Long-term monitoring of organic pollutants: pesticide residues in Swiss agricultural soils. 2017, Brno (CZ)

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1 Eidgenössisches Departement für Wirtschaft, Bildung und Forschung WBF Agroscope Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation UVEK Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU Long-term monitoring of organic pollutants: pesticide residues in Swiss agricultural soils DANIEL WÄCHTER 1, THOMAS BUCHELI 2, ANDREAS GUBLER 1, RETO G. MEULI 1, ARMIN KELLER 1, PETER SCHWAB 1, FELIX WETTSTEIN 2 1 Swiss Soil Monitoring Network NABO, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland, daniel.waechter@agroscope.admin.ch 2 Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland 2017, Brno (CZ)

2 What is different for organic pollutants? Targets > 100 millions (1150 pesticides) Exposition dynamic Effect to soil organisms often unknown 2

3 Pilot study Selecting the targets (Chiaia-Hernandez et al., in preparation) Pilot study Module 1 1a Database of pesticides available on the Swiss market 350 chemicals 1b Long-term land management data of NABO sites c Compilation of chemical property data Kow, DT50 soil Module 2 2a Sampling / Monitoring Archived samples from 14 sites 2 b Method development of chemical analysis in soils 150 suspects (+437 TPs) 2c Suspect screening 90 targets (+95 TPs) 3

4 Pilot study Do we find any pesticides in soils at all? Detection of applied and analysed plant protection products in the pilot study detected in soils not detected in soils Yes; in ¾ of the cases where pesticides were applied and analysed, they were detected! 4

5 Pilot study Sites selected for the pilot study Land use of the sites Cropland 7 sites Orchards 3 sites Vegetable growing 1 site Viticulture 3 sites Information available Soil properties Land management data Other results (heavy metals, PAH, ) Applied and analysed pesticide detected? yes no Analytical method is sensitive enough to detect pesticides. 5

6 Pilot study: Pesticides detected Top 10 ranking Rank Ai Type % of sample Range Limit of Median by landuse µg / kg Soil quantification µg / kg Soil over all µg / kg Soil Cropland Orchard Vegetable Viticulture 1 Simazin Herbicide Atrazin Herbicide n.d. 3 Tebutam Herbicide n.d. n.d Carbendazim Fungicide & TP n.d Terbuthylazin Herbicide n.d Dinoseb Acaricide Metolachlor Herbicide n.d. 1.5 n.d. 8 Alachlor Herbicide Cyprodinil Fungicide n.d Diuron Herbicide n.d. 7.6 n.d. 7.9 Take home sheet 6

7 Rate Pilot study: When was the last application? How long are the pesticides detectable in the soil? 16% 84% pesticides detected more than one year after application Years since last application 7

8 Detected Concentrations Are the found concentrations acceptable? vs. No trigger values available for the selected pesticide residues in soils What can the data be used for? Use the land management data to predict the concentrations of pesticides in soils We know Amount of pesticide applied Date of application Half life time (DT 50 ) in soils (from Synops, PPBB, etc.) 8

9 application sampling Concentration target X [µg / kg soil] Modelling using the land management data Predicted environmental concentration [PEC] Model used: FOCUS 1997: Simple PECs calculations assuming first order dissipation Half life time in soils (DT50) i.e. Atrazine days Limit of quantification max range time min 9

10 Was the pesticide detected? Comparing PEC versus measurements Do we measure the expected pesticides? Is the PEC higher than the analytical limit of detection? Yes No Yes 5% 27% No 1% 67% We detected pesticides more frequently than expected. Or we may need a better model. 10

11 Risk assessment in soils Are the found concentrations acceptable? For soils, no regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) are available! BUT Pesticides are tested for end points (organisms) in soil. i.e.: ECx (Concentration at which x % effect was observed/calculated) NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) These values can be found (EFSA, PPDB, ) 11

12 Risk Assessment in Soils Potential mixed risk coefficient (prq mix ) prq = environmental concentration NOEC 0.2 safety factor = 0.2* prq mix = active substance (as) RQ as 1 n NOEC: No Observed Effect Level or Concentration * used by Swiss pesticide registration 2003 OEPP/EPPO, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 33, , adapted Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz 12

13 Risk Assessment in Soils Have the samples a potential mixed risk coefficient higher than 2? [data form pilot study] 4 out of 29 samples have a potential mixed risk coefficient higher than 2. 13

14 Risk Assessment in Soils Have the samples a potential mixed risk coefficient higher than 2? [data from pilot study] Can the affected species recover? Risk mainly caused by three pesticides: Imidacloprid, Chlorpyrifos and Linurone Or simply ban the pesticides? 14

15 Agriculture in Switzerland 24.8% Source: Tages-Anzeiger, 9. November 2016, modified 15

16 Summary Pilot study Applied pesticides detected in 73% of cases In 84% of the cases, the pesticides were still detectable one year after the application used approach of a risk assessment shows: 14% of the samples show a potential mixed risk for some soil microorganisms, mainly caused by three pesticides (Imidacloprid, Chlorpyrifos and Linurone) More investigations are necessary for croplands; they show high potential risk and cover ¼ of agricultural area in Switzerland 16

17 Pesticides in soils Outlook Screening selected sites for pesticides and transformation products Wanted: Research partner Find better model to predict the pesticides concentrations in soils Fulfil a risk assessment for detected pesticides in soils More details? Visit or contribute for the ICCE conference in Oslo, Norway (18 th 22 nd June 2017). 17

18 !? Thank you for your attention 18