Module 2. Understanding climate change development linkages. Training workshops on mainstreaming climate change

Transcription

1 Global Climate Change Alliance Support Facility Module 2 Understanding climate change development linkages Training workshops on mainstreaming climate change Training materials developed with the support of the European Commission

2 Adaptation, mitigation and vulnerability 2

3 Adaptation and mitigation Mitigation Adaptation Human activities Impacts Climate, environment & natural resources Opportunities, risks & constraints 3

4 4 Vulnerability Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive capacity Resilience - Vulnerability - + Age Gender Social group Education Wealth Access to information and technology Built and green infrastructure Institutions Social organisation Adaptation Maladaptation Culture Equity & (in)equality Development level

5 Biophysical and socioeconomic impacts 5 Biophysical impacts Socioeconomic impacts Changes in t Changes in rainfall patterns Shifts in seasons More frequent or severe storms, floods, droughts Raised sea level Erosion, desertification Changes in water quality/availability Changes in ecosystems Biodiversity loss Disease & pest outbreaks,... Vulnerability factors Damage to or destruction of infrastructure Reduced food security, malnutrition Economic disruption, loss of livelihoods, social disruption Increased mortality and morbidity Reduced availability of hydropower Conflicts, population displacement, human migrations,...

6 Examples of actual and potential CC impacts in the Caribbean (1) Impacts on coastal ecosystems, e.g. hurricane damage affecting mangroves and coral reefs beach and shoreline erosion coral bleaching and mortality due to higher temperatures retreat of mangroves from sea level rise and saline intrusions submersion of low-lying coastal areas Impacts on critical infrastructure and human settlements damage from hurricanes, landslides, sea surges and coastal flooding affecting coastal and in-land infrastructure (incl. public and private buildings, harbours, airports, roads, power lines,...) salinisation of coastal aquifers, increased water scarcity increased demand for energy for cooling buildings Sources: CARICOM Secretariat (2005), Petit & Prudent (2008), Government of Virgin Islands (2011) 6

7 Examples of actual and potential CC impacts in the Caribbean (2) Impacts on fishing and aquaculture, e.g. reduced coastal fish stocks as a result of damage to habitats such as mangroves and coral reefs, and algal proliferation unpredictable changes in fish stocks and species composition resulting from changes in plankton abundance, water temperature, salinity, acidity, and shifts in ocean currents migration of ocean fish stocks towards cooler waters damage from hurricanes and sea level rise to landing sites and on-shore fishery facilities Sources: CARICOM Secretariat (2005), Petit & Prudent (2008), Government of Virgin Islands (2011) 7

8 Examples of actual and potential CC impacts in the Caribbean (3) Impacts on agriculture, e.g. destruction of banana, sugar cane, fruit tree plantations by hurricanes reduced yields of important crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes or sugar cane (due to changing rainfall patterns, higher temperatures, soil erosion, etc.) increased incidence or activity of some pests and diseases, increased spread of invasive species loss of agricultural land due to coastal flooding or submersion and increased salinity of coastal soils and aquifers Sources: CARICOM Secretariat (2005), Petit & Prudent (2008), Government of Virgin Islands (2011) 8

9 Examples of actual and potential CC impacts in the Caribbean (4) Impacts on human health, e.g. greater health risks from vector-borne diseases (e.g. dengue fever), water-borne diseases (e.g. leptospirosis, diarrhoeal diseases), ciguatera poisoning Impacts on tourism, e.g. damage to tourist infrastructure, notably along all coasts exposed to tropical storms damage to or destruction of key natural resources that attract tourists (coral reefs, sandy beaches, forests, biodiversity,...) increased difficulties or costs in supplying freshwater tourists deterred by less friendly climate (e.g. greater risk of fire or violent storms, heat waves) or greater health risks Sources: CARICOM Secretariat (2005), Petit & Prudent (2008), Government of Virgin Islands (2011) 9

10 Climate change, environment and development 10

11 Environment climate change development linkages 11 Climate change: - an environmental issue - a development issue Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Figure B, p. 7.

12 Climate change and sustainable development 12 Climate change Both adaptation and mitigation support more sustainable development Biophysical effects Environment Socio-economic impacts Social dimension Sustainable development Economy In turn, the pursuit of sustainable development enhances society s response capacity

13 13 Climate change and environment Climate change is a theme to be addressed with other environmental issues: Climate change exacerbates certain environmental trends and problems Credit: Proyecto Rio Hurtado, EuropeAid Photo Library Environmental management has an impact on climate change Credit: Vietnamese journalist, EuropeAid Photo Library

14 Climate change and MDGs Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger e.g. Adverse effects on food security Improve maternal health e.g. Higher incidence of anaemia resulting from malaria Reduce child mortality Potential impacts on MDGs Combat major diseases e.g. Heat-related mortality & illnesses e.g. Increased incidence of waterborne diseases Source: OECD (2009a) Ensure environmental sustainability Promote gender equality & empower women e.g. Dependence on livelihoods put at risk by CC e.g. Increased stress on ecosystems and biodiversity 14

15 The development adaptation continuum 15 Vulnerability Response to impacts Addressing the drivers of vulnerability Building the response capacity Managing climate risk (e.g. DRR) Specifically confronting climate change Developmental benefits => Developmental and climate adaptation benefits => Primarily adaptation benefits, developmental benefits as a side effect => Quasi-exclusive focus on very specific CC impacts, adaptation benefits only Benefits in the absence of climate change Adapted from: McGray et al (2007), OECD (2009a), Olhoff & Schaer (2010)

16 16 Moving to climate-resilient, low-emission development

17 17 Climate-resilient development Biophysical impacts Socioeconomic impacts Climate risk management Specific adaptation measures Vulnerability factors Development (vulnerability reduction) activities Climate risk management Specific adaptation measures The development path addresses current and future vulnerability, risks and impacts Response capacity building

18 18 Low-emission development Generally, the three sectors that are the biggest contributors to GHG emissions are also the main targets for emission reductions: Energy (fossilfuel burning) Agriculture Land use change esp. deforestation Country-specific emission patterns and development objectives should be considered to determine national mitigation priorities The development path addresses sources of emissions

19 Building on NAPAs and NAMAs Many developing countries have now submitted their NAPAs (& NAMAs) to the UNFCCC NAPAs = national adaptation programmes of action Help LDCs build national capacities and identify priority adaptation projects with developmental benefits NAMAS = nationally appropriate mitigation actions These voluntary mitigation measures are consistent with a country s development strategy, and are meant to put it on a more sustainable development path These are a good starting point for addressing the climate challenge without compromising development objectives 19

20 Adaptation and mitigation: seizing opportunities Green growth A way to pursue economic growth and development, while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use Green jobs Adaptation and mitigation as opportunities : development co-benefits e.g. renewable energy e.g. clean technologies e.g. forestry (REDD+) e.g. agricultural productivity Source: OECD (2010b) 20

21 Adaptation and mitigation: developing synergies Quite frequently adaptation and mitigation measures are congruent and can produce a double stream of benefits e.g. reduced tillage agriculture enhances carbon sequestration in soils while supporting soil moisture retention, thus increasing resilience to dry spells e.g. sustainable reforestation may simultaneously enhance carbon stocks and, by offering new livelihood opportunities, enhance the adaptive capacity of local communities 21

22 Adaptation and mitigation: ensuring complementarity Mitigation should: Be compatible with adaptation policies and requirements Rely on environmentally sustainable practices e.g. unsustainable agrofuels may be a threat to food security, water availability and ecosystems Not result in increased vulnerability to climate change Adaptation should: Take emissions into account e.g. agricultural intensification for improved food security may increase emissions from the use of fertilisers e.g. the increased adoption of air conditioning to adapt to heat waves may result in increased emissions from fossil energy use 22

23 Moving to climate-resilient, low-emission development 23 Both climate-resilient development and lowemission development result from mainstreaming climate change in policymaking and planning Adaptation mainstreaming Mainstreaming of climate change mitigation The two approaches are complementary In both cases, focus on cobenefits Climate-resilient development Low-emission development

24 Recap Key messages Climate change is a development issue as well as an environmental issue May jeopardise the achievement of the MDGs and other development objectives Many interventions labelled adaptation can also contribute to development and vice versa Adaptation (with a view to achieving climate-resilient development) and mitigation (with a view to achieving lowemission development) are complementary responses to climate change with the potential to generate significant co-benefits in terms of development 24

25 Key references IPCC (2007c) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & New York, NY, USA. Available from: IPCC (2007d) Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & New York, NY, USA. Available from: 25

26 26 References (1) Caribbean Community Secretariat (2005) Caribbean Risk Management Guidelines for Climate Change Adaptation Decision Making. Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean (ACCC) Project) Available from: [Accessed 17 January 2012] Government of the Virgin Islands (2011) The Virgin Islands Climate Change Policy: Achieving Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient Development. Prepared by the Conservation and Fisheries Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Labour [author: Angela Burnett Penn]. Technical report 5C/ECACC , Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, Belmopan, Belize. Available from: IPCC (2007c) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Parry M.L., Canziani O.F., Palutikof J.P., van der Linden P.J. & Hanson C.E. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & New York, NY, USA. Available from: IPCC (2007d) Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz B., Davidson O.R., Bosch P.R., Dave R. & Meyer L.A. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & New York, NY, USA. Available from:

27 27 References (2) McGray H., Hammill A. & Bradley R. (2007) Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. Available from: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC. Available from: OECD (2009a) Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy guidance. OECD Publishing, Paris. [Read-only, browse-it edition] Available from: OECD (2010b) Interim Report of the Green Growth Strategy: Implementing our commitment for a sustainable future. Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, May C/MIN(2010)5. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris. Available from: Olhoff A. & Schaer C. (2010) Screening tools and guidelines to support the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into development assistance: A stocktaking report. Environment & Energy Group, United Nations Development Programme, New York. Available from: Petit J. & Prudent G. (eds) (2008, reprint 2010) Climate Change and Biodiversity in the European Union Overseas Entities. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Brussels, Belgium. Available from: