Effects of Plant Spacing and Rate of Poultry Manure Application on Growth and Seed Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Transcription

1 Effects of Plnt Spcing nd Rte of Poultry Mnure Appliction on Growth nd Seed Yield of Sesme (Sesmum indicum L.) 1* 1 1 Gore Bi Boh NestorP P, Koussi N dri JcoP P, Tonessi D ChrlotteP P, Akz Moroh JosephP 1 2 Doffou SélstiqueP Pnd Zoro Bi Irie ArseneP P. 1 P, Akffou 1. Deprtement of Agronomy nd Forestery, University of Jen Lorougnon Guede, BP 150 Dlo, Ivory Cost. 2. Deprtement of Science of Nture, University of Nngui Arogou, 02 BP 801 Aidjn 02, Aidjn Ivory Cost. Astrct Innovtion of trditionl system of crops constitutes n unvoidle solution to properly feed the rpidly growing popultions in developing countries. Thus, field trils were conducted during 2015 nd 2016 t Gokor (Dlo) to investigte the effect of plnt spcing nd rte of poultry mnure ppliction on growth, development nd seed yield of sesme (Sesmum indicum L.). Tretments comprised two plnts spcing (20 nd 40 cm) nd two rtes of 2 poultry mnure (0 nd 10 kg/mp P). The four tretment comintions were lid out in rndomized complete lock design with three replictions. Sttisticl nlysis indicted tht wider spcing oosted significntly (P < 0.05) growth, seed yield nd its components thn closer spcing. The fertilizing effect of poultry mnure ws superior to tht of no fertilizer. However, interction etween plnt spcing nd rte of poultry mnure indictes tht the est vlue of seed yield nd its components were produced on plot with 10 kg of poultry mnure nd wider spce. Key words: Sesme, plnt spcing, poultry mnure, food security 390

2 1. Introduction To properly feed the rpidly growing popultions in developing countries, the griculturl policy of governments should e directed towrds innovtion of the old griculturl prctice. According to the work of Budoin (2001) the mintennce of trditionl frming systems is one of the cuses of the decline in crop production in Su-Shrn Afric. To this is dded the priority given to csh crops to the detriment of food crops. This is the cse of sesme. Sesme (Sesmum indicum L.) elongs to the fmily pedlicee nd is one of the most ncient oil crops in the world (Ndeem et l., 2015). It is grown in oth tropicl nd sutropicl regions of Afric, Asi nd Ltin Americ. In Ivory Cost, its production is essentil focused in the western re. The sesme plnt is out 60 to 120 cm in height nd the fruit is dehiscent cpsule held close to stem nd when ripe, the cpsule shtters to relese numer of smll seeds which re protected y firous hull or skin, which my e whitish to rown (Agele et l., 2015). The verge grin yield per hectre hs een reported to e reltively low in most producing Afric countries etween kg/h (Sh nd Bhrgv, 1980; Schilling nd Cttn, 1991). This low productivity hs discourged growers therey reducing the totl re under sesme cultivtion. Among fctors responsile for the low yield re the poor fertility of soils nd improper crop spcing. Proper inter row nd intr row spcing is one of the importnt components in intensive frming system (Knton et l., 2013). The spce ville for individul plnt growing in community ffects the yield nd qulity of produce. Due to proper spce plnts cn receive sufficient sun light, wter nd other necessry nutrients from the soil which enhnce the yield of the sesme (Mdis et l., 2015). Ngl et l. (2013) 2013 reported tht 75 cm row spcing produced the higher seed yield s compred with 25 cm nd 50 cm row spcing. Wider row spcing showed more potentil for high seed yield s compred to nrrow row spcing. Very nrrow row spcing increses the site-specific compctions etween the plnts resulting lower grin yield. 391

3 Also nutrient mngement hs constituted n importnt spect of improved frm prctices developed to ttin high yields nd qulity in ll crops to meet the demnd of n everincresing humn popultion (Hrun, 2011; Jkusko nd Usmn, 2013). The scrcity nd expensive nture of inorgnic fertilizers coupled with the negtive effects on the environment hs led to incresed use of orgnic mnure in crop production. Poultry mnure hs long een recognized nd used s mnure in crop production. It improves soil fertility y dding oth mjor nd essentil nutrients s well s soil orgnic mtter which improve moisture nd nutrient retention (Ogonn nd Umr-Sh, 2012; Okonmh, 2012). Poultry mnure ppliction hs een reported to promote sesme yield (Ogonn nd Umr-Sh, 2012; Amnullh et l., 2014). In Ivory Cost, work on the effects of crop spcing nd orgnic mnure on the growth nd yield of sesme is not ville. The ojectives of this study, therefore, were to investigte the effects of plnt spcing nd poultry mnure on seed yield nd yield components of sesme. 2. Mterils nd methods 2.1. Study site o Field experiments were conducted in 2015 nd 2016 t Gokor (Dlo) (ltitude: 06P P 53 o 58 N nd longitude: 06P P W) (Ivory Cost). This site is chrcterized y two riny sesons seprted y short dry period (from mid-july to mid-septemer) nd long dry seson (Decemer-Mrch). Annul rinfll vries from 1000 to 1500 mm. The zone receives undnt sunshine with n nnul mximum men temperture rnging etween 21S Snd o 35P PC. Its vegettion is lrgely constituted y the dense forest. The soil in the experimentl re is clssified s ferllitic well drined sndy lom (Koffi et l., 2014; Morel, 2014). 392

4 2.2. Plnt mteril nd experimentl design The seed of sesme ws otined t the mrket of Gohitfl (Ivory Cost). The sowing ws done ccording to two row spcing (40 x 40 cm (S1) nd 20 x 20 cm (S2)). In order to improve the growth nd seed yield of the crop poultry mnure (PM)] ws pplied. In tht respect, two tretments (T0 nd T1) were considered: T0 (Control): no fertilizer, T1: 10 kg of poultry mnure (PM). Thus, the experimentl design consisted of three complete rndomized locks. Ech lock ws composed of four plots representing, ech tretment. To ensure proper stnd, five seeds per hole were sown directly nd thinned to one plnt per hole t the two-lef stge. P PAll plnts per tretment including control were studied. No irrigtion ws pplied during the trils. Weeds were mnully controlled, ut the insecticide (Cypercl EC 50) ws used to protect the crop ginst insects identified in the loclity Dt collections nd sttisticl nlysis Three growth prmeters (plnt height (PLG), stem girth (SG) nd numer of rnches (NB)) nd 6 yield prmeters (numer of rnches with cpsule (NBC), numer of cpsule per plnt (NCP), weight of cpsule per plnt (WC), numer of seed per plnt (NS), weight of seed per plnt (WS) nd seed yield (SY)) were mesured in 2015 nd 2016, from sowing in 14 Mrch to hrvesting in 18 June. Significnt effect of plnt spcing nd poultry mnure were tested y MANOVA. When significnt effect is detected for fctor, ech prmeter ws exmined y using the SAS sttisticl pckge. In cse of significnt difference the Lest Significnt Difference (LSD) multiple rnge-tests were used to identify the mens which differed. 393

5 3. Results 3.1. Effect of plnt spcing on growth nd seed yield of sesme Dt in tle 1 showsss tht seven prmeters tested were influenced y plnt spcing. The highest vlues of plnt height, numer of rnches with cpsules, numer of cpsules, weight of cpsule, weight of seeds, numer of seeds nd seed yield were otined with wider spcing. Those of numers of rnches nd plnt girth were not oosted y plnt spcing Effect of poultry mnure on growth nd seed yield of sesme Seed yield nd its eight components (plnt height, numer of rnches, plnt girth, numer of rnches with cpsules, numer of cpsules per plnt, weight of cpsules per plnt, numer of seeds per plnt, weight of seeds per plnt) studied were significntly oosted y poultry mnure t P = The highest vlue of ech of these prmeters ws recorded on plnts hving grown on soil supplemented with poultry mnure (PM) (Tle 2) Effect of interction etween plnt spcing nd poultry mnure growth nd poultry mnure of sesme Interction etween plnt spcing nd poultry mnure indicted tht seed yield nd its components tested were significntly ffected t p= The highest vlues of those prmeters were recorded on plots contining poultry mnure with wider spcing (40 cm) (Tle 3). 394

6 Tle 1. Effect of plnt spcing on growth nd seed yield of sesme Plnt spcing PLH (m) GS (mm) NB NBC NC WC (g) NS WS (g) SY (t/h) Wider 1,451±0,14 7* 13,176±4,05 9 4,119±1,902 3,214±1, ,309±25, ,742±8, ,190±20 69,893 6,148±5,906 1,803±3,789 Nrrow 1,376±0, ,804±2,10 3 4,222±1,475 2,416±1, ,166±18,0 89 5,867±4, ,000 ±1321,401 2,356±1,664 0,524±0,915 F 7.8 0,175 1,962 3,469 9,923 12,350 11,384 16,990 7,729 P ,839 0,145 0,034 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 *For given prmeter, vlues followed y the sme letter(s) were not significntly different t P = 0.05, on the sis of the Lest Significnt Difference (LSD) test, F = Fischer, PLH: Plnt height, SG: stem girth NB: numer of rnches, NBC: numer of rnches with cpsule, NC: numer of cpsule per plnt, WC: weight of cpsule per plnt, NS: numer of seed per plnt, WS: weight of seed per plnt (WS), SY: seed yield. Tle 2. Effect of poultry mnure on growth nd seed yield of sesme Fertilizer PLH (m) GS (mm) NB NBC NC WC (g) NS WS (g) SY (t/h) Poultry Mnure 1,534±0,145 * 14,414±3,20 4 4,360±1,75 1 3,278±1,582 42,836±26,064 11,316±9, ,541±2181,8 20 5,315±5,697 2,068±3,753 Control 1,335±0,172 11,358±1,95 6 3,527±1,38 5 2,290±1,133 17,527±11,145 5,532±3, ,236±839,09 4 2,416±1,313 0,374±0,348 F ,126 6,974 15,126 52,602 53,839 54,138 53,793 32,740 P ,000 0,009 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 *For given prmeter, vlues followed y the sme letter(s) were not significntly different t P = 0.05, on the sis of the Lest Significnt Difference (LSD) test, F = Fischer, PLH: Plnt height, SG: stem girth NB: numer of rnches, NBC: numer of rnches with cpsule, NC: numer of cpsule per plnt, WC: weight of cpsule per plnt, NS: numer of seed per plnt, WS: weight of seed per plnt (WS), SY: seed yield. 395

7 Tle 3. Effect of interction etween plnt spcing nd poultry mnure growth nd seed yield of sesme Interction PLH (m) GS (mm) NB NBC NC WC (g) NS WS (g) SY (t/h) Poultry X 1,497±0,131 15,223±4,39 4,954±2,10 3,909±1,47 53,909±25,832 17,857±8, ,455 8,854±6,016 2,894±4,278 Wider * ±2107,14 0 Poultry X 1,527±0,100 13,512±2,03 4,200±1,32 2,800±1,43 30,900±17,773 8,652±4, ,600 3,090±1,777 0,871±1,118 Nrrow ±1315,21 2 Control X 1,400±0,151 10,925±2,00 3,200±1,10 2,450±0,99 21,150±7,734 7,117±2, ,500 3,071±1,367 0,503±0,351c Wider 1d 5 8c c ±624,275 c Control X 1,188±0,162 11,919±1,89 4,250±1,69 1,937±1,38 6,750±4,219c 2,386±1, ,250± 1,440±0,921c 0,091±0,092cd Nrrow c 5c 3 8c c 359,635c F ,472 3,441 4,995 4,224 4,213 5,028 7,207 5,080 P ,049 0,035 0,037 0,029 0,030 0,003 0,001 0,007 *For given prmeter, vlues followed y the sme letter(s) were not significntly different t P = 0.05, on the sis of the Lest Significnt Difference (LSD) test, F = Fischer, PLH: Plnt height, SG: stem girth NB: numer of rnches, NBC: numer of rnches with cpsule, NC: numer of cpsule per plnt, WC: weight of cpsule per plnt, NS: numer of seed per plnt, WS: weight of seed per plnt (WS), SY: seed yield. 396

8 P 4. Discussion The current study shows the plots supplemented with poultry mnure recorded the est vlues of seed yield nd its components. This result indictes the useful of fertilizer ppliction minly orgnic fertilizer to promote sesme production. According to Amnullh (2007) poultry mnure contins ll the essentil plnt nutrients tht re used y plnts. In this cse, the pplied poultry mnure incresed oth mjor nd minor nutrient elements s well s orgnic mtter content in the soil could e explined incresing of sesme production. Mnure prt from supplying plnt nutrient elements to the soil lso improves the soil physicl nd chemicl properties nd provides etter environment for root development nd ertion (Mgwu nd Ekwelor, 1990). The crop positive response to poultry mnure ppliction grees with the erlier findings of Ogonn (2012) nd Shiym (2013). The result lso showed tht the widely spced plnts produced etter vlue of seed yield nd its components thn those t closer spcing. These results re in greement with (Ngl et l., 2013) who reported tht wider row spcing showed more potentil to relize high seed yield thn the closest spcing. Increse in seed yield t wider row spcing my e due to lrger spce nd growth resources ville per individul plnt, which enhnced growth nd development. The decrese in seed yield t nrrow spcing could hve resulted from the higher inter nd intr plnt competition for growth resources. The interction etween poultry mnure nd plnt spcing indictes tht the est vlues of seed yield nd its components were produced on plot with poultry mnure nd wider spce. This result could e ttriuted to ville nutrients t vegettive nd reproductive stges which led to more rnches per plnts under widely spce. Erlier study hs shown tht plnt height nd numer of rnches/plnt hve significnt direct positive correltion with seed yield in sesme (Prmeshwrpp, 2009). 5. Conclusion The current study indicted the importnce to improve the trditionl system of crop in to feed properly the incresing popultion in developing countries. Thus to oost the production of sesme, frmers must sow this crop y respecting wider spcing (40 cm) with n 2 ppliction of 10 kg per mp of poultry mnure. 6. References S. O. Agele, T. O. Olditn nd A. T. Olrewju (2015). Growth nd yield performnce of sesme (Sesmum indicum L.) in the rinforest nd derived svnn gro-ecologies of Nigeri, Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Policy nd Reserch: 3, (6), J. Amnullh, A. Shhzd, A. Mohmmed nd K. Aziz (2014). Growth nd yield components of sesme (Sesmum indicum L.) s influenced y phosphorus levels under different row spcing, Journl of Environment nd Erth Science: 4, (22), M. M. Amnullh, E. Somsundrm, K. Viypuri nd K. Sthymoorthi (2007). Poultry mnure to crops - review, Agriculturl Review: 28, (3), J. P. Budoin (2001). Contriution des ressources phytogénétiques à l sélection vriétle de légumineuses limentires tropicles, Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society nd Environnement 5, (4), I. M. Hrun (2011). Growth nd yield of sesme (Sesmum indicum L.) s influenced y nitrogen nd intr row spcing in lfi, nsrw stte of Nigeri, Elixir Agriculture: 41,

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