SMF): The implementation of sustainable logging practices in Myanmar s production forests (to e.g. reduce the carbon loss to 5tC/ha/year) could mitigate 422,157 tco2e/year. Mitigation abatement potential: Energy Renewable energy - Hydroelectric power: The Long Term Energy Master Plan (draft) estimates that by 2030 total installed hydropower capacity could reach approximately 9.3GWe. The National Electrification Master Plan (draft) is being developed alongside the Energy Master Plan. The Electrification Master Plan forecasts that 38% of the primary electricity generation will be sourced from hydropower by Renewable energy - Rural electrification: The effective implementation of the Comprehensive Village Development Plan will result in 6 million people in rural areas having access to electricity generated by a variety of sources, 40% of which will be sourced from renewables such as of mini-hydro, biomass, solar, wind and solar mini-grid technologies. 2 Source: INDC,

17 Industrial energy: Adoption of environmentally sound technologies has potential for low-carbon industrial development. Energy efficiency - cook-stoves: As part of the Comprehensive Plan for Dry Zone Greening ( ), MoECAF has distributed approximately 286,000 cook-stoves during and plans to distribute an additional 260,000 cook-stoves between 2016 and Mitigation abatement potential: Other sectors Agriculture: A switch to mechanisation and climate smart agriculture practices can result in the use of efficient and environmentally sound technology and practices. Urban Settlement: Solid waste management and greening of towns and cities have potential to build urban resilience and generate mitigation and adaptation co-benefits. 17

18 CHAPTER THREE: THE STRATEGY 3.1. Overall Purpose The NCCS&AP outlines the pathway and means to address climate change. Policies and regulations have a legislative mandate (e.g. the Environmental Conservation Law). Strategies outline a country s strategic response to climate change. Action plans direct how countries will implement their strategic direction. The scope of the NCCS&AP: To provide a strategic response to climate change enabling Myanmar to achieve inclusive, climate resilient and low carbon development; To enable a coordinated response to climate change (coordination between policies, actors, institutions and investment); To enable policymakers to prioritise responses to climate change (prioritise bottom up needs v top down needs; needs of the most vulnerable first) 3.2. Guiding Principles In order to strike the balance between rapid economic growth and a sustainable footprint the following principles should be followed: Inclusive Development: A development that is more equitable, where poorer, less powerful groups in society contribute to creating opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision-making. Resource Efficient Development: Development focused on doing more with less - creating more value with less impact. Promoting and enhancing action on the development and transfer of environmentally sound technologies. Integrated Development: Development efforts that are more aligned, harmonized and coordinated among government, civil society, development partners and communities in terms of planning and service delivery Vision, Goals and Objectives Vision: A climate responsive Myanmar by Goal: Myanmar Aspires to Achieve Inclusive, People centred and Sustainable Development through a Climate Resilient, Low Carbon and Resource Efficient Development Pathway by Climate Resilient Development: Helps to implement people-centered climate resilient development programmes that focus on building the adaptive capacity of poor and vulnerable households in climate sensitive geographical areas of Myanmar (e.g. Delta, Coastal, Dry zone and hilly areas). Climate Resilient Development helps to achieve and keep development gains on track. In addition, it supports to Sustainable Development (SD) model. Low Carbon Development (LCD): There is international and national political will behind LCD - countries including Myanmar are putting in place 18

19 Objectives: policy frameworks to incentivise investment in LCD. In addition, financial flows for investment in LCD are increasing. Political will and new financial flows to LCD open up new opportunities for inclusive sustainable development, which could allow Myanmar to leapfrog its development model (technology leapfrogging; energy switch; greening industrialisation) this in turn provides opportunities for new jobs; new business opportunities etc. and protects and restores environment and ecosystems. To increase adaptive capacity and resilience of vulnerable communities and sectors; To unlock opportunities for low carbon development in potential sectors. Expected Results 5 YEARS (Short term) 10 YEARS (Medium Term) Policy, planning and Increased access to financial mechanism technology and finance established. for climate vulnerable Institutional coordination communities and and implementation sectors. capacity strengthened. Improved knowledge, Awareness and research and capacity knowledge strengthened. within sectors to deliver Climate change climate responses. integrated in national, Climate resilience and sectoral and local plans. low carbon programmes Climate resilience and scaled up. low carbon programmes Learning from piloted. implementation incorporated into action plans. 15 YEARS (Long-term) Improved adaptive capacity of communities and sectors. Increased opportunities for green jobs and investment. Improved inclusive economic and social development Strategic Pillars Pillar One: Integrating Climate Change Outcome: Climate change integrated into national, sectoral and regional policies and plans. Rationale To provide policy direction and mandate for mainstreaming climate change within development policies, plans, budgeting systems and monitoring and evaluation. Integrating adaptation into development provides an essential opportunity to make more climate-resilient development investments. Context There are no specific policy directives for driving the climate change agenda in Myanmar. 19

20 Existing policies lack coherence and focus with regard to climate change. There is an absence of guidelines, tools and frameworks for integrating and mainstreaming climate change within national policies and plans. The national plans, budgeting system and monitoring and evaluation system do not have a climate change focus. The government is developing the Environment Conservation Policy, Green Growth Strategy and other sectoral policies. Likewise, the government is finalising the national comprehensive development plan. There are opportunities to integrate climate change in these new/updated policies and plans. Outputs and Results Outputs Policies and legislative framework established to support mainstreaming climate change into development Guidelines and tools are developed to enable climate resilient planning and budgeting at national, sectoral, regional, urban and local levels Results Within 5 years Climate Change Policy in place New Environment Conservation Policy in place Climate change integrated in sectoral policies and national and sub-national development plans Within 5 years Climate change integrated into FESR Climate change integrated into short term and medium term planning, budgeting and M/E Climate change integrated into existing implementation tools such as EIA, SIA, M/E system Climate screening and planning guidelines and tools developed and adopted. Pillar Two. Institutional arrangements Outcome: Institutional and technical capacity of sectors strengthened. Rationale To enable better coordination and decision making for climate resilience. Enhancement of adaptation action and support requires appropriate institutional arrangements mostly referred, as the structures, approaches, practices or rules set that are required to steer adaptation and mitigation action. Context Decision-making on climate change requires additional capacity and skills. The country is in transition to decentralisation. This requires better linkages and coordination between bottom-up and top down planning and among different agencies and actors. The current coordination and institutional capacity to delivery climate change is weak. Human resource skill and capacity on climate change is weak. There is no Monitoring and Evaluation system in place to track progress made on climate change investments. Coordination mechanisms (both vertical and horizontal) need strengthening. The existing Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) and 20

21 environment management committees can be further strengthened to act as coordinating body for climate change. Outputs and Results Outputs Functional coordination mechanisms at all levels established Technical capacity and skills of human resources enhanced Priority actions are implemented at the national, sectoral and subnational levels Monitoring and evaluation framework and mechanism established Results Within 3 years: A policy coordination mechanism An executing coordination mechanism (e.g. climate change cell in sectoral ministries Working group at national and sub-national level Within 10 years: Increased HR skill and capacity of government including private sector, civil society and CBOs on managing climate change Within 5 years: Pilot climate change programme by sectors in vulnerable geographic areas, cities, sectors and communities (e.g. Delta, Coastal, Dry zone, hilly areas) Within years: Fully fledged implementation of climate resilience and low carbon development programme at national, sectoral and sub-national level Within 5 years: Results Based Framework (RBF), Management Information System (MIS) and Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system in place Monitoring every 3 years and review and evaluation every 5 years. Pillar Three: Financial mechanism Outcome: Financial mechanisms to manage climate finance established and strengthened. Rationale Climate finance refers to local, national or transnational financing, which may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing. Significant climate finance will be required for adaptation to allow countries to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the impacts of climate change. Climate finance is critical to addressing climate change because large-scale investments are required to significantly reduce emissions, particularly in sectors that emit large quantities of greenhouse gases. Context There is no financial mechanism, policy direction or instrument for managing climate change finance at the national and sub-national level. The scale of finance (domestic and international) is inadequate to respond to climate change impacts. For example, only a few projects out of the 32 identified in the NAPA received funding before October There is a need for better management of existing finance in order to leverage and manage finance for climate change. An on-going Public Finance Management Reform project at the national level 21

22 aims to improve financial processes in Myanmar. This PFM reform presents an opportunity for integrating climate change. An Environmental Management Fund is already envisioned in Environmental Conservation law. The GoM has also set up Emergency Disaster Relief Fund. Outputs and Results Outputs National climate change financing framework established for managing and delivering climate finance Financial management instrument established and strengthened to integrate climate change within the existing financial system Climate change fund mobilised for implementing sectoral action plans Targets Within 5 years: Design and strengthen the Environmental Management Fund Develop strategy to manage domestic and international funds. Within 10 years: Develop incentive mechanisms for public and private sector investment in CC resilience and low-carbon. Within 5 years: Climate change integrated into PFM reform (fiscal policy, budget and planning cycles and Result based finance). Within 1-10 years: Increase access of local communities and local government to climate change funds. Pillar Four: Access to technology Outcome: Access to environmentally sound technologies improved and strengthened Rationale The purpose is to increase access to environmentally sound technologies and know-how. It is important to enhance the coordination of the full range of stakeholders at all levels and engage them in cooperative efforts to accelerate the development and diffusion, including transfer, of technologies. In addition, it is significant to promote know-how and practices to and between sectors and actors through technology cooperation and partnerships. Context Technology development, testing and transfer is inadequate. There is minimum investment on technology generation and innovation. Communities and sectors do not have access to improved technology. Improving and strengthening technology access can be an opportunity for achieving efficient and effective development. Technology can help in achieving low-carbon development mostly switching to clean and green technologies. There is an opportunity for engaging private sector investment in technology generation and transfer. There is existing international cooperation and mechanisms through which the country can benefit from technology access. 22

23 Outputs and Results Outputs Technology access and transfer mechanisms established and strengthened Access of communities and sectors to environmentally sound climate technologies and practices improved Results Within 5-10 years: Technology information system/centre established within Ministry of Science and Technology to facilitate the flow of information, technology and innovations on climate change. Favorable policies and action plans in place for private and public sector technology transfer Within 5-10 years: Test, pilot and promote technologies for communities in the vulnerable areas Within 15 years Improvement of technological capacity to enable to assess, adapt, manage and develop environmentally sound technologies Pillar Five: Awareness and capacity Outcome: National and local capacity, research and innovation, data and information management strengthened. Rationale To improve information, evidence and knowledge for climate smart planning and decision-making. The awareness and capacity of communities, government and other stakeholders becomes crucial in prioritising the adaption and mitigation actions and effective delivery. Context Low awareness and capacity of communities, stakeholders on climate change. Data and evidence gaps exist in most of the sectors. Information and knowledge flow is ineffective. No official mechanism for climate change knowledge management. Lack of investment on climate change research and innovation. Existing institutions such as Ministry of Science and Technology including research and academic institutions can play a significant role in knowledge management. There is high level of government realization and emphasis on awareness and capacity building on climate change. Outputs and Results Outputs Improved research and innovation capacity at the national and sub-national level Results Within 15 years: Improved research and innovation capacity within sectors to recommend technology and practices for addressing climate risk and impact 23

24 Improved awareness, knowledge and skills on climate change Improved climate information and knowledge management system and practices Within 15 years: Education sector integrates climate change in their curriculum and activities Within 10 years: Communities and stakeholders fully aware, knowledgeable and equipped with the skills to design, plan and deliver climate responsive activities Within 5 years: National and sub-national level climate change knowledge management system established Within 10 years: Data generation, forecasting, risk assessment, mapping per sectors and EWS improved Pillar Six: Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships Outcome: Multi-stakeholder partnerships established for climate resilience and low carbon development. Rationale To build and strengthen multi-stakeholder and multi-scale partnerships for climate resilience. The promotion of multi-stakeholder partnerships is vital for sharing climate change mainstreaming information and best practices. Context No formal partnerships between local, national and international organisations on climate change. No partnerships between actors (private and public). The current work of institutions is isolated and scattered. There is limited bilateral donor engagement on climate change. International collaboration for technology transfer and financing is low. Outputs and Results Outputs Public and private partnership mechanisms established at national and sub-national level Enhanced collaboration and joint implementation involving different agencies and stakeholders Enhanced national and international cooperation for implementation of climate change priorities and action plans Results Within 5 years: Policy directive and institutional mechanism in place for multistakeholder partnership and coordination at all levels Within 15 years: Government, private sector, civil society, development partners and communities jointly implement climate change programme across the priority region and sector Within 5 years: Mobilise private sector, civil society and development agencies to align their priorities with the national climate change strategy and action plans Within 5-15 years: Secure and increase international cooperation and bilateral support for implementing climate change priorities and actions targeting vulnerable communities and regions 24