FP087: Building livelihood resilience to climate change in the upper basins of Guatemala s highlands. Guatemala IUCN B.21/15

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1 FP087: Building livelihood resilience to climate change in the upper basins of Guatemala s highlands Guatemala IUCN B.21/15 10 January 2019

2 Annex 16a Building livelihood resilience to climate change in the upper basins of Guatemala s highlands Gender Assessment Report 1

3 Annex 16a Gender Assessment Report Building livelihood resilience to climate change in the upper basins of Guatemala s highlands Contents Contenido Back Ground... Error! Marcador no definido. 1. Project Background Women situation in Guatemala Gender Considerations under Project Applicable regulatory framework: Key areas of Project intervention: Key areas to be addressed in this project: Gender considerations in the project outcomes and result indicators Gender dimensions in the project outcomes and result indicators Gender criteria and responsible parties

4 1. Project Background 1.1 Regarding long-term impacts of climate change in Guatemala, changes in temperature and in the hydrological cycle are also expected to impact on ecosystems, causing them to shift from humid forests to dry and very dry forests. Due to climate change, the structure, composition and function of ecosystems are expected to change. This will affect ecosystems' ability to generate goods and services and, more important, its ability to ameliorate the impacts of change. As outlined in the Feasibility Study, climate change impact will be acute in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. 1.2 Therefore, the project ś overarching objective is to reduce the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle in target watersheds through improved land use practices. This will lead to improved water recharge and productivity and contribute to the population ś and ecosystem ś increased resilience to climate change. Project activities will be implemented in three phases under the following logic: year 1 will have a focus on inception activities and leveling the field in terms of startup capacities for the existing and proposed steering structures and stakeholders, which will guarantee full implementation potential. During year 2 through year 7, main implementation of field activities and continued capacity building will take place. From year 6, the exit strategy will be implemented together with MARN and members of the National and Local Steering Committees, to include the development of knowledge products and sustainability arrangements, operation and maintenance plans, and measurement of project impacts at the outcome level. 1.3 The Project will achieve its objective addressing three result areas: 1) integrated climatesensitive watershed management adapted to the local context of the Highlands, as a central element; 2) community-led implementation of climate actions in priority areas through funding from the grant mechanism; and 3) improved multi-level and multistakeholder access to climate information that enhances agricultural and water management practices and programs. 2. Women situation in Guatemala 2.1 Guatemala is a multiethnic country, made up of four ethnic groups: Mayan, Xinca, Garífuna and Mestizo. Guatemala's projected population for 2015 is 16 million people of which 51% are women 1. The condition, situation and position of women in Guatemala are determined by inequality, inequality and hierarchies that outline the roles assigned to women and men in society, resulting in a systematic disadvantage for women In relation to poverty, a population of 13.3 in extreme poverty is reported in Guatemala for 2011, Guatemala City reports 0.7% and for the project region (the West) an average of 14.5, so it is 1.2% above the national average and 13.8% the urban population 3. As for educational indicators, primary school completition has reported a slight increase in time 1 INE. Projection of population of Guatemala disaggregated by sex MARN. Environmental Gender Policy INE. Extreme poverty indicator

5 (1995 to 2014) and the gap between men and women has been decreasing, but there is still a difference between the number of men and women (on 2011 men 68% and women 65.3%; on 2012 men 68.6 and women 66.8; on 2013 men 72% and women 71.5%) 4 ; general data about education indicates that 77% of men population is literate, compared to 60% in the case of women. 2.3 According to data from the INE 5, women occupy 13 hours a day in labor activities, 7 of which are paid and 6 are non-paid. In comparison, men work an average of 11 hours a day, of which 8 are compensated. In Guatemala, for every 100 quetzals 6 a man earns, a woman earns 68 quetzals generating a wage gap of 32%. Finally, in reviewing women's political participation, data indicate that women hold only 13% of decision-making positions in the country. When this data is disaggregated by rural population and ethnicity, indigenous women are in clear disadvantage. 7 The proportion of maternal deaths is two deaths of indigenous women for every death of a non-indigenous woman, a tendency that has been maintained since the year The incidence of childbirths with medical and / or nursing care among the indigenous population has been slow to improve. In 1987, one in 10 indigenous women received specialized medical care, and 20 years later three out of 10 indigenous women received it In the western Altiplano (project area), 65% of households are considered small (monthly income less than Q2,615 approximate US$350). 79.7% of small agricultural producer s households are men headed, while 20.3% are female headed. Evidence shows that in most producer households women contribute to field related activities, but statistics do not reflect such contribution. Recently, economic diversification strategies are focused primarily toward women, with activities such as handicrafts, packaging, soaps, medicinal plants, etc., which face the lack of stable markets. Meanwhile, men are engaged in diversification activities like construction, trade, transportation, etc., which have greater stability in terms of employment and income. Western Highlands: Distribution of small agricultural households heads by sex (percentage) Household type Men headed Women headed Self employed agricultural household Agricultural household with multiple activities Agricultural employer household Agricultural wage-earner household Non agricultural household This data shows that out of small non-agricultural household, 73.8% are female headed households, while 47%s stands for men-headed. It is the only category where female headed households are predominant. This information highlights the disadvantage situation of rural women in productive activities and confirms the need for actions to narrow the gap of women's participation and access to benefits, with a mayor focus on women-headed households Regarding level of education in the Western Highlands, 44.3% of women have not received 4 SEGEPLAN. Informe final de cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Guatemala National Estatistics Institute 6 Quetzal is the national currency in Guatemala (Q) 1 USD equals aprox. 7,5 quetzal. 7 CEPAL. Observatorio de igualdad de género de América Latina y el Caribe. Notas para la Igualdad no. 3 8 Ministry of Health and Social Assistance. Health Profile of Indigenous Peoples of Guatemala. MSAS/OPS/OMS USAID/IARNA/IDIES. Impacto económico de la agricultura de pequeña escala sobre las mujeres en el Altiplano Occidental de Guatemala Total 4

6 formal education, and 31,3% did not finish primary school, compared with 26.3% and 38.9% of men, respectively The Government of Guatemala has made significant efforts to advance in gender equality and climate change, including: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The first effort to build a women's policy was made in 1990, led by the National Women's Office (ONAM), and generated the National Policy for the Development and Promotion of Women in Guatemala. In 1991, the Government promoted the Social Development Plan --PLADES- 1991/1996, 1992/1996 and 1997/2000, that considered the first affirmative actions in favor of the promotion and development of women. However, it was just in 1997 that was agreed to elaborate the National Policy for the Promotion and Development of Guatemalan Women and the Plan for Equity of Opportunities , which was updated to the National Policy for the Promotion and Integral Development of Guatemalan Women - Equity Opportunities Plan - PEO Based on the above, government institutions in charge of protection and sustainable use of natural resources and environment, have also developed institutional policies to address gender inequalities, and now has the MARN s 11 Gender Environment Policy (Ministerial Agreement ), the Institutional Strategy on Gender Equity with Ethnic and Cultural considerations, of INAB 12 (resolution point JD ); The Institutional Policy for Gender Equality and the Strategic Implementation Framework of MAGA 13 (Ministerial Agreement No ). Additionally municipalities have established Municipal Women Offices (OMM, Spanish name), whose main attribution is to comply with the Policy for the Promotion and Integral Development of Guatemalan Women - Equity Opportunities Plan - PEO Gender Considerations under Project 3.1 Due to climate change, changes are expected in the temperature and hydrological cycle, so some areas that are currently wet, will become dry. Changes in precipitation pattern will affect water availability for social and economic sector. Indeed, by the year 2000, Guatemala had a positive hydrological balance, i.e. water consumption was smaller than water supply, which was evident by the dominance of wet, very humid and rainy provinces. It is estimated, however, that Guatemala will be predominantly dry in 2080, because potential evapotranspiration will be greater than rainfall. In other words, Guatemala will become a deficit country in water terms. This will impact the availability of water and the composition of ecosystems, which will have an impact on the livelihoods of the peoples in the project area. 3.2 Given the geological, topographical and soil conditions in general, the vulnerability of Highlands communities will depend on the state of its ecosystems. Deforestation and forest degradation creates vulnerability by causing soil erosion, less infiltration (and greater runoff causing flood risk) and greater chances of landslides. Guatemala's increasing deforestation, ecosystem degradation, and alarming soil and water loss and contamination 10 USAID/MEASURE Evaluation. Encuesta de monitoreo y Evaluación del Programa del Altiplano Occidental, línea base Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources. 12 National Forests Institute 13 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food. 14 Established since 2010, by Decree (Article 96 BIS), and modified in 2016 (Decree ) to attribute them the fulfillment of the... and readjust their attributions 5

7 have increased the country's systemic vulnerability, increasing the risk of being harmed by natural hazards (URL-IARNA 2012). Projections of climate change, however, identify the entire Guatemalan highlands as an area that may suffer from greater water stress in the medium and long term. 3.3 These situations affect women differently due to the reduction in the availability of water they would probably have to travel greater distances to collect and take it to their families, a similar case could occur with the availability of firewood and medicinal plants or foods that they obtain from. So, various manifestations of climate change, such as water scarcity (as seen in the context of this project) add more to the domestic burdens of women as compared to men. 3.4 It is also necessary to consider that in rural areas women have little access to paid work and the benefits of family economic activities, since in most cases it is the man who is responsible for obtaining the economic income and whether for paid work or for the sale of their agricultural surplus. 3.5 The participation of women is very important in improving the scope and results of the project. Mechanisms to ensure their participation have been developed in components and on indicators. The second subcomponent aims at increasing climate action locally by taking advantage of the strong community based organizations present in the area. For this, a grant facility will be developed to contribute to sustainable watershed management practices developed under the first subcomponent. Gender considerations will be mainstreamed in the selection criteria, capacity building program and monitoring system as to ensure that affirmative actions are taken to contribute to women empowerment in the rural context. 4. Applicable regulatory framework: 4.1 At the national level, the National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy provides the overall technical framework for the project, determining the priorities that the country has defined; in addition, an analysis has been carried out for implementing this national strategy with a gender approach and balancing the opportunities of access to its benefits between men and women. 4.2 Law on fostering the establishment, recovery, restoration, management, production and protection of forests in Guatemala (PROBOSQUE) Is the current forestry incentive law that considers specific options for restoration for climate change mitigation and adaptation, but does not include specific indications for women, the project will encourage both men and women to access these incentives. 4.3 Actions in project will be developed following the guidelines of the National Policy for the Promotion and Integral Development of Guatemalan Women - Equity Opportunities Plan - PEO , and also Gender Environment Policy (Ministerial Agreement ), the Institutional Strategy on Gender Equity with Ethnic and Cultural considerations, of INAB (resolution point JD ); The Institutional Policy for Gender Equality and the Strategic Implementation Framework of MAGA (Ministerial Agreement No ). 5. Key areas of Project intervention: 5 Key areas to be addressed in this project: Integrated climate smart watershed management Grant facility for Community-led climate actions channeling funding to priority areas 6

8 Climate related information provided to farmers and other target stakeholders for watershed management 6. Gender considerations in the project outcomes and result indicators 6 Gender dimensions in the project outcomes and result indicators 6.1 Specifically, under the first component of the project, it is proposed to strengthen the capacities of women that are in the project area, so that they have a better understanding of the themes and actions covered by the project. In components two and three, it is proposed to improve the participation of women in the actions of the project and benefit them directly, so in the target beneficiaries it is proposed as a requirement, expressed in percentages. The second subcomponent aims increasing climate action locally by taking advantage of the strong community based organizations present in the area. For this, a grant facility will be developed to contribute to sustainable watershed management practices developed under the first subcomponent. Gender considerations will be mainstreamed in the selection criteria, capacity building program and monitoring system as to ensure that affirmative actions are taken to contribute to women empowerment in the rural context 6.2 As an underpinning approach, all project activities will be developed hand in hand with MARN Gender Unit, Municipal Gender Offices and local women organizations, this will ensure sustainability and long-term impact of gender affirmative actions Gender criteria and responsible parties Dimension Gender Criteria Responsibility Governance dimension % of Representation of women members in the governance structures of beneficiaries of the project Executing Entity EE and participating CBOs Capacity building Experiences exchange of women members in the project Capacity plans and contents will include gender components, women empowerment subjects, etc. (in at least 30%) EE EE / Partner agencies Women would be trained in climate resilience agriculture/forestry, water conservation and management and all related issues regarding the project EE / Partner agencies 7

9 Knowledge Management Case Studies on women experiences of empowerment, forest management, etc. Monitoring on gender disaggregated data to identify impact on gender issues EE / Partner agencies The gender Action Plan is presented separately as Annex 16b 8