Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

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1 Details Utah State University Engineering in This is a project resulting from the Engineering Workshop for Teachers to provide teaching materials for genetic engineering topics. Please direct any feedback to ASTE graduate student Olivia Horning at olivia.horning@usu.edu START COURSE 1

2 : Gavrilescu, M. (2010). Environmental biotechnology: achievements, opportunities and challenges. Dynamic biochemistry, process biotechnology and molecular biology, 4(1),

3 Overview How to make a GMO by Chelsea Powell Figures by Anna Maurer d.edu/flash/2015/how -to-make-a-gmo/ 3

4 ally modified (GM or GMOs) organisms are organisms that have artificially acquired one or more genes, usually from another species but not always. C3A2P2S3

5 Selective breeding has been done since ancient times. Some say artificial selection is the genetically modifying of organisms that we have been doing forever. Modification techniques have become more efficient. Traditional breeding programs are being replaced with DNA technology to improve plants and animals important to the agricultural industry. Top 3 GMO crops in the united states today: Corn, Cotton, Soybeans

6 Insect Resistance European corn borer and pink boll worm. Are there any others? Bt corn (bacillus theringiensis) Natural insecticide, soil bacterium gene Millions of dollars saved for farmers due to increased yield with decreased crop damage Pesticides are decreased or eliminated

7 Herbicide tolerance Herbicide Tolerance Round up ready: Corn, Soybeans, Cotton top gmo crops connection Yield increased Reduced need for pesticides Photo of European corn borer

8 Global Prevalence United states 39%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 14%, India 6%, Canada 6% in 2015, Industrial countries produce 46%, developing countries are 54% - was 33% in 2009 United states 39%, Brazil 27%, Argentina 13%, India 6%, Canada 6% in Source: ISAAA, 2016 Chart: Acreage of genetically modified crops by country

9 Check for updated statistics Crop (World%; US%) Soybeans (77%; 93%) Cotton (49%; 94%) Field Corn (26%; 88%) Canola (21%; 90%) Others Sugar beets, Papaya; Alfalfa 75% US foods contain GMOs

10 Golden Rice 2 Beta-carotene for vitamin A, with genetic materials from daffodils and carrots Blindness and maternal mortality, problems with pregnancy and lactation if deficient in vitamin A Cassava also modified for iron and beta-carotene production

11 Transgenic meat not currently in US- could be modified for genes that increase muscle size or healthy omega-3 fatty acids (pig example) Salmon approved- gene from chinook salmon and ocean pout added to the 40,000 genes of an Atlantic salmon so that it will continue to grow the whole year, increases growth of fish.

12 Cheese Chymosin is an enzyme produced by modified yeast, fungi, or bacteria. Cheese was traditionally clotted using rennet, a product found in the cow s stomach. Not enough rennet was available to produce cheese, so they developed recombinant chymosin to fix this problem. Using genetically modified products/processes to produce cheese is more common today. 12

13 How did they make insulin from recombinant DNA? 13

14 Content Source Pearson Education Campbell Essential Biology (6th Ed.) by Simon, Reece, & Dickey. 14