Fred Below and Jason Haegele Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Transcription

1 Fred Below and Jason Haegele Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign InfoAg 2013 Springfield, Illinois July 16, 2013

2 Quest for High Corn & Soy Yields 9 billion people by 2050 requires a doubling of corn and soybean production US average corn yields are currently about 150 bu/acre and soybean yields about 42 bu/acre

3 Quest for 300 Bushel Corn and 85 Bushel Soybean 300 bu corn produced each year in the U.S. National Corn Growers Contest and 85 bushel soybean produced each year in state soybean yield contests

4 Quest for 300 Bushel Corn and 85 Bushel Soybean Intelligent Intensification with the management factors that have the biggest impact on corn and soybean yield each year

5 Quest for 300 Bushel Corn and 85 Bushel Soybean The Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World The Six Secrets of Soybean Success

6 Crucial Prerequisites, but not Yield Wonders or Secrets Drainage Pest/Weed Control Proper soil ph (soy) & adequate levels of P and K based on soil tests (corn)

7 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Value bu/acre Weather 70+ Nitrogen 70 Hybrid 50 Previous Crop 25 Plant Population 20 Tillage 15 Growth Regulators 10 Given key prerequisites

8 Excess Precipitation Delayed Planting in 2013

9 Extreme Drought in Illinois in 2012

10 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Given key prerequisites Weather Nitrogen Hybrid Previous Crop Plant Population Tillage Growth Regulators TOTAL Value bu/acre bu

11 How have corn yields increased? Source USDA

12 Grain Yield is a Product Function of Yield Components Yield = (plants/acre) x (kernels/plant) x (weight/kernel)

13 Some Examples of Yield Component Combinations for Different Yields 200 bushels = 32,000 plants/ac x 550 kernels/plant x 250 mg/kernel 250 bushels = 36,000 plants/ac x 600 kernels/plant x 255 mg/kernel 300 bushels? = 45,000 plants/ac x 565 kernels/plant x 260 mg/kernel

14 How to Get High Corn Yields? Optimize each of the seven wonders, especially plant population Provide better prerequisites, season long weed control & balanced fertility/nutrition

15 Prerequisites for High Yields? Proper soil ph & adequate levels of P and K based on soil tests Fertility- Use application and fertilizer technologies to supply required crop nutrition

16 Nutrition Needed for 230 Bushel Corn Nutrient Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index lbs/acre % N P 2 O K 2 O S Zn (oz) B (oz) Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010.

17 N Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010 Agron. J. 105: (2013)

18 P Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010 Agron. J. 105: (2013)

19 Improved Growth with Spring-Banded MESZ 250 lbs/acre MicroEssentials = 35 N, 100 P2O5, 25 S, and 2.5 Zn

20 No Corn Plant Left Behind Standard Technology Fall broadcast, 32K plants High Technology Banded fertility, 45K plants Champaign, IL 2011

21 Standard vs High Tech Package Fertility None, or fall P or K based on soil test Balanced Crop Nutrition (N, P, S, & Zn) with premium fertilizer (MESZ) and/or banding Nitrogen 180 lbs pre-plant as UAN or urea Extra N (60+ lbs) as sidedress and weather protection (urease and/or nitrification) Genetics Refuge and/or Workhorse Hybrid Triple stack and/or Racehorse Hybrid Population 32,000 plants/ac vs 45,000 plants/ac Fungicide No Fungicide Headline-Amp or R1

22 Corn Yield Response to Management Year Standard High Tech " bu acre * * * Average * Average of 2 trials in 2009, 2 trials in 2010, and 11 trials in 2011 *Significantly different at P 0.05.

23 Omission Plot Experimental Design FACTORS TREATMENT Fertility Nitrogen Genetics Population Fungicide HIGH TECH MESZ Base + sidedress Triple stack/ Racehorse 45,000 Strobilurin Remove Technology Add Technology Fertility Soil test Base + sidedress Triple/Racehorse 45,000 Strobilurin Nitrogen MESZ Base Triple/Racehorse 45,000 Strobilurin Genetics Population Fungicide MESZ MESZ MESZ Base + sidedress Base + sidedress Base + sidedress STANDARD Soil test Base Refuge/workhorse 45,000 Strobilurin Triple/Racehorse 32,000 Strobilurin Triple/Racehorse 45,000 none Refuge/ Workhorse 32,000 none Fertility MESZ Base Refuge/workhorse 32,000 none Nitrogen Soil test Base + Sidedress Refuge/workhorse 32,000 none Genetics Soil test Base Triple/Racehorse 32,000 none Population Soil test Base Refuge/workhorse 45,000 none Fungicide Soil test Base Refuge/workhorse 32,000 Strobilurin

24 Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management Standard System Add One Enhanced Factor Yield " Standard Management 185 bu acre -1 +Fertility (extra N, P, S, Zn and/or banding) * +Nitrogen (plus sidedress/ loss protected) * +Genetics (triple stack/racehorse hybrid) * +Population (45,000 plants/acre) 178-7* +Fungicide (strobilurin at flowering) *Significantly different at P 0.05 Average of 2 trials in 2009, 2 trials in 2010, and 11 trials in 2011

25 Omit One Enhanced Factor from High Tech System High Tech System Omit One Enhanced Factor Yield " High Tech all Five Factors 228 bu acre -1 -Fertility (fertility from soil test) * -Nitrogen (unprotected from loss) * -Genetics (-biotech insect protection) * -Population (only 32,000 plants/acre) 221-7* -Fungicide (no fungicide) * *Significantly different at P 0.05 Average of 2 trials in 2009, 2 trials in 2010, and 11 trials in 2011

26 Standard vs High-Tech Management Traditional High Tech Factor Yield " Yield " bu acre -1 None or All Fertility Nitrogen Genetics Population Fungicide Average of 2 trials in 2009, 2 trials in 2010, and 11 trials in 2011

27 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success What Factors Have the Biggest Impact on Soybean Yield? Champaign, IL 2012

28 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment Row Arrangement Given key prerequisites

29 Soybean Gets Some N from fixation by Nodules

30 Nutrient Uptake and Removal by 62 Bushel Soybean Crop Nutrient Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index lb acre -1 % N P 2 O K 2 O Average of two varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012

31 Nutrient Uptake and Removal by 62 bu Soybean vs 230 bu Corn Nutrient Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index Corn Soy Corn Soy Corn Soy lb acre - 1 % N P 2 O K 2 O Corn data from Agron J. 105: (2013); Soybean data from DeKalb, IL 2012

32 K Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012

33 P Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012

34 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment Row Arrangement Given key prerequisites

35 Row Spacing Affects Light Interception And Canopy Air Movement 30 Rows 20 Rows Champaign, IL 2012

36 Standard vs High Tech Soybean Fertility P or K applied year before to corn 75 lbs P 2 O 5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6 directly under row at planting Variety Normal maturity grown in region Longest possible maturity for region Foliar - No foliar protection protection Fungicide or Insecticide or Both Seed - Untreated or fungicide only treatment Fungicide, insecticide, nematicide Row - 30 inch row spacing arrangement 20 inch row spacing

37 Soybean Omission Plots plots at 4 sites with Two trials Champaign & Rushville Full vs normal maturity for region Banded fertility at planting Different company seed and foliar protection products: Syngenta or Monsanto/BASF Rushville DeKalb Champaign All in 30 inch vs 20 inch rows, at a seeding rate of 160,000 plants/acre Harrisburg

38 Soybean Omission Plot Design Decrease Technology Add Technology MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full - Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full - Foliar protecqon Placed Full maturity None Full - Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic +Variety None Full maturity None Basic +Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic +InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic +Foliar protecqon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic +Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full Treatments evaluated in 20 and 30 inch row spacing

39 Yield Increase from 20 Row Spacing Location Yield Increase bu acre -1 DeKalb +6.5* Champaign * Rushville * Harrisburg - 2.6* Average +2.1* *Significant P 0.05, Average of six trials in Illinois and of standard and high technology management. 1 Two trials at Champaign and Rushville

40 Soybean Omission Plot Design Decrease Technology Add Technology MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full - Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full - Foliar protecqon Placed Full maturity None Full - Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic +Variety None Full maturity None Basic +Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic +InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic +Foliar protecqon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic +Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full Treatments evaluated in 20 and 30 inch row spacing

41 Soybean Yield Response to Management Location Standard HighTech " bu acre -1 DeKalb * Champaign * Champaign * Rushville * Rushville * Harrisburg * * Significantly different at P Average of 20 & 30 rows

42 Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management Standard System Add One Enhanced Factor Yield " Standard Management 50.1 bu acre -1 +Fertility (extra N, P, S, Zn) * +Variety (fullest maturity for region) * +Fungicide (at R3 growth stage) * +Insecticide (at R3 growth stage) * +Fungicide and Insecticide * +Seed treatment (at planting) * *Significantly different from standard at P Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 20 and 30 rows

43 Omit One Enhanced Factor from High Tech System High Tech System Omit One Enhanced Factor Yield " High Tech all Six Factors 60.0 bu acre -1 -Fertility (fertility from previous corn) * -Variety (normal maturity for region) * -Fungicide (no fungicide) * -Insecticide (no insecticide) * -Fungicide and Insecticide * -Seed treatment (none or base) * *Significantly different from standard at P Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 20 and 30 rows

44 2012 Soybean Omission Plots Average of Six Trials Standard High Tech Factor Yield " Yield " bu acre -1 None or All Fertility * * Variety * * Fungicide * * Insecticide * * Fung. + Insect * * Seed treatment * * * Significantly different at P Average of 20 & 30 rows

45 Conclusions - Corn For maximum yield a systems approach is needed that combines individual practices known to impact productivity High yield must be planned for from the beginning because the factor or factors which drive increased yield depends on that season s weather

46 Conclusions - Corn Increasing plant population may be the foundation for pushing higher corn yields, but higher populations must be managed with the proper hybrid, fed with the right balance of nutrients and protected from biotic and abiotic stresses

47 Conclusions - Soybean Soybean yield can be increased with crop management Each of the six secrets of soybean can independently increase yield and when combined into a system they are partially additive

48 Acknowledgements Personnel Brad Bandy Tryston Beyrer Tom Boas Ryan Becker Ross Bender Fernando Cantao Keila Cunha Paulo Galvao Laura Gentry Jason Haegele Mark Harrison Cole Hendrix Adam Henninger Jim Kleiss Brandon Litherland Jack Marshall Bianca Moura Matías Ruffo Juliann Seebauer Marjorie Souza Logan Smith Martín Uribelarrea Mike Vincent Kyle Vogelzang Wendy White

49 Acknowledgements Financial Support AGCO Agricen Agrium AgroFresh BASF Crop Production Services Dawn Equipment Dow AgroSciences DuPont/Pioneer GrowMark Honeywell Helena Chemical Company Illinois Corn Marketing Board Illinois Fertilizer Research Council Illinois Soybean Association IPNI Koch Agronomic Service Monsanto Mosaic Nachurs Netafilm Orthman Rosen s Inc. Syngenta Stoller Enterprises Valent BioSciences WinField Solutions Wolf Trax Wyffels Hybrids

50 For More Information Crop Physiology Laboratory at the University of Illinois