NATO-Zinc Project in Anatolia
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1 A Success Zinc Story in Turkey and HarvestZinc Project Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University-Istanbul NATO-Zinc Project in Anatolia ( ) Effect of Zinc Fertilization on Wheat Production in Central Anatolia - + 1
2 Effect of soil applications of micronutrients (5 kg ha -1 ) on grain yield of wheat and barley. Experiment was conducted by Mufit Kalayci in Eskisehir (YEAR 1992) Cereals Applications Barley Bread Wheat (tons ha -1 ) Control (all micros) All micros -Mn All micros -Cu All micros -B All micros -Fe All micros Cakmak et al 1998, Field Crops Res. Year 1992: Field tests with and without zinc application No Zinc With Zinc 2
3 Pictures from NATO-Zinc Project in Central Anatolia. Green Areas show the areas treated with Zinc Fertilizers. Project was supported by NATO Science for Stability Program (NATO-SFS) NATO-Science for Stability (NATO - SFS) Project with 1 Million USD Budget Generated a Benefit of 100 Million USD 3
4 Consumption (1000 ton) Use of Zinc Containing Compound Fertilizers after NATO-Zinc Fertilizer Project in Turkey Success Story Years Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Toros Fertilizer Statement of IFA -International Fertilizer Industry Association- 12 April 2005: The Anatolia initiative is one of the world's first examples of using agricultural practices to address public health problems as well as improved crop production, and its success provides a model for countless other nations 4
5 and Fe Deficiencies: Global Malnutrition Problem Iron Estimated 2 billion Zinc Estimated 2 billion Major Reason: Low Dietary Intake High Consumption Cereal Based Foods with Low and Fe Concentrations In number of developing countries cereals contributes nearly 75 % of the daily calorie intake. 5
6 For a better nutrition of human beings, cereal grains should contain around mg kg -1 Current Situation: mg kg -1 elements must be obtained (often) from the soil solution by roots Plants are not able to synthesize mineral nutrients Mineral nutrient must be absorbed by roots (or by leaves) 6
7 There are several soil chemical and physical factors limiting capacity of plants to absorb adequate amount of zinc from soils SOIL high CaCO 3 high ph clay soils low organic matter low soil moisture high Fe and Al oxides Limited uptake Enhanced adsorption and precipitation Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies Supplementation Food Fortification Golden Wheat Fortfied with 7
8 Agricultural Solutions (Breeding and Fertilizer Approaches) Breeding Agronomy/Fertilizers Complementary approaches Rapid and Sustainable Solution Application of Zinc Fertilizers: (Agronomic Biofortification) Application of -containing fertilizers offers a rapid solution to the problem 8
9 Global Zinc Fertilizer Project II. Phase Global Zinc Fertilizer Project Kazakhstan Mexico Turkey Pakistan India China Laos Thailand Brazil Zimbabwe Zambia Mozambique Australia Coordinating Institution: Sabanci University 9
10 Effect of Soil and/or Foliar Applied SO4 on Grain yield and Grain Concentrations in Wheat Effect of applications on wheat grain yield in 7 countries with 14 locations over 2 years Country Location Harvest Grain yield (t ha 1 ) F LSD0.05 year Nil Soil foliar Soil + Foliar test China Quzhou n.s n.s. - Yongshou n.s n.s. - India Varanasi n.s. - Kapurthala n.s n.s. - Ludhiana n.s n.s. - Kazakhstan Shortandy n.s n.s. - Mexico Yaqui Valley n.s. - Pakistan Ayub * 0.67 Faisalabad * 0.19 Muridke * * 0.58 Muridke * * 0.25 Turkey Eskisehir n.s n.s. - Konya n.s n.s. - Zambia Chisamba n.d. 4.2 n.s - Grand mean Increase (%) in grain yield over nil treatment Mean Standard deviation for different trials Zou et al., 2012, Plant and Soil 10
11 Effect of applications on wheat grain yield in 7 countries with 14 locations over 2 years Country Location Harvest Grain yield (t ha 1 ) F LSD0.05 year Nil Soil foliar Soil + Foliar test China Quzhou n.s n.s. - Yongshou n.s n.s. - India Varanasi n.s. - Kapurthala n.s n.s. - Ludhiana n.s n.s. - Kazakhstan Shortandy n.s n.s. - Mexico Yaqui Valley n.s. - Pakistan Ayub * 0.67 Faisalabad * 0.19 Muridke * * 0.58 Muridke * * 0.25 Turkey Eskisehir n.s n.s. - Konya n.s n.s. - Zambia Chisamba n.d. 4.2 n.s - Grand mean Increase (%) in grain yield over nil treatment Mean Standard deviation for different trials Based on the trials in 7 countries with 14 locations over 2 years, application improved grain yield by 5.1 % Zou et al., 2012, Plant and Soil Grain concentration in different countries with and without foliar zinc fertilization Country/Location - + Country/Location - + mg kg -1 mg kg -1 Mexico India Year-I Varanasi Year-II PAU-I Turkey PAU-II Konya PAU-III Adana PAU-IV Samsun IARI Eskisehir Kazakhstan Loc-I Loc-II Pakistan Loc-I Loc-II Loc-III Loc-IV China Loc-I Loc-II Australia Loc-I Germany Average Iran Average Brazil Average Average of all countries -: 26 +:
12 Grain concentration in different countries with and without zinc fertilization Country/Location - + Country/Location - + mg kg -1 mg kg -1 Mexico India Year-I Varanasi Year-II PAU-I Average 25 Concentrations 81 Turkey of PAU-II Konya PAU-III Adana Grain PAU-IV Samsun Eskisehir (10 Countries with 32 locations) IARI Kazakhstan Loc-I Loc-II : 26 ppm +: 50 ppm Pakistan Loc-I Loc-II Loc-III Loc-IV China Loc-I Loc-II Australia Loc-I Germany Average Iran Average Brazil Average Timing of foliar application Foliar spray of late in growing season results in much greater increases in grain concentration when compared to the earlier applications of. 12
13 concentration (mg/kg) concentration (mg/kg) concentration (mg/kg) Staining/Localization of Zinc in Wheat Grain (red color) EMBRYO ALEURONE ENDOSPERM ALEURONE Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal Chemistry, 77: Changes in Zinc Concentrations of Endosperm Depending on Timing of Foliar Zinc Spray (Measurements by LA-ICP-MS) 25 Zinc, mg kg Distance (mm) Distance (µm) No Foliar Application Zinc, mg kg (µm) Distance (mm) Foliar Spray at Stem Elongation and Booting Zinc, mg kg (µm) Distance (mm) Foliar Spray at Milk and Dough Stages Cakmak et al 2010, J. Agric. Food Chem. 13
14 Phytate is belived to impair bioavailability P Phytate P P P P : Phosphate group P P Cereal grains are rich in phytate Phytate forms insoluble complexes with 2+ Phytate concentration is very low in endosperm Change in Nutrient Composition With Milling Affects Bioavailability & Warrants Consideration in Breeding % of Total in Unmilled Grain Endosperm very low in phytate 14
15 Economy Based on the knowledge and information collected from our collaborators from Haryana, Punjab, Varanasi, Orissa and Delhi, the cost of a single spray of SO4 by using power-spray ranges is around 15 USD per ha (including the costs for 4 kg SO4 and the costs associated with power-spray and labor). A yield increase of only 1.5 % (+45 kg grain) would cover the costs of foliar application assuming that average grain yield is about 3 tons per ha.. Seed germination and seedling vigour improved when high -seeds are used Seed Zinc Planting seeds with high zinc 15
16 Seedling emergence - % Influence of Seed Content on Growth of Bread Wheat in a Zinc-Deficient Soil in Central Anatolia 12 mg /kg 25 mg /kg 55 mg /kg Source: Ekiz et al., 1998, J. Plant Nutr. Impact of Micronutrient Dense Rice Seed in Bangladesh (data from J. Duxbury, 2002, Cornell Univ.) Seed Treatment Complete (, Mn, Cu, Mo, Ni) only Mo,MNi) Complete - Mo Control Yield (t/ha) 4.6 a 4.0 b 4.1 b 3.6 c 1 letters indicate significant difference at p < a b c Enriched seed Control seed Farmer seed 16
17 Seed : 43 ppm Seed : 26 ppm Sabanci University Thank You Thank you Sabanci University 17
18 Conclusion Foliar application represents a successful, rapid and cost effective practice in biofortification of cereals The positive impact of foliar fertilization occurrs irrespective of the soil and environmental conditions, management practices and cultivars. Foliar fertilizer approach can be locally and quickly adopted for increasing dietary intake in rural areas. Nitrogen Dependent Zinc and Iron Partitioning (%) at Maturity Shoot Part IRON ZINC Low N High N Low N High N Husks Grains Leaves Stem Kutman et al. 2011, Plant and Soil 18
19 Localization of Protein, Zinc and Iron in Wheat Grain Protein Zinc Iron Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal Chem, 77: Staining of Protein, Zinc and Iron in Wheat Grain Protein Zinc Iron High Protein in Seed: a Sink for and Fe Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal Chem, 77:
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