Determining doses of application of fermented cattle urine and indigenous plant extracts against scale insects and mealybugs of sugarcane

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1 AJAE 01(01):11-17 (2018) doi: /je p1260 Determining doses of ppliction of fermented cttle urine nd indigenous plnt extrcts ginst scle insects nd melyugs of sugrcne Md. Nur Alm Mih 1*, Md. Rmiz Uddin Mih 2, Md. Zinntul Alm 2, M. Mofzzl Hossin 3, Md. Enmul Hque 4 1 Bngldesh Sugrcrop Reserch Institute, Ishurdi-6620, Pn, Bngldesh 2 Deprtment of Entomology, Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University, Sln, Gzipur-1706, Bngldesh 3 Deprtment of Horticulture, Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University, Sln, Gzipur-1706, Bngldesh 4 Deprtment of Agriculturl Extension nd Rurl Development, Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University, Sln, Gzipur-1706, Bngldesh. *Corresponding Author:mihnur749@outlook.com Astrct An experiment ws set up in cropping seson t Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University (BSMRAU), Gzipur, Bngldesh to find out the efficcy of fermented cttle urine nd three indigenous plnt extrcts i.e., neem, mhgoni nd llmnd ginst scle insects nd melyugs of sugrcne. Cttle urine (10, 20, nd 30%), plnts extrcts (5, 10, nd 15%) nd one recommended insecticides were pplied t fortnight intervl strting from the first initition of the pest ttck s folir nd stem spry. Germintion percent, tiller numer, millle cne, yield, incidence of scle insects nd melyugs nd mrginl enefit cost rtio (MBCR) were mesured. Yield prmeters were incresed y 30% fermented cttle urine nd 15% neem seed kernel nd mhgoni seed extrcts. Performnce of 30% fermented cttle urine (T 3 tretment) resulted % control of scle insects nd % suppression of melyugs, T 6 tretment consisting of 15% neem seed kernel extrcts reduced % scle insects nd % melyugs nd T 9 tretment using mhgoni seed extrcts decresed % scle insects nd % melyugs in different months of the cropping sesons were the est. MBCR of those tretments ws 6.25, 6.00 nd Considering performnce of pest control, yield nd MBCR, the tretments T 3, T 6 nd T 9 my e dvocted for the mngement of scle insects nd melyugs s lterntive to chemicl insecticides in the sense of economic nd sfe environment. Keywords: Cttle urine, doses, melyugs, plnt extrcts, scle insects, sugrcne. Introduction The verge yield of sugrcne in Bngldesh is low compred to other sugrcne growing countries of the world. Vrious fctors re responsile for low yield of cne in Bngldesh (42.0 t h -1 ) (BBS, 2000) s ginst 56.0 t h - 1 in Indi (Ydv, 1991). Considerle yield losses which re estimted to e round 20% in yield nd 15% in sugr recovery hve lso een reported (Avsthy, 1983). In Bngldesh, sugrcne is ttcked y nerly out seventy species of insect pests (SRTI, ). Among 70 insect pests ttcking sugrcne, scle insects nd melyugs re the destructive now dys. Among the fctors cusing low production of sugrcne, the insect pests constitute the mjor fctor. To increse the crop productivity, mngement of insect pest is gret significnce. Conventionl pesticides re generlly synthetic mterils tht directly kill or inctivte the pest. The indiscriminte use of chemicl pesticides hs resulted in dverse effects like resistnce (Sxen et l., 1992; Armes, et l., 1992), ecologicl imlnce, helth hzrds nd resurgence of secondry pests. Tody due to wreness out the hrmful effects of the chemicl insecticides nd pesticides, most of the frmers re diverting towrds the orgnic frming. Bio-insecticides re less toxic nd lso reduce the pollution cused y conventionl pesticides. However, indigenous plnt products re usully sfe for eneficil orgnisms, such s ees, predtors, prsitoids, mmmls nd environment (Ahmed nd Gringe, 1986; Tng et l., 2002). In order to find out lterntives to chemicl insecticides, cttle urine nd indigenous plnt prts my e used effectively ecuse these re less expensive, iodegrdle nd sfe for environment. Cttle urine is strong repellnt for insects which normlly inhit the common crops. Mnsinghk (2007) reveled tht mixing some plnt extrcts with it enhnces the repellnt ctivity. Neem, sitphl (Annoncee) re some common plnts which enhnce the insect repellnt cpility of cttle 11

2 urine. Neem derivtives hve een reported to provide rod-spectrum control of more thn 200 species of phytophgous insects (Ascher, 1993). Mny synthetic chemicls hve een recommended ginst pest, which re costly nd sometimes not ville. On the other hnd, cttle urine nd indigenous plnt extrcts re economic nd esily ville in Bngldesh. These products re environmentlly sfe, non-hzrdous nd no side effect. Considering the ove fcts, the present study ws undertken to find out the suitle dose s of fermented cttle urine nd plnt extrcts ginst scle insects nd melyugs of sugrcne. Results nd Discussion Percent germintion of uds All tretments gve significnt result in germintion over control (43.17%). The highest germintion (59.65%) ws recorded in T 13 (recommended insecticide pplied) treted plot followed y T 3 (57.19%), T 6 (55.29%) nd T 9 (54.73), respectively which were sttisticlly identicl (Fig. 1). The lowest germintion ws found in T 10 (44.88%), T 4 (46.01%), T 7 (47.34%) nd T 1 (49.80%) treted plot. Akhter (2014) found tht neem lef powder 100 Kg h -1 nd fermented cttle urine 50% gve nd 26.11% increse in germintion s compred to untreted plot ginst sugrcne termite. Mih, et l., (2009) lso found tht 30% fermented cttle urine solution gve 42.81% germintion s compred to untreted plot (34.06%) ginst mjor sugrcne pests. Incidence of scle insects nd melyugs of sugrcne The results showed tht scle insects infesttion ws rnged from 3.05 to 6.45% in the treted plots wheres the untreted plots were 10.63% in June nd they did vry significntly over control. The lowest scle insects infesttion (3.05%) ws oserved in plots T 13 spryed with recommended insecticide over control followed y T 3 (30% fermented cttle urine pplied) giving 62.37% effectiveness in June. In July, tretment T 3 ws gve 57.92% effectiveness wheres 68.61% ws T 13 (recommended insecticide pplied) over control. In August to Novemer, significnt difference ws oserved mong the tretments. Scle insects infesttion ws lowest in plots T 13 followed y T 3 nd T 6 tretments t different months of the cropping sesons (Tle 1). In cse of melyugs, significnt difference ws oserved mong the tretments t different months of the cropping seson (Tle 2). Melyugs infesttion ws low in My nd June. Dt collected in My showed tht T 13 tretments demonstrted 73.04% effectiveness to control followed y T 3 nd T 6 tretments (67.15 nd 57.07%). From June to July, there ws moderte increse in pest infesttion from to 15.94% in control plot (T 14 ) which continued to Septemer (29.48%). In Octoer to Novemer, the tretment T 13 ws est, tht gve nd 56.68% effectiveness over control followed y T 3 tretment (49.94% nd 52.40%). Effect on yield nd yield contriuting prmeter The tiller production ws rnged from to h -1 mong the tretments. No significnt effects on tiller production mong the tretments were found (Tle 3). The highest tiller production ws recorded in T 13 ( h -1 ) followed y T 3 ( h -1 ) nd T 6 ( h -1 ) which were sttisticlly similr. The lowest tiller production ws found in tretment T 14 (untreted control). In cse of millle cne production, the highest millle cne ws found in tretments T 13 nd T 3 ut the lowest in T 14 nd T 10 tretments. Similr results were lso reported y Mih, et l., (2009) in cse of 30% fermented cttle urine ppliction. All the tested tretments were showed positive effect on cne yield s compred to control plot. The yield ws rnged from to ton h -1 mong treted plots wheres the control plot ws ton h -1. The cne yield of treted plots ws incresed over control from to 72.58%. Sungor 40 1ml 5 l -1 of wter pplied plot T 13 hd the highest yield ton h -1 showing 72.58% yield increse over control followed y fermented cttle 30% (T 3 ) nd neem seed kernel 15% (T 6 ) treted plot which gve nd ton h -1 showing nd 55.47% yield increse over control, respectively. The results of the present findings is comprle with those of Akhter (2014) who found tht fermented cttle 50% performed etter in respect of yield of sugrcne mong different otnicl nd nturl products. Economic nlysis on yield The highest MBCR ws otined from T 13 tretment (6.28) followed y T 3 (6.25) nd T 6 (6.00) tretments while the lowest ws found in mhgni seed 5% ppliction (1.80) s shown in Tle 4. Mterils nd Methods Plnt mterils Plnt mterils were Ishurdi (Isd) 36 vriety of sugrcne. Experimentl site The experiment ws conducted to evlute the doses of cttle urine nd three indigenous plnt extrcts ginst scle insects nd melyugs of sugrcne during cropping seson t Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University frm, Gzipur under Mdhupur Trct (AEZ 28) of Bngldesh. The site ws situted t the N ltitude nd E longitude on the sutropicl climtic zone, chrcterized y hevy rinfll during My to Septemer nd scnty rinfll during rest of the yer (Rhmn, 2001). Soil of the experimentl field ws silty cly lom in texture nd cidic in nture with ph of 5.9 nd poor fertility sttus (Supplementry Tle 1). It elongs to the Shllow red rown terrce soil of Sln series under Mdhupur Trct (Hider et l., 1991) of 12

3 % Germintion Tle 1. Effects of fermented cttle urine nd indigenous plnt extrcts in controlling scle insects of sugrcne t BSMRAU frm, Gzipur in cropping seson. Tretments Percent pest infesttion (men of 3 replictions) June July August Septemer Octoer Novemer T c (48.54) 7.26 cde (44.15) 9.13 cde (38.22) def (36.61) efg (36.66) fg (37.50) T cd (51.92) 7.25 cde (44.23) 8.54 ef (42.21) fg (42.72) gh (40.45) gh (41.23) T de (62.37) 5.47 ef (57.92) 6.94 fg (53.04) 9.85 gh (51.06) hi (49.32) hi (48.66) T c (48.25) 7.47 cd (42.53) 9.43 cde (36.19) def (35.96) cdef (30.87) cdef (29.96) T cd (49.01) 7.20 cde (44.61) 8.98 de (39.24) cdef (35.66) defg (32.87) efg (32.28) T cd (53.62) 6.47 de (50.23) 8.39 ef (43.23) ef (39.44) fg (38.42) fg (38.27) T c (42.70) 9.14 (29.69) (24.56) cd (26.82) cd (23.74) cd (23.16) T (39.32) 8.19 cd (37.00) 9.91 cde (32.94) cdef (33.53) defg (31.85) def (31.58) T c (46.47) 7.72 cd (40.61) 9.35 cde (36.73) cdef (35.32) efg (35.64) efg (35.38) T c (47.60) 8.62 c (33.69) cd (28.07) c (24.49) c (21.90) c (21.44) T (39.32) 8.91 c (31.46) c (26.38) (21.21) (19.79) (19.54) T c (44.21) 8.04 cd (38.15) 9.73 cde (34.16) cde (28.46) cde (28.17) cde (28.16) T e (71.30) 4.08 f (68.61) 5.79 g (60.82) 8.17 h (59.41) i (54.46) i (56.76) T LSD (0.05) CV% Figures followed y the sme letter (s) re not significntly different t 5% level s per LSD test. Figures in prentheses re percent effectiveness over control T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 Tretments Fig 1. Effects of different tretments on germintion percentge t BSMRAU reserch field during cropping seson [Brs mrked with sme letter do not differed significntly (P= 0.05)]. 13

4 Tle 2. Effects of different tretments in controlling melyugs of sugrcne t BSMRAU frm, Gzipur in cropping seson. Tretments Percent pest infesttion (men of 3 replictions) My June July August Septemer Octoer Novemer T cd (53.68) 6.35 cde (43.10) cde (34.69) cde (29.40) c (26.25) c (28.08) cd (28.53) T cd (56.73) 5.95 de (46.68) 9.32 de (41.53) ef (37.81) cd (30.25) c (30.48) cd (32.38) T de (67.15) 5.09 ef (54.39) 8.00 ef (49.81) fg (46.77) de (48.30) de (19.94) ef (52.40) T cd (54.58) 7.47 cd (33.06) cd (25.59) cd (20.57) c (18.48) c (20.38) cd (22.60) T cd (54.02) 7.20 cd (35.48) cd (29.92) cde (26.42) c (19.43) c (19.71) c (20.02) T cd (57.07) 6.07 de (45.60) 9.84 cde (38.26) def (35.93) cd (36.97) cd (38.43) def (40.12) T c (48.24) 8.15 c (26.97) c (23.40) c (18.74) (15.40) (17.30) (17.71) T (31.82) 9.20 (17.56) (19.00) c (17.32) c (26.93) c (28.47) cd (30.38) T c (49.37) 7.32 cd (34.40) cde (33.68) cdef (33.01) cd (33.78) cd (36.80) cde (37.35) T cd (52.24) 7.61 cd (31.81) c (23.71) cde (21.17) c (18.89) c (20.91) cd (21.64) T c (43.82) 8.46 (24.19) (18.75) (15.68) c (18.82) c (22.43) cd (23.25) T c (47.33) 7.62 cd (31.72) cd (28.60) cde (26.65) cd (29.88) c (29.77) cd (31.53) T e (73.04) 3.73 f (66.57) 6.13 f (61.54) 8.51 g (61.08) e (55.59) e (59.06) f (56.68) T LSD (0.05) CV% Figures followed y the sme letter (s) re not significntly different t 5% level s per LSD test. Figures in prentheses re percent effectiveness over control. Tle 3. Effects of different tretments on yield prmeters during the cropping seson t BSMRAU frm, Gzipur. Tretments Tiller ( 10 3 h -1 ) Millle cne Cne yield (t h -1 ) %Yield increse ( 10 3 h -1 ) over control T efg ef T de cde T T fgh fg T def de T c T h g T de cde T cd c T h g T gh g T de cd T T i h - LSD (0.05) NS CV% Figures followed y the sme letter (s) re not significntly different t 5% level s per LSD test. 14

5 Tle 4. Economic nlysis of different tretment tested ginst scle insects nd melyugs during cropping seson Tretments Yield Gross Return Cost of Tretments Net Benefit Adjusted MBCR (ton h -1 ) (BDT h -1 ) * (BDT h -1 ) (BDT h -1 ) Return (BDT h -1 ) T T T T T T T T T T T T T T *Price of cne BDT 2.92 Kg -1 (BDT = Bngldeshi Currency i.e., Tk) Bngldesh. The mjor wether fctors of experimentl site were recorded during Jnury to Novemer 2014 (Supplementry Tle 2). Design nd lyout of experiment The experiment ws lid out in rndomized complete lock (RCB) design with three replictions. The plot size ws 5 m 3 m. Blocks were 2 m prt from ech other while the plot order ws 1m. Plnting ws done through conventionl set plcement in the trenches with sugrcne vriety Isd 36 on Decemer 9, Twenty two sets were (two eye udded) plced per line. So, eighty eight sets were plced per plot. Preprtion of fermented cttle urine Cttle urine ws collected from cttle frm of Sln, Gzipur. After collection, it ws kept underground in erthen pots for 14 dys for fermenttion. Then 100, 200 nd 300 ml of fermented cttle urine ws diluted with 1 liter of wter to mke up the concentrtion to 10, 20 nd 30%. Then lime ws dded to neutrlize the relesed toxic phenols nd cids (NRI, 2003). Preprtion of plnt extrcts For the preprtion of plnt extrcts 50, 100 nd 150 grms of neem nd mhgoni seeds were shde dried, crushed nd then soked overnight in 1 litre of wter to get 5, 10 nd 15% concentrtion. Then 50, 100 nd 150 grms of pieces llmnd leves were lended with 1 litre of wter to get 5, 10 nd 15% concentrtion. Lter, ll mixtures were squeezed through the muslin cloth. Appliction of prepred solution The prepred solutions were spryed with knp-sck spryer t fortnight intervl strting from the first initition of the pest ttck from My to Novemer, 2014 s folir nd stem spry. Tretment detils There were fourteen tretments including one untreted control, one nturl product i.e., fermented cttle urine (3 doses), three indigenous plnts extrcts (ech extrcts re 3 doses) nd one recommended insecticides. The following tretments were included in the experiment: T 1 - Fermented Cttle Urine 100 ml/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T ml/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T ml/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T 4 - Neem Seed Kernel Extrct 50 gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T 7 -Mhgoni Seed Extrct 50 gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T 10 -Allmnd Leves Extrct 50 gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T gm/litre of wter spry t fortnight intervl T 13 - Stndrd insecticide [Sungor 40EC 1 ml/5 liter of wter spry t fortnight intervl T 14 - Untreted Dt collection Germintion percentge, numer of tiller nd millle cne were recorded. Both the tiller popultion nd millle cne stlks were recorded nd expressed s

6 h -1. Dt on the incidence of scle insects nd melyugs were recorded in the month of My to Novemer. The yield of sugrcne ws lso recorded t hrvest. Germintion percentge Germintion percentge of sugrcne sets were determined y counting the numer of totl uds (one set consists of two uds) plced in ech plot t the time of plnttion nd the numer of setlings germinted fter 60 dys of plnting on 07 Ferury, The numers of setlings were converted into germintion percentge using the following formul: % Germintion (ud sis) = Numer of setling/totl uds 100 Numer of tiller nd millle cne Numer of tillers in ech plot ws counted t 20 weeks of plnting. Totl numer of millle cne (helthy stlks) ws recorded from ech plot on 22 Decemer, 2014 t hrvesting period. The tiller numer nd totl numer of millle cne per plot were counted nd expressed in thousnd per hectre. Infesttion of scle insects nd melyugs Dt collection ws done on fortnight sis for insect pest infesttion y counting the totl numer of infested plnts, leves nd stems. Percent pest infesttion nd effectiveness were clculted using the following formul: % Infesttion = Numer of infested cne/ Totl cne 100 %Effectiveness = Infesttion of untreted plot Infesttion of treted plot/infesttion of untreted plot 100 Yield of cne For yield dt, twenty selected sugrcne stlks were cut rndomly t the ground level from ech plot nd green top s well s dried leves removed. The weight of twenty clen stlks ws recorded in kilogrm. The cne yield ws expressed in ton per hectre sed on weight of 20 cne stlks per plot. Yield increse or decrese over untreted control ws lso clculted using following formul: % Yield increse over control = Yield of treted plot Yield of untreted plot/ Yield of untreted plot 100 Economic nlysis Cost of ll tretments nd other mngements were recorded to compute the MBCR. The monetry return from the yield ws clculted on the sis of mill gte price during Decemer, Mjor prmeters of economic nlysis were computed ccording to following formul: Gross return = Yield sle price Net enefit = Adjusted return Cost of tretment Adjusted return = Gross return of treted plot Gross return of untreted plot MBCR = Adjusted return/cost of tretment Sttisticl nlysis The collected dt were converted to percent infesttion to mesure the level of incidence nd nlyzed for comprison using LSD t 0.05 levels for interprettion y Sttistix 10 softwre. Conclusion The tretment T 3 reduced % of scle insects nd % of melyugs. Tretment T 6 decresed % of scle insects nd % of melyugs Wheres T 9 tretment reduced % of scle insects nd % of melyugs. These three tretments were the est in different months of the cropping seson. The MBCR of these tretments were 6.25, 6.00 nd This result ws t pr with tht otined y recommended chemicl insecticides [Sungor 40EC 1ml 5 l -1 of wter]. Considering the performnce of pest control, yield nd MBCR, tretments T 3, T 6 nd T 9 my e included s component of IPM pckges reduces the use of chemicl insecticides for the effective mngement of scle insects nd melyugs of sugrcne. Acknowledgments We re grteful to the Entomology lortory of Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University, Gzipur, Bngldesh for technicl ssistnce in conducting the experiment. This study ws supported y the Government of Bngldesh (GoB) project entitle ``Crete Employment Opportunities of Chr Dwellers in Greter Rngpur Districts Through Sugrcne Cultivtion funded y Jpn Det Cncelltion Fund (JDCF). References Ahmed S, Gringe M (1986) Potentil of the neem tree (Azdircht indic) for pest control nd rurl development. Econ Bot. 40: Akhter S (2014) Identifiction, ecology nd integrted mngement of termites infesting sugrcne in Bngldesh, Ph.D. Disserttion, Bngndhu Sheikh Mujiur Rhmn Agriculturl University, Bngldesh, Pp Armes NJ, Jdhv DR, Bond GS, King ABS (1992) Insecticide resistnce in the pod orer, Helicoverp rmiger in south Indi. Pestic Sci. 34: Ascher KRS (1993) Non-conventionl insecticidl effects of pesticides ville from neem tree, Azdirchtin. Arch. Insect. Biochem Physiol. 22: Avsthy PN (1983) Insect pest mngement for sugrcne in Indi. In: Blsurmnin M, Solyppn AR (ed) Sugrcne pest mngement in Indi. Mdrs:Tmil Ndu Coopertive Sugr Federtion, Pp BBS (2000) Yer ook of griculturl sttistics of Bngldesh. Bngldesh Bureu of sttistics. Dhk, Bngldesh, p

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