Which varieties performed best? Detailed yield results from SARDI & NVT trials

Transcription

1 Which varieties performed best? Detailed yield results from SARDI & NVT trials

2 What varieties Will you grow in 2011? Check out the NVT website with integrated google map searching for independent trial results on how new varieties have performed. Go to Presents data on 10 crops and approximately 300 varieties with more than 630 trials conducted annually across all states. Simply use the crop, sub-crop and postcode filters to find specific trial information, or use the zoom and scroll functions to see a broader range of trials. Click on a trial marker to reveal and access all information for that trial including regional long term yield reports and individual trial data. To compare yields of varieties in a specific region select Long Term Results from the trial options balloon. This example is for Main Season Wheat in N/W NSW. By scrolling through the report you can view the number of trials conducted for each variety to gain confidence in the result. Click on the Current Trial Result button for a full report for the particular trial, or use the Statewide Tables of Yield & Grain Quality button to produce a Microsoft Excel table comparing all varieties in all trials in a particular state for both yield and grain quality CroPS, 300 VariETiES, 630 TrialS annually

3 Crop Harvest A SARDI publication Wheat 4 This edition of the SA Crop Harvest Report has been compiled by Officers with the South Australian Research and Development Institute. It is proudly sponsored by the South Australian Grain Industry Trust in association with Primary Industry and Resources SA and the Grains Research and Development Corporation. The SARDI Innovative Food and Plant Division Officers acknowledge the sponsorship of this guide by the SA Grain Industry Trust (SAGIT), GRDC and the contributions of New Variety Agronomy and Oat Breeding research and Rural Solutions staff in SA, as as well as collaborative research staff interstate in producing results published in this edition. The use of National Variety Trial (NVT) results and the analysis of individual and long term trial results by officers within the National Statistics Program is also most appreciated. Farmer cooperators are also to be thanked for the use of their land for the trials which have resulted in the data and information contained in this edition of the SA Crop Harvest Report. Several new wheat varieties, including Scout, Mace and Estoc, all performed well. Barley 12 The new variety Oxford dominated South Australian National Variety trials in Canola 18 High yields and blackleg were features in 2010 s canola crop. Cereal disease guide 22 Cool wet and humid conditions favoured higher than normal levels of yellow leaf spot and powdery mildew in wheat and scald in barley. Field peas 26 Earlier maturing, recent releases PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight performed slightly below state average, but still out-yielded Parafield. Lentils 28 The newly released lentil variety PBA Jumbo topped the variety yields at three of the seven sites. Chickpeas 30 The newly released desi chickpea, PBA Slasher was the highest yielding variety. Lupins 32 Jenabillup performed exceptionally well, eclipsing Mandelup yields by 7%, averaged across all SA sites. Faba beans 34 Fiesta VF narrowly topped the 2010 trials. Oats 36 No one variety dominated but Potoroo was the highest yielding at four of the 10 SA trial sites. Triticale 38 For the third successive year Bogong has taken out overall honours for the highest average yield. Important notice: Although Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) and staff of SARDI s Innovative Food and Plant Division have taken all reasonable care in preparing information contained in this SA Crop Harvest Report, neither PIRSA, SARDI, nor their officers, staff or suppliers involved in the editing and production of this magazine accept any liability resulting from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 3

4 New wheat varieties float to the top in a wet season By Rob Wheeler, Leader, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI Several new wheat varieties, including Scout, Mace and Estoc, all performed well in extensive field trials across South Australia during These varieties were among 28 commercial varieties tested at 25 SARDI managed, National Wheat Variety Trial (NVT) sites across South Australia in The trials, funded by GRDC, also tested a further 35 advanced lines from wheat breeding companies operating throughout Australia. Grassy weeds, severe wet weather at harvest and other factors producing variability, led to the results from three sites, Kimba, Palmer and Keith being deemed to be unusable. However the remaining 23 sites produced good results and averaged 4.21 t/ha, 28 percent above the average 3.29 t/ha produced in Reflecting the above average seasonal conditions within regions, site yields ranged from 1.70 t/ha at Penong in Western Eyre Peninsula to a whopping, and record, 7.17 t/ha at Mintaro in the Mid North. Mild and wet spring conditions throughout much of SA last year, combined with relatively low disease levels, were ideal for medium to later maturing varieties to reach their potential; similar to the outcome in 2009 and providing a contrast to the dry seasons between 2006 and The leading, and recently released variety when averaged across all sites, was Scout, which also topped the 2009 trials. Scout averaged 3 percent and 8 percent respectively above the widely grown commercial varieties Wyalkatchem and Yitpi and 11 percent above Gladius. Another three recently released varieties, Mace, Estoc and AGT Katana, trailed Scout by only 3 to 5 percent respectively, with each vying for top positions depending upon district, associated disease and other pressures. The many, very early to mid season varieties, which dominated trial results in the drier seasons, were unable to benefit from the wet spring conditions in many districts in Consequently, their yields averaged in the range of around equal, to 6 percent below Yitpi. These varieties included Espada, Lincoln, Correll, Derrimut, Axe, Gladius, Peake and Catalina in descending order. Despite 2010 trial grain yields being improved relative to the previous season, physical quality was more variable. Across all sites, average grain Rob Wheeler protein declined from 12.2 per cent in 2009 to 10.2 per cent in Average test weights were similar at 77.3 kg/hl, while screenings improved, declining from 3.7 per cent to 1.9 per cent. Wet weather during harvest, resulted in sprouting damage within many trials, particularly those in the Murray Mallee, enabling validation of the sprouting data generated in The top performing variety, Scout, developed by Longreach Plant Breeders excelled across most districts although dropping back at many Upper and Western Eyre Peninsula sites and others such as Pinnaroo, where yellow leaf spot prevailed. With midseason maturity, Scout is derived largely from Yitpi and has a similar level of susceptibility to yellow leaf spot but has very good grain size, sprouting tolerance, CCN resistance and is eligible for APW classification. Scout has good stem rust and leaf rust resistance and while rated moderately susceptible to stripe rust, has adult plant resistance to slow rust development. Scout appears to have good yield potential but more evaluation across drier environments is pending. The second ranked variety within trials was Mace, which is mid season maturing and derived from Wyalkatchem, the most widely grown variety in South Australia. Like Scout, Mace has only been widely evaluated in NVT for two years and has returned yields very similar to Wyalkatchem overall, with some improved performances in 2010 where yellow leaf spot was prevalent and more generally across Central, Upper and Western Eyre Peninsula. Mace has good resistance to yellow leaf spot, like Wyalkatchem and additionally has improved resistance to CCN, stem rust, black point and taller plant height coupled with eligibility for AH classification. Within 2009 and 2010 trials, Mace has shown good grain physical quality and good tolerance to sprouting, like Wyalkatchem. While stripe rust had little impact within 2010 NVT results, and was effectively controlled by spraying at several sites, growers are reminded that Mace is susceptible to very susceptible to stripe rust. Mace has a potential for large yield loss in stripe rust prone areas unless growers regularly monitor crops and are prepared to use fungicides in a preventative strategy commencing early in crop growth. Highly ranked in 2010 trials, the older, and most widely grown variety in South Australia, Wyalkatchem, continues to rival newer varieties each season. Wyalkatchem again yielded well in most districts and particularly the Mid North 4 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

5 Wheat SA Wheat Variety Yield Performance (2010 and long term, , expressed as a t/ha and % of site average yield) Variety Mid North South East Mid and Lower Eyre Peninsula Yorke Peninsula 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) Booleroo Mintaro Spalding Turretfield t/ha as % site av. # trials 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) t/ha as % site av. # trials 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) t/ha as % site av. # trials 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) Keith Sherwood Wolseley Cummins Rudall Ungarra Paskeville Urania Wokurna t/ha as % site av. AGT Katana Axe Barham Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Frame Gladius Guardian Justica CL PLUS Kord CL PLUS # trials VARIABLE - NO VALID RESULT Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Durums Caparoi Hyperno Kalka Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date sown 26 May 4 June 6 May 14 June 31 May 17 May 17 May 31 May 1 June 26 May 27 May 26 May 18 May Soil Type SCL/CL SC/ZC CL/ZC SCL/LiC L delved S C CL SL CLS LZCL SCL S/LS A-O Rain (2010) phwater Site stresses e lr wg yls yellow yls,yellows yls Abbreviations Soil type: S=sand, L=loam, C=clay, Li=light, M=medium, H=heavy, Z=fine Rain recorded in mm, / = separates top soil from sub soil Site stress factors: e=emergence(eg. mice), lr=leaf rust, r=rhizoctonia, wg=grassy weeds,yls=yellow leaf spot, yr=stripe rust, yellow= frame yellows Data source: NVT & SARDI/GRDC (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, ) *Durum varieties trialed separately and not completely valid to compare against bread wheats Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 5

6 but dropped back within Yorke Peninsula trials. Wyalkatchem is now well outclassed by newer varieties with improved disease resistance but it may remain an option for growers in drier districts and other less rust prone areas while seed of newer varieties is multiplied. Commercially released by AGT during spring last year, Estoc ranked fourth across all sites and just one percent below Mace and Wyalkatchem. Estoc was expected to perform well in the longer 2010 season, having a maturity just one to two days earlier than Yitpi and being related to Yitpi. Estoc yielded well across all districts and now across three seasons of NVT evaluation has averaged similar to Yitpi s yield. Estoc is eligible for APW classification and has produced good physical grain quality combined with good sprouting tolerance, like Yitpi, during the past two seasons in SA. It has good resistance to all rusts and CCN and is slightly less susceptible to yellow leaf spot than Yitpi. These characteristics will provide SA growers with a widely adapted longer season variety option relative to the many early to mid season varieties released in recent years. Averaging five and two percent above Yitpi in 2009 and 2010 respectively, another recent release, AGT Katana, closely followed the leaders, performing well in most districts but falling away in the Mid North and Mallee trials. Katana is a premium quality variety developed for specific export markets. Katana is derived from Kukri and Tammin, has good physical grain quality similar to Yitpi albeit with some susceptibility to sprouting. With modest disease resistance, Katana is rated as moderately susceptible to stem rust and leaf rust, susceptible to CCN but moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to both yellow leaf spot and stripe rust. Perhaps not surprisingly, the mid season and early flowering varieties, Gladius and Axe, which have both dominated NVT results during drier seasons, performed modestly in Gladius widely diverged from it s related sister-line Espada throughout 2010 Eyre Peninsula NVT sites and averaged 3 percent below Yitpi across all sites while Espada was one percent above. Yellow leaf symptoms similar to Frame yellows, was seen on Gladius at many sites and may have contributed to the lower performance not seen in drier seasons. Over six years trialling, the differences between Espada and Gladius are mainly in recieval classification, leaf rust resistance and black point resistance with Gladius perhaps more dominant in drier seasons and Espada in longer and wetter seasons. Both varieties are moderately susceptible to CCN and susceptible to ver y susceptible to sprouting. Consequently growers in districts at risk of pre-harvest rains are advised to avoid delaying harvest of these varieties. Many other early and mid season maturing varieties which had generally equalled or outperformed Yitpi in drier seasons were understandably lower performing on average in These included Lincoln, Correll, Derrimut, Peake and Catalina but in each case their yield rankings correlated well with previous seasons. Lincoln and Correll again demonstrated a high susceptibility to sprouting at several sites with Correll also downgraded due to test weight below 74 kg/hl at 6 from 23 sites. This will have greater implication in the near future when the wheat receival test weight standards are raised to 76 kg/hl minimum. Of high interest within the 2010 NVT trials will be the performance of the two new imidazolinone tolerant varieties just recently released by AGT, namely Kord CL Plus and Justica CL Plus. Released as alternatives to Clearfield JNZ and Clearfield STL, their yields averaged from 4 percent below to 3 percent above Clear field JNZ respectively. Possessing two genes for imadazolinone tolerance (rather than one, as is the case for Clearfield JNZ and STL) both of these lines have a much higher level of herbicide tolerance. Kord CL Plus is derived from Gladius with similar maturity and disease profile but featuring CCN resistance equal to Yitpi. This variety is visually very similar to Gladius, and is expected to perform very similarly. Justica CL Plus on the other hand has slightly later maturity being derived from both Spear and Gladius families and is moderately susceptible to CCN and stripe rust. Later maturity favoured Justica CL Plus in the 2010 season while in the longer term both varieties are expected to perform alike. Physical grain quality of Kord CL Plus was generally similar to Gladius within 2010 trials and sprouting tolerance is also expected to be similar. Based on 2010 NVT data, Justica CL Plus had slightly lower average test weights but has a higher level of sprouting tolerance. The quality classification of both varieties will be finalised in coming months, but this aside, these varieties offer many improvements over existing Clearfield wheat types. Durum wheat performance The 2010 seasonal conditions were generally ideal for durum wheat in NVT sites with few occurrences of the frost or heat stress to which they can be sensitive. Among the durums tested in 6 trials throughout Yorke Peninsula and the Mid North, Hyperno produced the highest average yield across sites and was 15 percent above the widely grown commercial variety, Tamaroi. Like the early flowering and maturing wheats, Saintly was not well suited to the long and wet spring of 2010, allowing the later flowering Hyperno, to excel. The recently released, new variety Tjilkuri ranked second, 5 percent below Hyperno, with no major differences in receival quality noted between them. The longer term performance data has these varieties ranked similarly for yield, with Tjilkuri offering slightly improved crown rot resistance and Hyperno slightly improved stem rust and Septoria triticii blotch resistance. Both varieties are more susceptible to yellow leaf spot than other durum variety options. Caparoi, continued to more closely align to Kalka in yield, and exhibit the best grain recieval quality among all varieties tested. More information: Rob Wheeler (08) Rob.Wheeler@sa.gov.au 6 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

7 Wheat SA Wheat Variety Yield Performance (2010 and long term, , expressed as a t/ha and % of site average yield) Variety Upper, Eastern and Western Eyre Peninsula Murray Mallee 2010 (as % site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) Streaky Bay Kimba Minnipa Mitchelville Nunjikompita Penong Warramboo t/ha as % site av (as % site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) # trials Geranium Nangari Palmer Pinnaroo Wanbi Wunkar t/ha as % site av. AGT Katana Axe Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Frame Gladius Guardian # trials GRASS WEEDS NO VALID RESULT HAIL DAMAGE NO VALID RESULT Justica CL PLUS Kord CL PLUS Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown 19 May 7 June 31 May 5 June 6 June 10 June 1 June 1 June 26 May 12 May 26 May 28 May Soil Type LS L LS SL SL LSCL LS SL/CL LS/L SL/L SL/LiC LS/SL SL/LiC A-O rain (2010) phwater Stress factors e,wg yls de yls yr HAIL yls yls Abbreviations Soil type: S=sand, L=loam, C=clay, Li=light, M=medium, H=heavy, F=fine Site stress factors: de=preanthesis moisture stress, e=emergence(eg. mice), lr=leaf rust, r=rhizoctonia, wg=grassy weeds,yls=yellow leaf spot, yr=stripe rust, yellow= frame yellows Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, ) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 7

8 Wheat 2010 Wheat variety performance for grain protein (% at 11% moisture) across NVT sites Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North South East Yorke Peninsula Variety AGT Katana Axe Barham Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Frame Gladius Guardian Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young Variety Murray Mallee Wanbi Upper Eyre Peninsula Streaky Bay Cummins Rudall Ungarra Booleroo Mintaro Spalding Turretfield Sherwood Wolseley Paskeville Urania Wokurna Geranium Nangari Pinnaroo Wunkar Minnipa Mitchelville Nunjikompita Penong Warramboo AGT Katana Axe Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Frame Gladius Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young all sites > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

9 Wheat 2010 Wheat variety performance for test weight (kg/hl) across NVT sites Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North South East Yorke Peninsula Variety AGT Katana Axe Barham Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Frame Gladius Guardian Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young Variety Murray Mallee Wanbi Upper Eyre Peninsula AGT Katana Axe Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Streaky Bay Frame Gladius Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young Cummins Rudall Ungarra Booleroo Mintaro Spalding Turretfield Sherwood Wolseley Paskeville Urania Wokurna Geranium Nangari Pinnaroo Wunkar Minnipa Mitchelville Nunjikompita Penong Warramboo all sites SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 9

10 Wheat 2010 Wheat variety performance for screenings (% < 2mm) across NVT sites Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North South East Yorke Peninsula AGT Katana Axe Barham Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Frame Gladius Guardian Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young Nang-ari Murray Mallee Upper Eyre Peninsula all sites Streaky Bay Cummins Rudall Ungarra Booleroo Mintaro Spalding Turretfield Sherwood Wolseley Paskeville Urania Wokurna Geranium Pinnaroo Wanbi Wunkar Minnipa Mitchelville Nunjikompita Penong Warramboo AGT Katana Axe Catalina Clearfield Jnz Correll Derrimut Espada Estoc Frame Gladius Lincoln Mace Magenta Peake Pugsley Kord CL Plus Justica CL Plus Scout Wyalkatchem Yitpi Young > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

11 Wheat 2010 Durum variety performance for grain protein (% at 11% moisture) across NVT sites Mid North Yorke Peninsula All sites Mintaro Spalding Turretfield Paskeville Urania Wokurna Caparoi Hyperno Kalka Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri Durum variety performance for screenings (% <2.0mm) across NVT sites Mid North Yorke Peninsula All sites Mintaro Spalding Turretfield Paskeville Urania Wokurna Caparoi Hyperno Kalka Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri Durum variety performance for test weight (kg/hl) across NVT sites Mid North Yorke Peninsula All sites Mintaro Spalding Turretfield Paskeville Urania Wokurna Caparoi Hyperno Kalka Saintly Tamaroi Tjilkuri SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 11

12 Long season favours late barley varieties By Rob Wheeler, Leader, New Variety Agronomy, SARDI Following a similar performance in 2009, the new barley variety, O x f o r d, d o m i n a t e d S o u t h Australian National Variety trials (NVT) in The long season and mild and wet spring conditions throughout much of SA last year, were ideal for the very late maturing variety Oxford to show its potential. Oxford triumphed amid 22 commercial varieties tested at 20, SARDI managed, NVT sites across South Australia in The trials, funded by GRDC, also tested a further 20 advanced lines from barley breeding programs operating throughout Australia. Trailing Oxford across all sites were Vlamingh, Commander, Fleet and Hindmarsh each with similar average yields overall. Together with the older late season variety, Capstan, these varieties contended for top rankings within each district. Among the trials, two located at Cooke Plains and Keith, were considered unacceptable due to variability stemming from grassy weeds and establishment issues. However the remaining trials produced an average yield of 3.86 t/ha, more than 10 percent above the average 3.63 t/ha produced in 2009, with yields ranging from 2.01 t/ha at Lameroo to 5.39 t/ha at Cummins. Barley grain yields benefited from the wet spring conditions but grain quality was more variable, particularly influenced by time of harvest in relation to rainfall events. Across all NVT sites, average Fleet in most districts except grain protein declined from behind in the Murray Mallee 11.6 percent in 2009 to 10.4 and Central to Upper Eyre percent in Peninsula. Average test weights also With late maturity, Oxford declined from 68 to 66.4 kg/ may be an option for areas like hl while grain size improved, the South East and districts with screenings declining from where Gairdner was successful, 5.5 percent to 4.2 percent and although further evaluation is retentions rising, from 77.2 to Rob Wheeler needed percent. Released as a feed variety, Oxford is While the relatively cool and mild undergoing malting quality evaluation winter and spring conditions limited with final results due in disease development, fungal diseases Vlamingh, another later maturing were still recorded at many sites. variety, was the second ranked variety High levels of leaf rust were present across all NVT sites in throughout Yorke Peninsula and other Vlamingh has malting accreditation, sites while the spot and net forms of was developed by DAFWA for Western net blotch together with leaf scald were Australian and is commercialised in observed at several sites albeit at less Eastern Australia by Viterra. damaging levels. Lacking CCN resistance and with Oxford, produced remarkable yields intermediate levels of foliar disease when compared to older established resistance, in long term comparisons varieties such as Keel, SloopSA and Vlamingh has averaged more than 5 Schooner with more than a 25 percent percent below other malt options like overall advantage, but only led other Commander and Buloke in SA. newly released varieties, Vlamingh, Vlamingh is unlikely to have a Commander, Fleet and Hindmarsh by 11 significant role in South Australia. to 12 percent. Only just behind Vlamingh in Oxford, developed by Nickersons and overall yield rankings were the group, PlantTech is late maturing, has good Commander, Fleet and Hindmarsh resistance to leaf rust and powdery with less than one percent separating mildew, but lacks CCN resistance and is each cemented the position of susceptible to spot form net blotch. Commander in SA, as a high yielding Its combination of maturity and disease malting quality option with the seasonal resistance was an advantage in many conditions well suited to its mid maturity. regions in 2010, particularly the Yorke Commander averaged more than 13 Peninsula where many sites were affected percent above Schooner and SloopSA by leaf rust. and 2 percent above Buloke performing Despite these results, growers should consistently in most districts except the consider the long term predicted Mid North where its susceptibility to leaf performance of Oxford which is more scald could be implicated. modest and aligns with Commander and In previous seasons, Commander has 12 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

13 Barley SA Barley Variety Yield Performance (2010 and long term, , expressed as a t/ha and % of site average yield) Variety LOWER EYRE PENINSULA UPPER EYRE PENINSULA MURRAY MALLEE 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) t/ha as % sites average # trials Darke Peak Streaky Bay t/ha as % sites average # trials Cooke Plains Cummins Wanilla Elliston Minnipa Wharminda Lameroo Paruna t/ha as % sites average # trials Barque Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Finniss GRASS Flagship WEEDS Fleet NO Gairdner VALID Hindmarsh RESULT Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA Vlamingh Yarra Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown 31 May 26 May 31 May 26 May 7 June 10 June 2 June 1 June 26 May Soil Type CL S CL S L SL NWS LS/SL LS/CL LS/CL A-O Rain (2010) mm PHw Site Stress factors lr lr,nn,ns ns,nn r,ls,ns lr,ns,nn wg Abbreviations Soil type: S=sand, L=loam, C=clay, Li=light, M=medium, H=heavy, F=fine, NW=non wetting / = separates top soil from sub soil Site stress factors:,ls=late sown, lr=leaf rust, r=rhizoctonia, nn= net form net blotch, ns= spot form net blotch, r=rhizoctonia, wg=grass weds Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 13

14 been less impressive under tight finishing conditions but this was not experienced in Commander has CCN resistance and only modest foliar disease resistance and therefore should not be grown on barley stubble. However it has excellent grain plumpness, low screenings and high retentions albeit with slightly lower test weights and grain protein which were again seen in 2010 trials. These yield and grain characteristics will ensure that Commander is one of the most profitable varieties to grow in many districts, with a greater likelihood of achieving malt grain quality. Just trailing Commander was the feed quality variety, Fleet, which has demonstrated wide adaptation by performed well over many seasons. D e v e l o p e d b y t h e S A B a r l e y Improvement Program, Fleet is similar to Barque in maturity, performs well across a range of soils including light sandy soils and has an excellent spectrum of disease resistances including CCN resistance. Fleet is a good option for all districts, and across several years of NVT, has produced a similar average test weight to Keel with less than half the amount of screenings. Fleet is also suitable for stubble situations and deeper sowing, by virtue of is long coleoptile. Having been evaluated over three dry seasons, with outstanding results, the food grade variety, Hindmarsh, has been less impressive under the longer season conditions experienced in 2009 and Despite this, the recent results from both Hindmarsh and Fleet have been relatively good considering their early maturities, with their long term advantages of 15 to 17 percent over Schooner and Sloop types, maintained in Some variation in the performance of Hindmash at NVT sites in 2010 could be attributed either to its useful resistance to leaf scald, or its moderate susceptibility to leaf rust and spot form net blotch, which were present at several sites. G r o w e r s a r e r e m i n d e d t h a t Hindmarsh has a short coleoptile and its establishment and yield can be compromised by deep sowing, fungicide amended seed treatments and preemergent herbicides that affect coleoptile length. With its recently announced food grade classification, which will allow marketers to potentially extract premiums over feed grades, Hindmarsh remains a good feed variety option for most districts although its short height and lower yield may preclude it from drier areas such as Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula. While the yield gap between the malting varieties, Buloke and Flagship widened in 2010 presumably in part due to the mid to late maturity of Buloke, both maintain a clear yield advantage over Schooner and Sloop types. Over the longer term, there is little separating these varieties with Flagship offering CCN resistance and much better spot form net blotch resistance, while Buloke lacks CCN resistance but has better leaf scald resistance and slightly higher yield potential. Both varieties have excellent malting quality suited to export markets with Flagship generally higher in screenings and Buloke lower in test weight than Schooner. Greater boron toxicity symptoms, leaf necrosis and susceptibility to sprouting have curbed interest in Flagship on farm, but market demand is strong and rewards are high for those who persist with Flagship. Notwithstanding, Flagship should be harvested without delay once the crop is mature and and while enabling earlier harvest, windrowing may exacerbate the sprouting risk with this variety. The recently released imidazolinone tolerant feed variety, Scope performed very similarly to Buloke, across all districts in These varieties are agronomically similar in all respects and despite the limited evaluation of Scope within NVT, current results confirm it to have a similar adaptation to Buloke in SA. Marketed by AWB Seeds, grower interest in Scope will be high, since it offers an option for troublesome grass control using an appropriate BASF Clearfield herbicide. Herbicide use registration is currently being sought with an outcome expected prior to 2011 seeding. Keel and Maritime, with their relatively early maturity were not expected to perform well in However Maritime produced good results, despite the presence and its susceptibility to net form net blotch, while Keel was well down, averaging 12 percent below Hindmarsh, except on Central Eyre Peninsula, where the absence of leaf rust enabled it to yield to potential. More information: Rob Wheeler (08) Rob.Wheeler@sa.gov.au 14 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

15 Barley SA Barley Variety Yield Performance (2010 and long term, , expressed as a t/ha and % of site average yield) Variety YORKE PENINSULA MID NORTH SOUTH EAST 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) Bute Port Clinton t/ha as % sites average # trials 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) Crystal Brook Salters Springs t/ha as % sites average # trials Arthurton Brentwood Warooka Turretfield Bordertown 2010 (% site average) Long Term average across sites(04-10) Keith t/ha as % sites average Barque Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Finniss Flagship VARIABLE Fleet NO Gairdner VALID Hindmarsh RESULT Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA Vlamingh Yarra Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date Sown 31 May 26 May 18 May 27 May 15 June 10 June 2 June 14 June 1 June 31 May Soil type SL/MC CL/SCL FS/S SL/SCL S SL/SCL CL/LMC SCL/LiC LC L A-O Rain (2010)mm phw Site Stress lr lr,r ns,wg b,lr,nn lr,nn ns,nn,sc lr,sc lr,nn sc,lr Factors Abbreviations Soil type: S=sand, L=loam, C=clay, Li=light, M=medium, H=heavy, F=fine, NW=non wetting / = separates top soil from sub soil Site stress factors: b=boron symtoms, lr=leaf rust, nn= net form net blotch, ns= spot form net blotch, r=rhizoctonia, sc=leaf scald, wg=grasy weeds Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group # trials SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 15

16 Barley 2010 Barley variety performance for screenings (% < 2.2mm) across NVT sites Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North Murray Mallee South East Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula Yorke Peninsula all sites Crystal Brook Salters Springs Cummins Wanilla Turretfield Lameroo Paruna Darke Peak Streaky Bay Bordertown Elliston Minnipa Wharminda Barque Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Finniss Flagship Fleet Gairdner Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA Vlamingh Yarra Port Clinton 2010 Barley variety performance for retention (% > 2.5mm) across NVT sites Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North Murray Mallee South East Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula Yorke Peninsula all sites Crystal Brook Salters Springs Arthurton Brentwood Warooka Cummins Wanilla Turretfield Lameroo Paruna Darke Peak Streaky Bay Bordertown Elliston Minnipa Wharminda Barque Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Finniss Flagship Fleet Gairdner Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA Vlamingh Yarra Port Clinton Arthurton Brentwood Warooka 16 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

17 Barley 2010 Barley variety performance for test weight (kg/hl) across NVT sites Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North Murray Mallee South East Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula Yorke Peninsula all sites Crystal Brook Salters Springs Cummins Wanilla Turretfield Lameroo Paruna Darke Peak Streaky Bay Bordertown Elliston Minnipa Wharminda Barque Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Finniss Flagship Fleet Gairdner Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA Vlamingh Yarra Port Clinton 2010 Barley variety performance for grain protein (% at 0% moisture) across NVT sites Lower Eyre Peninsula Mid North Murray Mallee South East Central and Upper Eyre Peninsula Yorke Peninsula all sites Crystal Brook Salters Springs Arthurton Brentwood Warooka Cummins Wanilla Turretfield Lameroo Paruna Darke Peak Streaky Bay Bordertown Elliston Minnipa Wharminda Barque Baudin Buloke Capstan Commander Finniss Flagship Fleet Gairdner Hindmarsh Keel Maritime Oxford Schooner Scope Sloop SA Vlamingh Yarra Port Clinton Arthurton Brentwood Warooka SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 17

18 High yields and blackleg feature in 2010 canola By Trent Potter, Research Scientist, SARDI, Struan The season in 2010 started with a variable break with most canola trials sown in late April to mid May except for Tooligie, Minlaton and Arthurton which were not sown until rain in late May. Mouse damage affected emergence at Arthurton and Turretfield. Good winter and spring rains and particularly mild spring temperatures resulted in good growth and generally high grain yields. The level of blackleg that we detected at all sites was higher than for the past few years, particularly for the sylvestris derived resistance. Worst affected sites were at Bordertown, Frances and Bool lagoon where very high April rainfall occurred. As NVT trials are sown with untreated seed some varieties with good blackleg resistance (MR) showed significant blackleg at some trial sites. However, in a trial conducted at Struan, data showed that these higher levels of blackleg resulted in less yield loss in 2010 than when we had a hotter drier spring in The extreme rainfall that began in late November affected many canola crops and trials with delayed harvest. Lodging was noted at several sites especially in the Clearfield varieties. Generally oil contents were high. Most trials were successfully harvested. However, no significant difference between the conventional varieties at Mount Hope and Turretfield t that NVT did not release the results. Clearfield and triazine tolerant trials at Frances were waterlogged while Clearfield and triazine tolerant trials at Turretfield suffered from poor emergence. All of the early maturity sites (except Lameroo) produced high grain yields with Keith and Minlaton averaging over 2.1 t/ha for the conventional varieties. All trials averaged over 2.5 t/ha for the mid season conventional varieties except Riverton, Spalding and Bordertown. The choice of most suitable canola variety for any situation will often follow a consideration of maturity, herbicide tolerance, blackleg resistance and early vigour together with relative yield and oil content. In relation to some of these issues the following points can be made: The weed species expected may dictate the need for a herbicide tolerant production system (e.g., triazine tolerant or Clearfield). Remember that a triazine tolerant variety will incur a yield and oil penalty when grown in situations where they are not warranted. Varietal blackleg resistance and/or fungicide use should be considered, particularly when rotations are close. Due to the high levels of blackleg in many areas in SA, it is very important that canola crops are grown at least 500 metres away from last years canola paddock. As well, if you have used the same variety for three years or more there is an increased chance of blackleg that can attack that variety. Therefore it is even more important to keep the same variety at least 500 metres away from stubble of that variety. There has been a wide range of new varieties available for 2011 sowings. Many of these varieties are hybrids and the likelihood is that in future many more hybrids will be released. When you make your choice about new varieties you should rely on NVT data from the NVT website and any of your own ideas from observing trials in Trent Potter The new blackleg ratings will be released in early March and will be available on the Australian Oilseeds Federation website: Conventional varieties In the early maturity sites, B r a s s i c a j u n c e a v a r i e t i e s produced lower yields than canola even at the lower yield level of Lameroo. Generally trials in 2010 produced grain yields, above the yield level where Juncea canola would be expected to excel. High grain yields were produced by AV Garnet, Hyola 433 and Hyola 50. The new variety CB Agamax yielded above the site at all early sites, however only produced over the site at Spalding in the mid season sites. Clearfield varieties In many of the mid season Clearfield trials lodging occurred to a high degree. In particular, several of the Pioneer Hi-Bred varieties lodged. The best yielding newer Pioneer hybrids were 44Y84 which is an early-mid maturing variety that produced good yields at Mount Hope, Riverton and Spalding, and 46Y83 which is a mid-late hybrid that performed well at all sites except Bool Lagoon in the South East. Long term yield data shows that there was little difference in yield between 44Y84 and the Pacific Seeds hybrids in all regions except the South East. Long term data showed 46Y83 produced similar yields to the better Clearfield varieties but was even higher yielding in the mid north. Pacific Seeds have released two new Clearfield hybrids although seed is in short supply. Hyola 575CL is to replace Hyola 571CL and yielded similarly at most sites but better at Riverton and Bordertown. 18 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

19 Canola Early season maturity canola trials 2010 and long term 2010 % site Long term Entry Spalding Keith Tooligie Minlaton Lameroo Mid North Yorke P Upper EP South East % % % % % t/ha # trials t/ha # trials t/ha # trials t/ha # trials Conventional AV Garnet CB Agamax Hyola Hyola Oasis CL SaharaCL Tarcoola Site (t/ha) LSD (%) Triazine tolerant ATR Cobbler ATR Snapper ATR Stingray CB Jardee HT CB Junee HT CB Mallee HT CB Scaddan CB Tanami CB Telfer CB Tumby HT Fighter TT Tawriffic TT CrusherTT 106 Hyola 444TT Hyola 555TT 128 Site (t/ha) LSD (%) Date sown 29-Apr 4-May 26-May 25-May 13-May Soil Type CLS/ZCL S/C SL SCL L A-O Rain (2010) phwater Site stresses pe, w Blackleg 20, 17 10, 39 36, 40 Abbreviations Soil type: S=sand, L=loam, C=clay, Li=light, M=medium, H=heavy, F=fine, Site stress factors: lo = lodging, bl = blackleg, f = frost, h = hail, htg = high temp at grain fill, wa = waterlogging Blackleg data: Polygenic variety: TawrifficTT, Sylvestris variety: Surpass 501TT % average blackleg infection Data source: NVT & SARDI/GRDC (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, ) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 19

20 The later maturing Hyola 676CL produced lower grain yields than Hyola 575CL at Yeelanna, Riverton, Bool Lagoon and Arthurton but similarly elsewhere. Where we had enough sites for the long term analysis both Hyola 575CL and Hyola 676CL were slightly higher yielding than Hyola 571CL. To manage blackleg well we recommend that farmers change varieties frequently and we now have a range of Clearfield options to allow this to happen. Triazine tolerant varieties The herbicide group with the greatest variation in yield was the triazine tolerant canola with blackleg susceptible varieties being severely affected and varieties with good resistance producing yields well over the site at Mount Hope, Bordertown and Bool Lagoon where blackleg was very severe. Ten new varieties are available for 2011 although seed will be in short supply for several of these. In the early to early-mid category CB Junee HT produced good grain yields in the early maturity trials at Spalding, Tooligie and Minlaton. ATR-Stingray (tested as NT0045), an early maturing, short variety from Nuseed, produced high grain yields at all early sites except Spalding. It also yielded well at Mount Hope, Yeelanna and Bool Lagoon in the mid season trials. ATR-Snapper (tested as NT0049) is an early-mid variety from Nuseed with good yields at Keith, Tooligie and Lameroo. Hyola 444TT (tested as T98002) is an early maturing hybrid from Pacific Seeds but was only included at Minlaton and Lameroo as seed was late. At Minlaton it yielded similarly to CB Scaddan but was relatively poorer at Lameroo. It needs further testing. FighterTT (tested as T2181) is an early-mid variety from Pacific Seeds. It yielded above the site at all early sites except Lameroo and all mid season sites except Yeelanna and Arthurton. A range of mid season varieties has also been released. CrusherTT from Pacific Seeds produced high grain yields at all sites. ThumperTT (tested as T2214) is a midlate open pollinated variety from Pacific Seeds. It yielded at or near the top of all trials except Arthurton. A similar long season hybrid TT is Hyola 751TT which, although released for 2010, was only tested at a few sites in In the 2010 mid season sites Hyola 751TT produced well above the site at most sites, especially those sites where blackleg was severe. Hyola 555TT (tested as T2522) is a midearly hybrid TT. As with several other varieties it yielded above the site at all mid season sites in Monola 603TT (mid season, tested as NL0110) and Monola 704TT (mid-late season, tested as NL0120) are two new specialty varieties released by Nuseed. Yields were similar to Monola 76TT and Monola 77TT and performance of one or other of them tended to be best in the South East and on Yorke Peninsula. To manage blackleg well we recommend that farmers change varieties frequently and we now have a range of mid season triazine tolerant options to allow this to happen. More information: Trent Potter (08) Trent.Potter@sa.gov.au Oil content (at 6% moisture) for mid season canola trials 2010 Entry Arthurton Minlaton Spalding Riverton Turretfield Mount Hope Yeelanna Bordertown Frances Bool Lagoon % % % % % % % % % % % Conventional AV Garnet CB Agamax Hyola Hyola Victory V Clearfield Hyola 571CL Hyola 575CL Hyola 676CL Pioneer 44Y Pioneer 45Y Pioneer 46Y Pioneer 46Y Triazine tolerant ATR Cobbler CB Argyle CB Jardee HT CB Mallee HT CB Scaddan CB Tumby HT CrusherTT Fighter TT Hyola 555TT Hyola 751TT Monola 76TT Monola 77TT Monola 603TT Monola 704TT ATR-Stingray ATR-Snapper Tawriffic TT Thumper TT > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

21 Canola Mid season maturity canola trials 2010 and long term % site Long term Entry Mt Hope Yeelanna Riverton Spalding Bordertown Frances Bool Lagoon Arthurton Minlaton Mid North Yorke P Lower EP South East % % % % % % % % % t/ha # trials t/ha # trials t/ha # trials t/ha # trials Conventional AV Garnet 98 No CB Agamax 98 difference Hyola between Hyola varieties Victory V Site (t/ha) LSD (%) 9 ns Clearfield Hyola 571CL Hyola 575CL Hyola 676CL Pioneer 44Y Pioneer 45Y Pioneer 46Y Pioneer 46Y Site (t/ha) LSD (%) Triazine tolerant ATR Cobbler ATR Snapper ATR Stingray CB Argyle CB Jardee HT CB Junee HT CB Mallee HT CB Scaddan CB Tanami CB Telfer CB Tumby HT CrusherTT Fighter TT Hyola 555TT Hyola 751TT Monola 603TT Monola 704TT Monola 76TT Monola 77TT Tawriffic TT Thumper TT HurricaneTT Site (t/ha) LSD (%) Date sown 1-May 30-Apr 30-Apr 29-Apr 14-May 12-May 14-May 26-May 25-May Soil Type SL CL LC/MC CLS/ZCL CL CL C SL/SCL SCL A-O Rain (2010) phwater Site stresses bl pe, w bl, wa, bl bl md Blackleg 37, 56 10, 21 29, 62 20, 17 55, 70 60, 92 72, 79 14, 28 36, 40 Abbreviations Soil type: S=sand, L=loam, C=clay, Li=light, M=medium, H=heavy, F=fine, Site stress factors: lo = lodging, bl = blackleg, f = frost, h = hail, htg = high temp at grain fill, wa = waterlogging, md=mouse damage Blackleg data: Polygenic variety: TawrifficTT, Sylvestris variety: Surpass 501TT % average blackleg infection Data source: NVT & SARDI/GRDC (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, ) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group Waterlogged Waterlogged SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 21

22 Cereal variety disease guide 2011 By Hugh Wallwork, Principal Cereal Pathologist and Pamela Zwer, Oat Breeder The cool wet and humid conditions experienced across most of SA during the growing season favoured higher than normal levels of yellow leaf spot and powdery mildew in wheat and scald in barley. The net form of net blotch was much less damaging than expected and this is thought to be due to later sowing in some areas, cooler conditions and effective management of early sown crops with fungicides. Stem and leaf rust in wheat and oats became widespread after several quiet years and this poses a threat for crops in 2011 should volunteers allow carryover of infection to autumn. At the end of the season white grains were observed and caused downgrading of some wheat, particularly on the Eastern Eyre Peninsula and Upper North regions. The white grain was caused by a fungus, Botryosphaeria zeae, previously not recorded in south-eastern Australia. This new pathogen which is favoured by wet conditions can also infect barley and survives on wheat and barley stubbles. Stripe rust Stripe rust developed later than normal and was mostly well controlled with early application of fungicides. The most common strain identified was the WA Jackie strain (134E16A+J+) a l t h o u g h t h e WA Y r 1 7 s t r a i n (134E16A+17+) was also widespread and common. A n o t h e r n e w s t r a i n t h e To b r u k s t r a i n w a s a l s o identified from samples collected from Mambray Creek, Crystal Brook, Paskeville and Wolseley. This strain is more virulent on Tobruk triticale but is otherwise not thought to be different from the Jackie strain. Stem rust Stem rust was observed on volunteers at Jabuk in the Mallee and at Kapinnie on the Eyre Peninsula in autumn but wide dispersal of stem rust in spring is thought to have originated from a very early sown crop of Kite wheat at Baroota in the Mid North. Kite was released with the stem rust resistance gene Sr26 which is effective against all strains of stem rust. After 34 years of growing Kite at Baroota it appears that the Sr26 gene, which has a yield reducing effect, has been selected out of the seed rendering these particular crops of Kite susceptible to stem rust. Similar selection along with seed mixing has led to nearby crops of Blade, also released with Sr26, similarly susceptible to stem rust. The stem rust spread widely through the Mid North and Mallee and also to the eastern part of the Eyre Peninsula during late September and October. Cool weather would have slowed development of the epidemic especially in varieties with at least partial resistance. Many crops, mainly Yitpi, were sprayed and little crop damage was reported. Leaf rust Leaf rust was observed on the Eyre and Hugh Wallwork Yorke Peninsulas from August onwards. Although somewhat cool, the conditions were more favourable for leaf rust than stem rust and had susceptible varieties been grown then a significant epidemic is likely to have occurred. Because almost all crops grown in SA are now at least only moderately susceptible (MS) the development of leaf rust was effectively suppressed. Growers are therefore encouraged to maintain this level of resistance and avoid adopting varieties more susceptible than Gladius and Yitpi. Yellow leaf spot The higher than usual levels of stubbles from 2009 and late rain in that year led to increased inoculum of yellow leaf spot in wheat stubbles and increased infection in The wet winter and spring will have also helped to increase the levels of infection and it is to be expected that even higher levels of yellow leaf spot infection will be observed in Pink blotches can be seen on many mature wheat stems where they have been exposed to high moisture levels. This is one sign of the yellow leaf spot fungus colonising stubbles. Growers should therefore take particular care to select more resistant varieties if they plan to sow wheat into wheat stubbles in Powdery mildew Powdery mildew developed more severely on Wyalkatchem crops on the 22 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

23 Cereal Disease Guide WHEAT Rust CCN Septoria tritici blotch Yellow leaf spot Powdery mildew Root lesion nematodes Crown P. neglectus P. thornei rot Stem Stripe# Leaf Resistance Tolerance Resistance Resistance AGT Katana MS MR/MS MS MS MS MS MR/MS S S S MS S MS/S Specialty Axe MS R/MR MR S S/VS S MR MS MS S MS/S S S AH Barham MR #MS/S MR/MS MS MS/S MS/S S MR MS S MS/S MR/MS MS Soft Bolac MR R/MR MS S MS MS/S S R/MR MS/S AH Bowie S #S MS MR/MS MT MS S S/VS MR MS S S MR/MS Soft Brennan MS R/MR R/MR MS/S Feed Catalina R/MR MS R/MR R MS MS/S MS/S MS MS S MR/MS R/MR S AH Chara MR/MS MS/S MR/MS R MI MS MS/S MS/S MR/MS S S MR MS AH Correll MR/MS MR/MS MS/S MR MR/MS S/VS MR/MS S MS S MS R MS/S AH Derrimut MR #MS/S^ R R MS/S S MS S MS/S S S R MS/S AH Espada R/MR # MR/MS R MS S MS MS/S MS MS/S S MS/S MR/MS MS/S APW Estoc MR MR/MS MR/MS MR S S MS S-VS MS S MS MR/MS MR/MS APW Frame MS MS MS/S MR MT MR/MS S/VS MS MS/S S S S MR MS APW Gladius MR^ #MR/MS MS MS MS/S MS S MS/S MS/S S MS R/MR MS AH Guardian R/MR MS MS R MS/S S MR/MS MS/S MS S MS S MS APW CLF Janz R/MR MS/S MR/MS S I MR/MS MS/S MS MS/S S S MS/S R S AH Kukri MR/MS MR/MS^ MSx S I MR/MS MS S MS MS S MS MS AH Lincoln MR R MR S S MS S S S MS R/MR MR AH Mace MR/MS^ #S/VS R MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS MS/S MR/MS S MS/S S MS AH Mackellar MR R/MR S MS-S Red Feed Magenta R/MR MS MR/MS MS/S MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS MS S S S/VS S/VS MS/S ASW Peake MR/MS^ MR/MS^ R^ R S S MS S MS S S MR/MS MS/S AH Preston S/VS R R S MR MS/S S MR/MS S MS S/VS MR-MS APW (Prelim) Pugsley S #S^ MS MS MI MS S MS/S S S MS MR MS APW SQP Revenue R R R MR MS R MS MS S-VS S MS/S Feed Scout MR MS R R MS S/VS MS/S MS MS/S S R/MR MS/S APW Sentinel R/MR R/MR R S MS/S MR/MS R S MS MS/S S MS/S MR/MS ASW Wyalkatchem MS S R S MI MR MR/MS S/VS MR/MS S S S/VS MS/S APW Yitpi S MR/MS MS MR MT MR/MS S/VS MR/MS MS/S S MS MR MS AH RAC1669R R/MR MR/MS MR MS/S MS/S MS/S S RAC1671R R/MR MS MS MS/S MS/S S S RAC1683 R/MR MR-MS MS/S MS S S S S DURUM Caparoi R/MR MR R R/MR MR VS MS R MS/S Durum Hyperno R MR R MS R/MR MS/S MR/MS VS MR/MS R MS Durum Kalka R/MR MR R/MR MS MT MR/MS MR MR/MS R VS MS R/MR S Durum Saintly R/MR MR MR/MS MS MR/MS MR MR/MS VS MS R MS Durum Tamaroi R/MR MR R/MR MS S MR MR/MS R VS MS R MS Durum Tjilkuri MR/MS MR MR MR/MS MS S/VS MS R MS/S Durum TRITICALE Bogong R MS R R Triticale Chopper R MR R R MR R Triticale Hawkeye R/MR MR^ R R R Triticale Jaywick R/MR MR^ R R R Triticale Rufus R/MR MR/MS R R T R R/MR R/MR Triticale Tahara R/MR MS R R T R R R/MR R S MS R Triticale Treat R MR MR x MS T R R MR/MS S MS R Triticale # - The wheat stripe rust ratings are for the WA Yr17 strain. Varieties with a # have the Yr17 (VPM) seedling resistance and so will be resistant to the WA Jackie strain. ^ - Some susceptible plants in mix - Wyalkatchem shows stronger stripe rust resistance at higher temperatures x - Kukri and Treat have a resistance gene (Lr13) which is not effective to a leaf rust (Mackellar) strain found in NSW The stripe rust ratings for the triticales are for the WA Jackie strain common in SA in 2009 and 2010 Tolerance levels are lower for durum receivals. Black point is not a disease but a response to certain humid conditions R = Resistant, MR = Moderately Resistant, MS = Moderately Susceptible, S = Susceptible, VS = Very Susceptible, T = Tolerant, MT = Moderately Tolerant, MI = Moderately Intolerant, I = Intolerant, VI = Very Intolerant, = Uncertain Common root rot Flag smut Black point Quality in SA SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 23

24 Eyre Peninsula than previously observed. Some Gladius crops were also affected but not as severely. The late damp conditions caused severe head infection and led to widespread use of fungicides on the Lower Eyre Peninsula in particular. Given the ideal conditions for powdery mildew, the fact that barley mostly escaped infection despite large areas sown to susceptible varieties demonstrates the effectiveness of seed treatments when almost all crops are treated. Where a few crops are not treated these provide a breeding ground for the fungus and can lead to severe epidemics when the effects of seed treatments have worn off. Continuing widespread use of seed treatments will also greatly reduce the risk of fungicide resistance emerging as has happened in Europe and Western Australia. Net form net blotch Seedlings of early sown crops on the western and south-eastern coasts of the Eyre Peninsula were infected early with NFNB and fungicide spraying began at the tillering stage and repeated up to 3 times to keep crops protected, particularly Maritime. Less infection occurred where crops were sown later and the cool winter and spring conditions appear to have effectively suppressed the disease. Virulence on Keel and Maritime were widespread whilst virulence on Fleet, observed in one paddock in 2009, was not evident in Leaf yellowing and death in wheat and oats Frame yellows which is not a disease but is often confused for one was particularly noticeable in many crops of Yitpi, Correll and Axe during August. The yellows symptoms are more prevalent in wet winters and the cause remains elusive. In October a similar but different yellows condition became apparent in Gladius crops. Again no cause is known. Another different but widespread yellowing and death of wheat leaves occurred in the Keith-Bordertown region and into Victoria during October. The symptoms were observed in all wheat varieties and were similar to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) but this is not thought to be the cause owing to a lack of aphids and negative antibody tests Oats Stem and leaf rust of oats became common and widespread after a few years of low recordings. A strain of oat stem rust not previously observed in South Australia and virulent on a resistance gene Pga caused severe infection and significant damage in many Mitika oat crops in the South-East and in western Victoria. Mitika and Yallara are now rated as S to stem rust but will be more resistant in other areas of SA until this strain reaches these areas. Glider and Tungoo are also thought to carry Pga and so may also be more susceptible where this strain occurs although no data on the resistance of these varieties to the new strain is available. Red leather leaf, a fungal disease caused by Spermospora avenae, has become more common in recent years, particularly in the South-East, and was favoured by the wet spring in General leaf death was observed in many crops in the South-East and although red leather leaf and BYDV may have had a role, other unknown causes are also likely to have been involved. Explanation for Resistance Classification R The disease will not multiply or cause any damage on this variety. This rating is only used where the variety also has seedling resistance. MR The disease may be visible and multiply but no significant economic losses will occur. This rating signifies strong adult plant resistance. MS T h e d i s e a s e m a y c a u s e damage but this is unlikely to be more than around 15% except in very severe situations. S The disease can be severe on this variety and losses of 15-50% can occur. VS Where a disease is a problem this variety should not be grown. Losses greater than 50% are possible and the variety may create significant problems to other growers. This classification based on yield loss is only a general guide and is less applicable for the minor diseases such as common root rot, or for the leaf diseases in lower rainfall areas, where losses are rarely severe. Other information This fact sheet supplements other information available including the SARDI Sowing Guide 2011 and Crop Watch newsletters. Cereal Leaf and Stem Diseases and Cereal Root and Crown Diseases books (2000 editions) are also available from Ground Cover Direct or from Hugh Wallwork in SARDI. Disease identification A diagnostic service is available to farmers and industry for diseased plant specimens. Samples of all leaf and aerial plant parts should be kept free of moisture and wrapped in paper not a plastic bag. Roots should be dug up carefully, preserving as much of the root system as possible and preferably kept damp. Samples should be sent to the following address: SARDI Diagnostic Centre Plant Research Centre Hartley Grove Urrbrae SA 5064 More information: Hugh Wallwork, hugh.wallwork@sa.gov.au 24 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

25 Cereal Disease Guide BARLEY Leaf rust* Net form net blotch Spot form net blotch Scald CCN Resistance Powdery mildew Barley grass stripe rust Covered smut Common root rot Root lesion nematodes P. neglectus P. thornei Barque MS-S/VS MS/S R/MR S/VS R MR MR MS/S S R/MR MR S Buloke MS-S/VS MR MS MS S MR R MR MS MS/S Commander MR/MS-S MS MS S R MR R R S S/VS Finniss MR-MR/MS MS MS-S R# R VS S/VS S/VS S Flagship MR/MS-S/VS MR MR/MS MS R MR/MS MR MR/MS S MS MR/MS S Fleet MR/MS-S MR R/MR MR/MS R MR/MS MR MR MS/S MS/S Gairdner MS-S MR/MS S R# S MR R MS/S MR MR/MS MR/MS Henley R MR S S/VS MR MS MS/S Hindmarsh MS-S MR S R# R MS R MR/MS S Keel VS MS R/MR MS R MR/MS MS R S MR MR S/VS Maritime MS-S VS MR/MS MS/S R S S MS S MR S Oxford R MR MS/S MS# S R MR/MS MR Schooner S/VS MR MS MS/S S S R MR S MR/MS R MS/S Scope MS-S/VS MR MS MS/S S MR R MR/MS MS S Sloop SA S/VS MR S/VS S R S R R S MS R MS/S Vlamingh MS-S/VS MR MS MR/MS S VS R S S Yarra R MS MS S/VS R S R MS S/VS S/VS WI4262 VS MR MR R# R MR MS S MS/S Key to symbols used * Due to multiple strains of leaf rust, the table provides a range of reactions that may be observed. Different ratings are separated by a - # These varieties may be more susceptible in some regions with different strains. R = Resistant, MR = Moderately Resistant, MS = Moderately Susceptible, S = Susceptible, VS = Very Susceptible, T = Tolerant, = Uncertain Black point OATS Rust CCN Stem nematode Bacterial Red leather BYDV Septoria P. neglectus stem leaf Resistance Tolerance Resistance Tolerance blight leaf avenae Resistance Brusher MS/S MS R MI MS I MR/MS MS MS MS MR/MS Echidna S S S I MS MT S MS MS S MR Euro VS S R I S I MS MS S MS MR Glider MR-MS R MS I R T R R S/MR* MR Kangaroo MR/MS MS R MI S MI MR/MS MR/MS S/MR* MR/MS Marloo S S R MT MS MI S VS MR/MS S Mitika MR-S MR/MS VS I S I MR S MS/S S Mulgara MS MR R MT R MT MR MS MS MS Numbat MS R S I S I S MS S MR MR Potoroo S S R T S MI S VS MS S MR Possum MS/S MS VS I S I S S S MS MR Quoll MS-S MR S I R MT MS MS MS MR MR/MS Swan VS S MR I S I S S MS MS MR/MS Tammar MR MR MR MT R T MR R MS MR - Tungoo MS R R MT R T MR R MR/MS MR Wallaroo S S R MT MS MI S MS MS S MR Wintaroo S S R MT R MT MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS Yallara MS-S R R I S I MR/MS MS MS MS See text on oats SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 25

26 Late peas favoured in 2010 By Mick Lines, Research Officer, SARDI, Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI & Tony Leonforte PBA Field Pea Breeder, DPI Victoria Earlier maturing, recent releases PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight performed slightly below state average, but still out-yielded Parafield by 11 and 6 percent, respectively, in a season which favoured later maturing varieties. Yarrum was the highest yielding variety, but only 2 percent higher than Kaspa in 2010, which outperformed PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight by 8 percent and 13 percent, respectively. High growing season rainfall and mild temperatures across the state favoured pulse production in 2010, and yields were generally higher than in Grain yield of field pea averaged 3.0 t/ ha across all NVT and Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) sites last year, ranging from 2.0 t/ha at Yeelanna and Lameroo to 4.5 t/ha at Riverton. Diseases were generally not as severe in 2010 as in previous years. Blackspot infections were lower than forecast early in 2010 based on 2009 stubble spore loads. This was most likely due to a combination of high summer and early autumn rainfall, prompting spore releases prior to sowing, followed by a dry start to May, which delayed sowing and therefore reduced blackspot risk. A wetter than average spring in 2010 t conditions were conducive for powdery mildew, but in most cases its onset was too late to cause significant yield loss. The substantial late rain in early December was responsible for a number of issues at harvest. Pod decay and shattering was increased by the rain on mature pods, and caused degradation of pods even in the sugar pod types like Kaspa. While this may not have contributed to significant yield loss in these types, as is sometimes observed in the conventional pod types, it may have resulted in seed staining from sunlight or moisture and subsequent downgrading at delivery. Some late harvested crops also showed increased lodging and degradation of the pea vine, making mechanical pickup difficult and resulting in some harvest loss and potentially downgrading from mould. Yield limiting factors at the various NVT sites were minimal in Biomass was high in 2010, due to the long and wet Mick Lines growing season. However, the wet season was also responsible for reduced growth due to waterlogging at Yeelanna and Mundulla, and to a lesser extent at Balaklava, all of which yielded 2.5t/ha or less. M o d e r a t e b l a c k s p o t w a s observed at Balaklava and Snowtown, and low levels of late powdery mildew infection were observed at Balaklava and Turretfield. The wet season and late finish to 2010 did not favour early maturing recent releases PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight to the same extent as later flowering varieties. However they managed to perform similarly to Kaspa at 8 and 5 of 11 sites, respectively, and outperformed Parafield at 4 and 3 sites, respectively. Long term data shows both varieties yield similarly to Kaspa, however PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight have performed up to 17 and 22 percent higher than Kaspa, respectively, in previous seasons. Both provide a more reliable alternative to Kaspa in the medium and low rainfall areas across seasons due to their earlier and longer flowering pattern, enabling them to capitalise on short, sharp finishes 26 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

27 Field peas SA Field Pea Variety Trial Yield Performance: 2010 (as % of site ) and Long term ( ) Average Across Sites (as % of site ). Variety/line MID NORTH YORKE PENINSULA SOUTH EAST MALLEE LOWER EYRE PEN. UPPER EYRE PEN Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial # % Site Minnipa # % Site Rudall Yeelanna # % Site Lameroo # % Site Keith Mundulla Bool Lagoon # % Site Willamulka Minlaton # % Site Turretfield Snowtown* Laura Riverton Balaklava Kaspa Parafield PBA Gunyah PBA Twilight Sturt Yarrum OZP Site yield (t/ha) % LSD (0.05) Date sown 1/6 7/6 8/6 21/5 14/6 25/5 17/5 18/6 13/5 18/6 1/6 27/5 7/6 31/5 Soil type SL / L / CLS / SCL / SCL / SCL SL / C LC L SL / LS SCL SCL LiMC CL LiMC CL LiC SCL LC A-O rainfall (mm) 2 ph (H O) bs, wl bs pm bs w, pe hd wl, w pe wl bs No result high variability in trials No result high variability in trials No result high variability in trials bs, pm, wl Site stress factors Soil type: S = sand, C = clay, L = loam, H = heavy, M = medium, Li = light, F = fine, / = over Site Stress Factors: de = pre flowering moisture stress, dl = post flowering moisture stress, fr = reproductive frost damage, hd = herbicide damage, w = weeds, pe = poor establishment, wl = waterlogging, ht = high temperatures during flowering/pod fill, pm = powdery mildew, bs = black spot, hd = hail damage during early pod fill Data source: SARDI/GRDC, PBA & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites) but still perform well in long growing seasons. This also makes them better suited to delayed sowing for disease management and crop-topping, showing less relative yield loss than other varieties from both practices. These varieties also offer the same agronomic benefits as Kaspa (eg semi-leafless plant type, improved lodging and pod shattering resistance) and marketing benefits (round shape, improved milling quality). Of the two, PBA Gunyah generally offers the most reliability across current field pea growing areas in South Australia, and was 5 percent higher yielding than PBA Twilight in Adoption of these varieties will also provide the opportunity to eliminate Parafield contamination in Kaspa crops. Yarrum equal topped the NVT and PBA trials for the fourth year in a row. Yarrum is a late flowering, high yielding, powdery mildew resistant dun type pea, with improved resistance to virus. Long term yields show Yarrum has consistently performed well across the state, and provides an alternative to Kaspa in areas where powdery mildew and viruses are regular problems. However Yarrum does not have the same round seed and shatter resistance qualities as Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight. Kaspa performed relatively well in 2010, performing similarly to the site at all sites. It yielded higher than Parafield at 8 of the 11 NVT and PBA sites. Kaspa remains the preferred variety in high rainfall areas not prone to bacterial blight, however alternative varieties should be considered if they provide regional advantages. OZP0703 is a high yielding early flowering dun variety with greater tolerance to bacterial blight (pv syringae) than current pea varieties. It averaged 99 percent of site yield across all sites in OZP0703 performed 10 percent higher than Kaspa in 2009 and 17 percent higher in 2008 across all sites, and shows a three percent yield advantage over Kaspa long term. This demonstrates its suitability across sites and seasons, not necessarily affected by bacterial blight. OZP0703 is expected to be released by AWB Seeds for 2012 sowings. More information: Mick Lines, (08) michael.lines@sa.gov.au SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 27

28 Lentil yields Jumbo sized By Matt Dare Research Officer SARDI, Larn McMurray Research Scientist SARDI, & Michael Materne, Pulse Breeding Australia Lentils. The newly released lentil variety PBA Jumbo performed well in South Australian trials last year, topping the variety yields at three of the seven Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) and NVT evaluation sites. A favourable growing season across southern Australia allowed high lentil yields at the majority of sites, averaging 3.8 tonnes per hectare across all sites harvested. Maitland, Minlaton and Riverton sites averaged over 4 tonnes per hectare which were historically high levels. The wet winter and spring also t increased crop biomass and disease levels. Ascochyta Blight (AB) infected lentil crops and trials on Yorke Peninsula at higher levels than previously observed. High regional cropping intensity, tight lentil rotation and the absence of seed dressings contributed to the severity of this disease outbreak. PBA Flash had higher levels of infection than other varieties in a number of these trials (Melton, Maitland, and Willamulka), but yields were still equal to Nugget. However PBA Flash is now rated moderately susceptible to AB and is likely to require both foliar and podding sprays in disease prone areas. Botrytis Grey Mould (BGM) also developed in spring as moist conditions and large crop canopies were prevalent. This disease has resulted in large yield penalties in previous seasons conducive to its development however improved vigilance with fungicide application in 2010 prevented it establishing in many crops. Northfield s yield was 34% lower than the site average at Melton in the presence of BGM and with no fungicide protection. It will be important to ensure seed saved for 2011 is tested to ensure it is free from seed-borne diseases that can carryover disease into this year s crops. Seed can still be infected despite having no visible sign of disease. High prices and demand for lentils leading into the 2010 cropping season led to an increase in area sown to lentils. In some instances lentil crops were sown on soil types that were not necessarily well suited to lentil production and consequently suffered from issues such as water logging and associated soil problems. Yeelanna and Mundulla trial sites suffered transient water logging, Rudall trial was on a sandy soil type with a low ph resulting in poor establishment while the Lameroo site was affected by weather damage prior to harvest. High variability at these sites t results have not been included in the state data set. Many commercial lentil crops had high levels of weeds that became more apparent later in the season. Sowing lentil crops into paddocks with high weed seed-banks, a favourable and wet growing season and post sowing preemergent herbicides running out of efficacy and not controlling later weed germinations contributed to high weed populations. Unfortunately some crops suffered weather damage from multiple rain events prior to harvest resulting in seed discolouration, wrinkled seed coat and in some instances mould. This created problems for receival at the silo and also affects marketability of the end product. Timely harvest and on-farm storage helped to reduce these issues in PBA Blitz and PBA Jumbo were released Matt Dare in PBA Blitz is a new medium sized red lentil, and is currently the earliest maturing commercial variety. It is particularly suited to short season growing environments, and more suited to the practice of crop-topping for end season weed control than later maturing varieties. In long term trials ( ) PBA Blitz has averaged 6% greater than Nugget across all SA sites and in 2009 was 28% higher yielding. It performed similarly to Nugget and PBA Flash in 2010, a good result given the season favoured later maturing varieties. P B A J u m b o i s a l a r g e seeded red lentil and a direct replacement for Aldinga. In 2010 it averaged over 4 tonnes per hectare across all sites and was the highest yielding variety at Minlaton, Willamulka and at Maitland. It was 20% higher yielding than the site average at Maitland, yielding at an astonishing 5.4 tonnes per hectare, and was 12 and 14 percent above the site yields at Minlaton and Willamulka, respectively. PBA Jumbo due to its shorter plant height, mid maturity and large seed size is most suited to medium to higher rainfall lentil growing areas where it has consistently yielded around 15% higher than Aldinga over long term averages however BGM will need to be controlled. PBA Flash and PBA Bounty were grown commercially for the first time in Yields of PBA Flash were similar to Nugget across all sites in Long term data shows PBA Flash has yielded 8 percent higher than Nugget on average and in 2009 was 23% higher yielding. Its earlier maturity has been better suited to shorter seasons and medium/ low rainfall environments although it still performed well in 2010 relative to Nugget despite higher disease levels at a number of sites. 28 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

29 Lentils SA Lentil Variety Trial Yield Performance: 2010 (as a % of site ) and Long term ( ) Average Across Sites (as a % of site ). MID NORTH YORKE PENINSULA SOUTH EAST MALLEE LOWER EYRE PENINSULA Variety Laura Rivertofield Turret- % site Trial Mait- Mel- Min- Willa- % site Trial Mun- % site Trial Lam- % site Trial Rudall Yee- % site Trial # land ton laton mulka # dulla # eroo # lanna # Aldinga Boomer Nipper Northfield * 86 9 Nugget PBA Blitz * PBA Bounty PBA Flash PBA Jumbo * CIPAL Site yield (t/ha) % LSD (0.05) Date sown 7/6 8/6 14/6 26/5 3/6 25/5 17/5 18/6 1/6 27/5 7/6 Soil type L / CLS / SCL / SCL / SCL / SCL SL / L SL / LS SCL CL LiMC LiC CLS L SCL LiC A-O rainfall (mm) ph (H2O) Site stress factors wl ab(l) w bgml ab(m) ab(h) bgmm abl wl w phwd pe wl w Soil type: S = sand, C = clay, L = loam, H = heavy, M = medium, Li = light, F = fine, Z = silt, / = over Site Stress Factors: de = pre flowering moisture stress, fr = reproductive frost damage, dl = post flowering moisture stress, ht = high temperatures during flowering/pod fill, bgml = botrytis grey mould (low), bgmm = botrytis grey mould (moderate), bgms = botrytis grey mould (severe), ab = ascochyta blight (low), w = weed competition, wl = temporary waterlogging, phwd = preharvest weather damage, pe = poor establishment * Varieties have only had limited evaluation at these sites, treat results with caution Data source: SARDI/GRDC, PBA & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites) NO VALID RESULT - HIGH VARAIBILITY IN TRIAL NO VALID RESULT - HIGH VARAIBILITY IN TRIAL NO VALID RESULT - HIGH VARAIBILITY IN TRIAL NO VALID RESULT - HIGH VARAIBILITY IN TRIAL PBA Bounty yielded similarly to Nugget in 2010 across all sites except Riverton where it was lower yielding by 15 percent. In long term trials in SA PBA Bounty has out yielded Nugget by 3 percent across sites. PBA Bounty is a broadly adapted small seeded red lentil with higher yields than Nipper and Northfield. PBA Bounty does not have the equivalent level of foliar disease resistance of Nipper but averages approximately 8% higher yields long term in SA than this variety. Nipper did not have the previously seen high yield increases over other varieties at disease infected sites in 2010, and was lower yielding than Nugget at Willamulka, Laura and Riverton. In 2010 NVT sites had strategic applications of fungicide to minimise the impact of disease. Fungicide applications would have benefited varieties with lower levels of disease resistance relative to Nipper. Nipper was the highest yielding variety at the Melton PBA site (106% of site average) where no fungicide was applied. Boomer had a mixed performance in It was significantly lower yielding than the site averages at Maitland (8%) and Turretfield (10%) where it produced very high levels of biomass but was the highest yielding variety (11%) at Laura, which was characterised by lower biomass levels. The PBA lentil breeding team is working with BASF and Pulse Australia to obtain an imidazolinone product registration for use on CIPAL702 (name pending). Commercial seed quantities of CIPAL0702 have been produced through PB seeds and will be made available to farmers when progress toward herbicide registration is confirmed. CIPAL0702 is a small seeded red lentil with good resistance to foliar and seed AB. It is also moderately resistant to BGM. CIPAL702 is later flowering than Nugget and best suited to more favorable areas. In 2010 CIPAL702 was generally ten percent lower yielding than Nugget across sites. More information: Matt Dare (08) , matt.dare@sa.gov.au SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 29

30 PBA Slasher a cut above the rest By Larn McMurray, Research Scientist, SARDI, Clare & Kristy Hobson PBA Chickpeas, DPI Victoria The newly released desi chickpea, PBA Slasher was the highest yielding variety across South Australian National Variety (NVT) and Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) trials in PBA Slasher averaged 12% higher than the current recommended ascochyta blight (AB) resistant desi variety, Genesis 509 across all 6 trials. Compared with the small kabuli types it was 6% higher than Genesis 090 (4 trials) and 2% higher than Genesis 079 (5 trials). Seasonal conditions were generally ideal for chickpea production in most areas in 2010 with high yields, and even record yields achieved. Rainfall was generally above average and fell at the right time throughout the growing season, although in some areas waterlogging was an issue. Temperatures were also favourable for pulse production however for the second year in a row chickpea crops experienced cool conditions during the flowering/ pod set period. These conditions were not as limiting on grain yield as seen in 2009 due to the absence of a November heat wave event last year. In fact few or no major heat or frost events occurred in Despite these favourable conditions the Cockaleechie trial was abandoned due to water logging and weed competition and results from the Rudal trial were considered too variable to use due to poor establishment. The Mundulla trial was affected by water logging and patchy establishment and was the lowest yielding desi trial harvested, at 1.4 t/ha. Of the remaining desi trials, average site yields ranged from 2.2 t/ha at Balaklava, where high and uncontrolled AB disease pressure occurred, to a SA and potentially Australian record of 4.0 t/ha at Riverton. The highest yielding breeding line at this site recorded a staggering 4.7 t/ha. AB disease infection affected variety p e r f o r m a n c e a t M e l t o n, although a podding spray was applied here unlike at Balaklava where no sprays were applied and yield loss occurred in all varieties. Apart from cool temperatures during flowering and early pod fill there were very few other factors influencing variety performance at the remaining sites. Establishment issues occurred in all PBA kabuli chickpea trials in 2010 due to seed of some lines being sourced from sites affected by the November heat wave in Results from these sites have not been included in the data set. The Cockaleechie kabuli trial, like the desi trial at this site was also abandoned and the Mundulla trial was low yielding (1.0 t/ha) due to waterlogging and poor establishment. Average site yields at the remaining two NVT sites were 2.9 t/ha at Minlaton and 4.1 t/ha at Riverton and variety performance was only influenced by cold temperatures during the reproductive phase. The importance of retaining good quality seed, testing for germination, vigour and disease status and early crop monitoring were highlighted not only in the kabuli trials last year but also in commercial crops as a number needed to be re-sown due to poor establishment. PBA Slasher is an AB blight resistant desi line from PBA Chickpeas, licensed to AWB Seeds and now widely available. It has long term yields in this state similar to the small seeded kabuli variety Genesis 079 and substantially superior to all other varieties. Along with high yields, PBA Slasher has improved seed quality compared to the desi type Genesis 509, with larger seed size and superior seed colour. It provides a high yielding desi alternative marketing option to the small seeded kabuli varieties. Genesis 079 like in 2009 was similar yielding to PBA Slasher in SA last year. It surprisingly was also higher yielding than Genesis 090 in last years long and favourable conditions with yield advantages ranging from 5-10% across all desi trials. Genesis 079 offers high yields in SA particularly in short growing seasons or environments. It is less suited to high rainfall and/or long growing season Larn McMurray districts due to its early and more determinate maturity pattern and its increased susceptibility to botrytis grey mould over other varieties. Genesis 079 produces small 6-7mm sized grain compared with Genesis 090 which produces seed sized 7-8mm. Indications of grain price for Genesis 079 are that it will be at the lower end of the Genesis 090 price range. Genesis 090, like in 2009 was lower yielding than PBA Slasher and 079 last year however it was slightly higher than Genesis 509 at most sites. In the kabuli chickpea trials (where all varieties are sown at 35 plants per sq. m unlike 50 in the desi trials) Genesis 090 was the highest yielding variety averaging 2% higher than Genesis 079 and 6 and 7% higher than the medium to large sized varieties, Almaz and Genesis 114 respectively. The large seeded selection from Genesis 114, Genesis 115 was generally 5% lower yielding than its parent variety. The medium to large seeded varieties have generally been 15-25% lower yielding than Genesis 090 in SA and their improved performance last year highlights their need for favourable growing conditions to obtain good yield and seed size in this state. The lower relative yields of the larger seeded kabuli types compared with desi and small seeded kabulis needs to be considered along with the chances of obtaining large seed size before deciding to grow these higher valued types in SA. More information: Larn McMurray (08) , larn.mcmurray@sa.gov.au 30 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

31 Chickpeas SA Desi & Kabuli Chickpea Variety Trial Yield Performance: 2010 (as % of site ) and Long term ( ) Average Across Sites (as % of site ). Variety MID NORTH YORKE PENINSULA SOUTH EAST LOWER EYRE PENINSULA % Site Trial # % Site Desi trials Genesis Genesis 079# Genesis 090# Howzat PBA HatTrick PBA Slasher Sonali Site yield (t/ha) % LSD (0.05) Kabuli trials Almaz Genesis 079# Genesis 090# Genesis Genesis * Site yield (t/ha) Variable results poor germination Variable results poor germination Variable results poor germination % LSD (0.05) Date sown 2/6 8/6 14/6 4/6 25/5 18/6 27/5 27/5 Soil type SL/ CLS/ SCL/ SCL/L SCL L CLS LS LiMC LiMC LiC A-O rainfall (mm) ph (H 2 O) Site stress factors abh, ct ct ct abm, ct bgm ct wl, w ct wl, w ct pe ct # Small kabuli type ** = Low and variable yield due yield due to water logging and variable establishment, use caution. Soil type: S = sand, C = clay, L = loam, H = heavy, M = medium, Li = light, / = over Site Stress Factors: dl = post flowering moisture stress, abm = ascochyta blight (moderate), ht = high temperature during flowering/pod fill, w = weed competition, abh = ascochyta blight (high), bgm = botrytis grey mould, vi = virus, ct = low temperatures during flowering, pe = poor establishment, wl = waterlogging Data source: SARDI/GRDC, PBA & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites and courtesy National Statistics Program). * Limited data at these sites, treat with caution. Trial # % Site Trial # Balaklava Riverton Turretfield Melton Minlaton Mundulla** Cockaleechie No valid result water logging & weeds No valid result water logging & weeds Rudall No valid result poor establishment % Site Trial # SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 31

32 Jenabillup lupins shine in 2010 By Andrew Ware, SARDI New Variety Agronomy, Port Lincoln Jenabillup enjoyed the seasonal conditions in 2010, performing exceptionally well at all breeding and NVT sites in South Australia, eclipsing Mandelup yields by 7%, averaged across all SA sites. Jenabillup is available to growers in eastern Australia for the first time in 2011 with seed available through Viterra Seeds. Five named varieties and 13 advanced breeding lines were evaluated at nine breeding and NVT sites in SA in The site grain yields ranged from 1.4 t/ha at Mundulla, to 3.9 t/ha at Field, both in the South East. The majority of the NVT lupin sites were planted as close to the break of the season as possible. Starting in late April/early May at Spalding and Keith, through to late May on Eyre Peninsula and into June at Mundulla. Establishment was good at all sites, except the later sown Mundulla site. Excellent rainfall at all sites, coupled with cool temperatures during grain fill gave lupins at the majority of sites an opportunity to grow unchecked through out the season. As with many commercial crops, water logging, and bulky growth, which returned a poor pod set, arose as issues in 2010 lupin trials. This coupled with field mould on grain and the risk of lupinosis to sock grazing lupin stubbles resulted in a frustrating year for lupin producers in some areas. The issue of bulky growth returning poor yields is the subject of on going trial work in SA. Results so far have not provided clear solutions, but will continue in Unseasonal rainfalls, humidity combined with below average summer temperatures, are ideal conditions for Andrew Ware extremely high lupinosis causing toxin levels to develop in lupin stubbles. Care must be taken when grazing lupin stubbles or when feeding affected grain to stock. M a n d e l u p c o n t i n u e d t o perform well at most sites but with a shorter flowering window it wasn t able to take full advantage of the long growing season, and yielded lower than Jenabillup at most sites. The growing season in 2010 was thought to be ideal for late flowering variety Jindalee, but harvest results proved otherwise. Jindalee averaged only 81% of the site across all SA sites and was consistently was the poorest performer of all lines evaluated. Wonga still provides the best level of anthracnose resistance available of the current commercial varieties but yields were well below Jenabillup and Mandelup at all sites in 2010 and 9% below 32 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

33 Lupins SA Lupin Variety Trial Yield Performance (2010 and predicted regional performance, expressed as % of site average yield) LOWER EYRE PENINSULA UPPER EYRE PENINSULA MID NORTH MURRAY MALLEE SOUTH EAST 2010 Long term average across sites 2010 Long term average across sites 2010 Long term average across sites 2010 Long term average across sites 2010 Long term average across sites No. Field t/ha % of No. t/ha % of No. t/ha % of No. t/ha % of No. t/ha % of Trials Keith Mundulla Kybybolite Spalding Lameroo Trials Ungarra Tooligie Trials Trials Wanilla Site Trials Site Site Site Site Variety Coromup Jenabillup Jindalee Mandelup Wonga Site Av. Yield (t/ha) LSD (%) Date sown 18-May 26-May 25-May 29-Apr 10-May 4-May 21-Jun 26-May 28-May Soil type S S S LFS/ZL S/LS S S CL S ph (water) Apr-Oct rain (mm) Site stress factors w, wa em w, wa Abbreviations Soil type: S=sand, C=clay, L=loam, NW=non-wetting / =divides topsoil from subsoil Site stress factors: w = weeds, wa = waterlogging, es = establishment Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT MET data analysis by National Statistics Program. Mandelup long term. Coromup hasn t been commercially released in eastern Australia, and was developed for specially markets. With long term yields 5% lower than Mandelup its future role in South Australia is uncertain. Long term averages ( ) show that there is only 1% yield difference between Jenabillup and Mandelup across all SA regions. For growers looking to upgrade varieties in 2011 and beyond Jenabillup should provide a consistent yield advantage over Mandelup in environments where annual rainfall is 450mm or higher. For growers in the low to medium rainfall zones Mandelup remains the most consistent performer. Notes on newly released variety Jenabillup has been extensively trailed in SA for five years with a long term average 1% higher than Mandelup across all South Australian sites. It has a typically has an advantage over Mandelup at the longer growing season sites such as Wanilla on Lower EP and the South East sites. Jenabillup flowers slightly later and for a longer period than Mandelup, making it less suitable to crop topping. Jenabillup does have resistance to black pod syndrome, although rarely seen in South Australia. Jenabillup does not have tolerance to metribuzin herbicide. It has a low anthracnose rating (MS), similar to Merrit. Seed is available through Viterra Seeds. More information: Andrew Ware (08) , andrew.ware@sa.gov.au SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 33

34 Fiesta top faba bean in 2010 By Andrew Ware, SARDI New Variety Agronomy, Port Lincoln Fiesta VF narrowly topped NVT and PBA faba bean trials in South Australia in Nura followed closely behind, averaging 1% less than Fiesta across all trials in SA, with 2009 top variety, Farah, 3% behind Fiesta. The majority of faba bean trials were sown in mid - late May, and established well. Where there was a lack of disease, conditions for faba bean growth in 2010 were excellent. faba beans proved better than other pulse crops in being able to survive waterlogged soils. Average site yields ranged from the 2.3 t/ ha at chocolate spot affected Cockaleechie, on Lower Eyre Peninsula to 5.4t/ha at Bool Lagoon, in the South East. Frequent rain events during spring, t that Chocolate Spot (CS) was the biggest disease challenge in faba beans in High disease pressure was observed in field trials located at Saddleworth, Tarlee, and Cockaleechie. Most NVT and breeding trials had foliar fungicide(s) applied to control CS and were very effective when applied during early flowering. Disease assessments showed many high yielding well-adapted lines developed by the Australian faba bean Breeding Program, based at the University of Adelaide, exhibit improved resistance to CS. These lines rated 3.0 compared to current cultivars rated at 5.5 in a high disease pressure field trial at Saddleworth i n ( r e c e i v e d o n e application of fungicide). Severity of cercospora leaf spot, ascochtya and chocolate observed in field trials was variable and reflected the influence of paddock history, proximity to infested residues, t h e t i m i n g o f f u n g i c i d e applications and their interactions with local weather conditions. Lodging was an issue at several sites where excellent growth had occurred (Tarlee, Maitland, and Bool Lagoon). Nura had slightly better standing ability at these sites compared to Farah and Fiesta. Trials that were harvested after the significant rainfall events in late November and early December experienced high levels of seed staining and discolouration. At the Tarlee site Fiesta experienced the highest levels of seed staining, followed by Doza and Farah, with Nura having the lowest levels. Fiesta was the top per forming commercial variety at six of the 14 faba bean evaluation sites in SA in 2010, and was highest yielding at all three sites in the South East. Nura performed the best at five sites, including on the Upper Eyre Peninsula, the Mallee, and three sites in the Mid- North/ Central district. Farah performed well at both sites on Yorke Peninsula. Long term averages show that Farah and Fiesta are the most consistent performers in terms of grain yield over a number of years across South Australia, with Nura only 1% behind. Andrew Ware Notes on newly released broad bean variety PBA Kareema was selected A from Aquadulce with similar adaptation to this variety but with larger and more uniform seed, and no evergreens. It is well adapted to the very high rainfall, broad bean districts in the lower south-east of SA. It has significantly improved resistance to ascochyta blight (MR-R) and better rust resistance (MR) than Aquadulce and is slightly less susceptible to chocolate spot than other faba beans. The yield of PBA Kareema has been similar to, or slightly greater than, Aquadulce in trials in the South East of SA over the past 9 years. It is licensed to PGG Wrightson Seeds and an end point royalty applies. Refer to PBA Kareema variety brochure grdcpublications/pba or com. au/ pdf/ PBA% 20Kareema% 20 Website%20Final.pdf The contribution of data and information for this report from the Pulse Breeding Australia faba bean Breeding Program by Dr Jeff Paull, University of Adelaide, and Rohan Kimber, SARDI, is gratefully acknowledged. More information: Andrew Ware (08) , andrew.ware@sa.gov.au 34 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

35 SA Faba Bean Variety Trial Yield Performance (2010 and predicted regional performance, expressed as % of site average yield) Variety LOWER EP UPPER EP YORKE PENINSULA MID NORTH / CENTRAL MALLEE SOUTH EAST 2010 Long term average across sites t/ha % of Site No. Trials 2010 Long term average across sites Rudall t/ha % of Site No. Trials 2010 Long term average across sites Cockaleechie Maitland Minlaton t/ha % of Site No. Trials 2010 Long term average across sites t/ha % of Site No. Trials 2010 Long term average across sites t/ha % of Site No. Trials 2010 Long term average across sites Doza Farah Fiesta Fiord Nura Site av yield (t/ ha) LSD (%) Date sown 27-May 27-May 26-May 25-May 26-May 14-May 12-May 3-May 27-May 7-Jun 10-May 13-May 20-May 1-Jun Soil type SCL LS SCL/CLS SCL L/CL CL HC ZCL/ MC LiMC SL/LC C C P SC ph (water) Apr-Oct rain (mm) Site stress factors cs, wa cs as, cs Abbreviations: Soil type: S=sand, C=clay, L=loam, P=Peat, F=fine, K=coarse, M=medium, Li=light, H=heavy, Z=silt, / =divides topsoil from subsoil. Site stress factors:, cs= chocolate spot, wa = waterlogging, as = ascochyta Kieth NVT Faba Bean site: not released Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program MET data analysis by National Statistics Program. Bool Lagoon Laura Pinery Saddleworth Tarlee Turretfield Charlick Lameroo Bordertown Millicent t/ha % of Site No. Trials SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 35

36 Mitika oats weather the storm By Sue Hoppo, Scientific Officer, and Pamela Zwer, Principal Oat Breeder, SARDI Unpredictable and unfavourable weather conditions, foliar diseases, mice and locust plagues which varied by location set the scene for a very different yield performance profile for all oat varieties in Not any one variety dominated. However, Potoroo was the highest yielding at four of the 10 locations in South Australia. Mitika and Possum were the second most stable yielding varieties across trial sites. Large yield differences occurred at all trial sites and the highest of these was at Riverton where Possum more than doubled the yield of Wandering. Grain quality in the milling varieties was excellent at all trial locations except Greenpatch and Kybybolite where test weights were relatively low. M i t i k a w a s t h e o v e r a l l s t a n d o u t f o r g r a i n q u a l i t y i n Yallara, Mitika and Euro had the highest test weight with Carrolup performing well in the South East. Mitika also averaged the lowest screenings % across all sites followed closely by Possum and then Yallara. Grain size was largest for Euro and Mitika and protein highest for Mitika. Good rains in April had many hoping for a good start to the year but dry conditions in May combined with some warm weather caused a delay in seeding with many crops being sown dry. Problems with mice particularly through the mid North and Yorke Peninsula also caused delays to seeding with some having to re-sow paddocks due to the damage sustained. The trial site at Pinery was not harvested due to extensive mouse damage. Locusts and lucerne flea also caused problems for some. Rain in late May was the opening break with greater than 75 mm recorded widely across the mid North of the state. Growing season rainfall was close to average or even below average in some districts for the first half of the growing season but August was very wet with spraying days hard to find. By the end of August reports of stem rust and red leather leaf in oats started coming in. September was also wet and the hay cutting season was delayed and extended. In some cases crops were left for grain rather than cut for hay due to the wet conditions. Hay yields were good but rain damaged hay was widespread. The start of grain harvest was also delayed and a very wet December limited harvesting days and saw many still reaping into the New Year. Severe lodging and shattering occurred in crops not harvested before the storms hit in mid December. Stem rust, leaf rust, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and red leather leaf diseases all took their toll on both yield and quality in affected areas. Care should still be taken to monitor rust levels in paddocks of all oat varieties as rust races can change from year to year. With weather damaged grain also being prevalent, germination testing will be imperative for seed being used for sowing in Following is a summary of how each variety performed in the National Oat Breeding Program trials and the South Australian National Variety Trials (NVT) conducted by the SARDI New Variety Agronomy Group in Factors such as grain quality, disease resistance and maturity as well as grain yield should be considered before selecting the variety best suited to your district and end use. The sowing guide published each year in October/November or on the SARDI website ( provides Sue Hoppo comprehensive notes on each variety and is your best guide to choosing oat varieties for both grain and hay production. The new milling variety Yallara A is a backcross line from a North Dakota breeder s line combining Euro s yield and premium milling grain quality with stem and leaf rust resistance. Changes in rust races occurred in 2010 and in some areas Yallara had susceptible reactions to stem rust. Yallara has bright grain and high grain digestibility making it suitable for the horse racing industry. It is slightly taller and earlier than Euro. Like Euro it is resistant to cereal eelworm but intolerant. It is also susceptible and intolerant of stem nematode. Yallara averaged 20% below its long term average across 10 locations in Tall varieties are more prone to lodging and shattering and this would have contributed to Yallara s poor performance. Despite its yield, Yallara maintained its premium grain quality across all locations. Seed of Yallara is available from Viterra. The dwarf milling quality variety Mitika A is an early maturing variety suited to all rainfall districts due to its improved foliar disease resistance spectrum1. However, it is intolerant and susceptible to cereal eelworm and is not suitable for areas where this is a problem. Mitika has low husk lignin and good grain protein and digestibility making it also an excellent option for feed. Mitika yielded 6% below its long term average in 2010 across all locations but was the equal second highest yielding variety. It yielded above the site average at Riverton, Turretfield and Frances. Mitika also averaged the second highest test weight, the lowest screenings, highest grain weight and highest protein of all the varieties tested. Stem rust infection varied for Mitika depending on location. Mitika was rated as anything from 36 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

37 Oats SA Oat Variety Yield Performance: 2010 and long term ( ), expressed as a % of site average and as t/ha 2010 Lower Eyre Upper Eyre Yorke Pen. Mid North South East Murray Mallee Green Patch Nunjikompita Paskeville Crystal Pinery Riverton Turretfield Bordertown Frances Kybybolite Lowbank Variety Brook Carrolup mice Euro damage Mitika Mortlock Numbat Possum Potoroo Wandering Yallara Site av. yield t/ha LSD (%) Date sown 2 Jun 5 Jun 27 May 5 May 2 Jun 15 Jun 7 Jul 21 May 12 May 31 May 27 May Soil type LS SL L/ZCL SL/SCL CL CL CL LC CL SL LS/LS ph (water) A-O rain mm Stress factors l l,s,r,w r r,w SA Oat Variety Yield Performance: Long Term average across sites within region ( ) as % site average and number of trials Lower Eyre Upper Eyre Yorke Peninsula Mid North South East Murray Mallee Variety % sites av. # trials % sites av. # trials % sites av. # trials % sites av. # trials % sites av. # trials % sites av. # trials Carrolup Echidna Euro Mitika Mortlock Numbat Possum Potoroo Wandering Yallara Site av. yield t/ha Abbreviations Soil types: S=sand, C=clay, L=loam, F=fine, K=coarse, M=medium, Li=light, H=heavy, / =divides topsoil from subsoil Stress factors: l=lodging, s=shattering, r=rust, w=wet at harvest Data source: NVT, GRDC and SARDI Crop Evaluation and Oat Breeding Programs (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group moderately resistant to susceptible. Care is required to monitor rust levels especially in years with favourable conditions for the multiplication of rust. Seed of Mitika is available from Seedmark. Like Mitika, Possum A is a milling quality dwarf oat susceptible and intolerant to cereal eelworm. In 2010, Possum yielded slightly below its long term average across all locations and was equal second highest yielding with Mitika. It yielded above the site average at Paskeville, Riverton, Turretfield and Frances. In 2010 Possum had a lower test and grain weight than other milling varieties but the second lowest screenings percent. This is probably due to Possum s inferior stem and leaf rust resistance compared to Mitika. However, Possum s early-mid season maturity makes it more suitable than Mitika to medium to high rainfall areas where cereal eelworm is not a constraint. Seed of Possum is available from AWB Seeds. Euro, is a short tall milling quality variety with resistance but intolerance to cereal eelworm. It is also very susceptible to stem rust and requires monitoring and applications of fungicides in years when stem rust is likely to be a problem. Like most varieties, Euro did not perform as well as its long term average in Across all locations it was 9% lower yielding that would be expected. Grain quality was excellent. Potoroo is an early maturing dwarf feed variety with resistance and tolerance to cereal eelworm. It is the only variety tested in these trials suited to areas where cereal eelworm is a problem. Potoroo was the only variety to perform similar to its long term yield average in Indicative of its feed status, Potoroo had the second lowest average test weight of all varieties in 2010 but grain weight and screenings were better than expected. Numbat is a naked oat suitable for feeding mono-gastric animals. Advice should be sought before growing this variety. Wandering, Car rolup and Mortlock are varieties bred in Western Australia and included in NVT and breeding trials. They are not recommended in South Australia due to their susceptibility to nematodes and foliar diseases in this state. Advice should be sought before growing these varieties in South Australia. Watch out for new dwarf varieties soon to be released by the SARDI Oat Breeding Program which combine eelworm resistance and tolerance with improved grain quality. 1 Refer to the Oat Sowing Guide published in October/November each year, SARDI website or variety brochures for a more comprehensive listing of the foliar disease resistances for each variety. More information: Sue Hoppo (08) sue.hoppo@sa.gov.au SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 37

38 Bogong takes trifecta in SA triticale trials By Kenton Porker, SARDI, and Rob Wheeler, SARDI For the third successive year Bogong has taken out overall honours for the highest average yield across all 8 triticale National Variety Trial (NVT) sites in SA. The new variety Berkshire came in a distant second but jostled for top spot with Bogong across some sites. Mild and wet spring conditions throughout much of SA provided for environments that favoured the medium to later maturing varieties in reaching their yield potential. Yields across the triticale sites on a whole were above average. Across all sites in 2010, yields averaged 3.39t/ha, 14% lower than 2009; largely due to the lower than average yields achieved at the higher yielding sites. Yields ranged from 1.81 t/ha at Bute on the Yorke Peninsula to 4.37 t/ha at Turretfield in the Mid North. Conmurra in the South East suffered lower than average yields due to significant pressure from stripe rust and the Bute site endured weed pressure from Brome Grass. The lower rainfall sites such as Pinnaroo proved to benefit most from the favourable spring conditions. Amongst the triticale yields for 2010, the relatively new grain releases continued to outclass the older foundation varieties of Tahara and Tickit across all districts of SA. Bogong was the overall top yielding variety across the SA trials topping five of the eight trial sites with Berkshire 7% further back taking out top spot in the remaining three sites. A respective third place went to Hawkeye 10% behind Bogong, followed by Canobolas (12%). Tahara and Tickit yielded a further 22% below Bogong. Due to seasonal differences in performance of varieties, it is important to consider long term averages and whether the variety has been widely evaluated across seasons and sites when comparing yields of varieties. Rust classifications also change regularly due to new rust pathotypes arising. Please refer to the latest disease guides for updated information. Bogong released by the University of New England in 2008, has now been evaluated for four seasons across all sites in SA. Bogong has all but proven its broad adaptation through topping the NVT trials for the third year running. Long term yield results position Bogong around 20% above average across all environments in SA. Bogong was the highest yielding variety in 2008 when the season shut off with dry conditions experienced in spring; explained by its early to mid season maturing. Bogong was therefore tipped to come back to the pack in longer seasons and under more favourable spring conditions. However, against the odds, Bogong has continued to excel in both the more favourable seasons of 2009, and 2010; still yielding above all other varieties. Bogong offers good resistance to all common forms of rust, but is not resistant to CCN. Berkshire is a relatively new variety which performed particularly well in 2010 at the higher rainfall sites and heavier soil type sites, but fell well below average in the lower rainfall and more sandier sites. Longer term, Berkshire is behind Bogong and about on par with Canobolas at 10% above average. Berkshire was purpose bred for its feed quality traits for pigs by the University of Sydney and the Pork CRC. It is of mid season maturity, but is now moderately susceptible to stripe rust. Hawkeye was the respectably third ranked variety in SA for 2010 proving it also is well adapted after being a consistent high performer across seasons and sites in SA (6% above average) but Kenton Porker down on Bogong and Berkshire. Hawkeye released by AGT in 2007, is broadly adapted, mid maturing, resistant to CCN and rust, and offers excellent grain quality. Compared to long term yields, Canobolas and Jaywick did not perform as well in 2010 as in previous seasons but still continued to outclass older varieties. Both varieties are slightly earlier maturing than their counterparts Bogong and Hawkeye; partly explaining the disparity in yield observed in 2010 between the varieties. Canobolas released by the UNE in 2008 has performed well over seasons; however, is now moderately susceptible susceptible to stripe rust as verified by its low yield at Conmurra in Jaywick was released in 2007 by AGT as a broadly adapted variety, offering CCN resistance and good to fair resistance to all rusts with excellent grain quality. Rufus yields remained inferior to the newer grain varieties in 2010 but its performance remained aligned with long term averages. Rufus is a reduced awn variety, resistant to rusts and CCN, making it a very valuable dual purpose variety for hay, grazing and grain production saw the release of new grain variety Chopper from AGT. Chopper is a semi dwarf very early maturing variety with CCN and good rust resistance, offering an alternative for the CCN susceptible and now rust susceptible Speedee. Chopper is more likely to perform well in short seasons and in low yield potential environments. The long season of 2010 did not favour early maturing varieties such as Chopper; even so, it has performed as well as later varieties Tahara and Tickit. Chopper s performance is more likely to fluctuate with differences in seasonal conditions. 38 > SARDI Crop Harvest Report

39 Triticale SA Triticale Variety Yield Performance (2010 and long term, , expressed as % of site average yield and as t/ha) Variety 2010 Yields Long Term average across sites within region ( ) as % site average and No of trials Lower Eyre Upper Eyre Yorke Pen. Mid North Murray Mallee South East # trials # trials %sites av. # trials %sites av. # trials %sites av. # trials %sites av. %sites av. # trials %sites av. Turretfield Wharminda Pinnaroo Streaky Bay Minnipa Greenpatch Bute Conmurra Abacus Berkshire Bogong Canobolas Chopper Crackerjack Endeavour Hawkeye Jaywick Rufus Tahara Tickit Tobruk Tuckerbox Yowie Yukuri Site av Yield (t/ha) Date Sown 18-May 27-May 2-Jun 7-Jun 12-May 10-Jun 14-Jun 2-Jun Soil type FS/S C LS L SL/LiC LSCL SCL/LiC NWS ph (water) A-O rain mm wg yr Stress factors Abbreviations Soil types: S=sand, C=clay, L=loam, F=fine, K=coarse, M=medium, Li=light, H=heavy, NWS= non wettting sand, / =divides topsoil from subsoil YLF s: yr= stripe rust, wg=grass weeds Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites) Data analysis by GRDC funded National Statistics Group For the second year running Tobruk topped the rust affected high rainfall site in the South East despite being susceptible to stripe rust. Being a winter type variety, Tobruk is suited to longer season wetter environments. Tobruk appears to have a fit in SA offering a genuine dual purpose and longer season fully awned grain only variety. Abacus, a very long season variety is now susceptible to stripe rust and consequently suffered the most in the South East trial. Yukuri is a later maturing, reduced awn, rust resistant, CCN susceptible, dual purpose variety, commonly valued for forage production, and also for producing milling quality grain of wheatlike appearance. Yukuri s performance in 2010 was below average; down on its performances in previous years, surprising given the season favoured such varieties. Yukuri s long term yield places it in on par with the grain variety Tickit. Other new releases in 2010 included Tuckerbox from Seed Distributors in its second year of NVT; and Yowie, bred by Kath Cooper, in NVT for the first time in Tuckerbox is a reduced awn, late medium season variety which may be grown for forage or grain with good resistance to rust and CCN. Yowie is a slightly later maturing, medium season, fully-awned variety with resistance to rusts and CCN. Crackerjack (fully awned) and Endeavour (reduced awned) are both winter type varieties used predominantly for forage production in long season high rainfall environments. All four varieties yielded well below average in 2010 but have not yet been widely evaluated across seasons within SA NVT and further evaluation is needed highlighted varietal differences in lodging. Lodging can be a significant problem for triticale in wetter areas or in higher yielding situations. Chopper being shorter than all other varieties (approximately 15% shorter than Tahara) did not lodge to the same degree, showing its superior standing ability and straw strength also showed Tobruk and Bogong to stand up much better than older varieties Tahara and Rufus and newer releases Berkshire, Hawkeye, Jaywick, and Yowie. Acknowledgements: Contributions from Dr Kath Cooper More information: Kenton Porker (08) , kenton.porker@sa.gov.au SARDI Crop Harvest Report < 39

40 GRAIN INDUSTRY R E S E A R C H U P D AT E TArGeTed research The SA Grain Industry Trust invests more than $1.2 million a year in supporting research crucial to the advancement of the SA grain industry with funds coming from a 25c a tonne contribution on all grain delivered by SA grain growers. In SAGIT IS SupporTInG 34 projects IncludInG: CereAlS Improving the heat stress tolerance of wheat Australian Grain Technologies Improved wheat and oat doubled haploids SARDI Improved noodle quality in wheats for SA University of Adelaide Barley germplasm development SARDI Barley agronomy and grass control in changing farm systems SARDI Identification and use of CCN markers in oat breeding SARDI Control of net blotch in barley YPASG Rhizoctonia control using various approaches (3 projects) SARDI Durum agronomy Durum Growers Association Publication of the Sowing Guide and Harvest Reports SARDI Pre harvest sprouting risk assessment in wheat Rural Solutions PulSeS, OIlSeedS And PASTureS Novel tools for control of pulse pathogens SARDI New vetch species for low rainfall regions SARDI Increasing lentil production through better weed control SARDI Improving pea management practices SARDI Angel Strand medic, increasing benefits to SA farmers SARDI Use of mapping for targeted weed control - SARDI OTher PrIOrITIeS Value of Feed Grains Productive Nutrition Benefits of free living nitrogen fixing organisms - CSIRO Development of improved strand medic lines - SARDI Increasing economic returns from Precision Agriculture SPAA Developing farming systems by understanding the impact on soil carbon SARDI Updating root disease manual and training courses SARDI DNA assays for stubble pathogens - SARDI Impact of drought on fertiliser use efficiency University of Adelaide Farm Gross Margins Guide for crops and livestock in SA Rural Solutions Improving trial effectiveness using rain out shelters University of Adelaide South Australian Grain Industry Trust TruSTeeS Of The SA GrAIn InduSTry TruST Peter Kuhlmann (Mudamuckla) Chair, Jim Heaslip (Appila), Simon Ballinger (Wolseley) and Linda Eldredge (Clare). The trustees are assisted in project allocation decisions by SAFF nominees Peter McCormack (Adelaide) and Tanya Morgan (Jabuk), and Scientific Adviser Dr Alan Dube. Secretariat Thomas Project Services - Geoff Thomas (Phone )