Monitoring and Evaluating the Food Security and Nutrition Effects of Agricultural Projects. F. James Levinson and Anna Herforth
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1 Monitoring and Evaluating the Food Security and Nutrition Effects of Agricultural Projects F. James Levinson and Anna Herforth
2 Purpose Monitoring and evaluation of ag projects seeking to address Ag2Nut considerations in addition to their generally primary production objectives is important: because there is, to date, so little empirical data documenting successes and failures; and because the possibility of adverse effects is a real one and such effects need to be identified and addressed rapidly.
3 Constraints To date, however, Ag2Nut issues, while of great interest to many in the nutrition community and to a growing number of agriculturalists, has not yet captured the attention of agriculture project managers.
4 Ag2Nut Expert Ag Manager
5 Problems in Ag M&E Meanwhile, international agriculture project have had their own problems with M&E. An FAO/World Bank study (2010) found the M&E of agriculture projects in Asia, Africa and Latin America to be seriously problematic. Among the most common problems:
6 Common shortcomings of Ag M&E M&E is often perceived as an externally imposed obligation with findings seldom integrated into management and action systems Ag managers complain of unmanageable data collection and reporting demands What M&E is carried out gives primary attention to physical achievements to the neglect of project outcomes Inadequate institutional capacity consistently limit M&E (All of these, of course, are problems common to M&E in development projects more generally.)
7 Yet we want to see Ag2Nut considerations included in Ag projects, we want to see them monitored and evaluated, and we want to be able to document successes Recognizing: The seriousness of existing Ag M&E problems; and The traditionally lower prioritization of nutrition-related issues in agricultural planning Might there be value in examining alternative avenues rather than seeking to incorporate Ag2Nut in mainline ag project management information systems?
8 With a more circumscribed Ag2Nut M&E posture Ag project managers would likely feel less encumbered Ag2Nut M&E staff could focus on the quality of these M&E efforts and their utilization; and, in the process, provide Ag project managers with invaluable up-to-date information on their projects.
9 Ag2Nut Expert
10 Sentinel Sites A useful approach to M&E in ag projects with Ag2Nut interests may be the establishment of geographically representative sentinel sites within the overall project area with large enough samples to have statistical power all subject to understandings presented later in this presentation. Baseline data would be followed by the collection of quantitative and qualitative data at 6 month intervals from these sites, and from comparable sites in nonproject areas (serving as controls.)
11 Sentinel Sites This data would include: Basic socio-demographic information Information indicating the extent to which households have been reached/affected by the project Data on household food insecurity levels and on the diversity of food consumption Data on malnutrition among young children and women (collected annually) Women s empowerment data (quantitative and qualitative) Information taken from the above which might indicate harmful food security or nutrition effects Data on a subset of essential data of primary interest to project managers All would be complemented by qualitative data to better understand the dynamics of project effects
12 Assuring Quality and Establishing Successful Precedents, and Moving Toward Sustainability But: All of the above requires M&E skills not always readily available to such programs Our suggestion: With external support, skilled Ag2Nut M&E teams, working with local ag staff in initial projects would: Create much needed initial successes, and Develop prototypes, training modules and TA mechanisms for subsequent utilization
13 Data to be Collected
14 Have households had been reached/affected by the project? If the project involves the distribution of inputs or the provision of subsidies, have families received them? If the project seeks to generate employment, have previously un- or underemployed individuals been employed?
15 Data on HH food insecurity and on the diversity of HH food consumption In the case of most agriculture projects, positive effects on household food consumption may be more readily accomplished than effects on child malnutrition levels. Agriculturalists are also more likely to be able to relate to these effects. One useful, although sometimes challenging way to assess household food insecurity is using standardized measurement instruments that have been validated for a region.
16 Household Food Insecurity Measuring Instruments A model for such measurement is the 15 item standardized household food insecurity measurement scale recently validated for all of Latin America by FAO together with academic affiliates. Comparable scales are required for sub- Saharan Africa and for South Asia.
17 Data on household food insecurity levels A second useful way is to utilize a household dietary diversity score assessing the diversity of foods (often the forgotten element of food security) consumed by household members on the previous day. Assessing food diversity also can be coupled with qualitative data to provide invaluable insights to guide future food security-oriented action.
18 Dietary Diversity Scores Household level indicates food access (an indicator of food security) Individual level (woman and/or child) indicates dietary quality Can be measured using qualitative 24-hour recall (FAO 2011) or a food group questionnaire (FANTA 2006), depending on the interviewer skills and level of information sought.
19 Data on child malnutrition levels While recognizing that effects on child stunting may take time to show from agricultural projects (unless coupled with explicit nutrition counseling by health staff), it may be useful to measure the height for age of children under age 2 on an annual basis. These data also could show synergies between multisectoral project components (e.g. does diet quality + WASH have a greater effect on nutritional status than either alone?) But malnutrition levels must be analyzed via impact pathways the specific means by which the project services are affecting child height for age.
20 Data on reproductive-age women In many countries the nutritional status of reproductive age women is critical both for themselves and for their offspring. At the same time, the nutrition transition problems of overweight and obesity are becoming increasingly serious in many low income countries. To track both issues, BMI data will be collected on reproductive-age women, assessing percentages below 18.5 and over 25.0.
21 Identifying harmful food security or nutrition effects The above information, collected at six monthly intervals is likely to help identify harmful effects resulting from the project. Special attention should be given to results indicating that, compared to the control area: Employment levels have remained static or deteriorated; Small producers have been excluded; Household food insecurity has deteriorated (overall or seasonally); Intra-household equity of income has declined; The labor burden of women has increased; Debt burden has increased; In irrigation/water use projects, changes in water-borne diseases; In livestock projects, changes in zoonotic disease; In cash crop production/major mechanization, possible harmful effects.
22 Data of particular interest to project managers In addition to data on Ag2Nut effects, it may be useful to collect data which will be of particular interest to project managers, data which might not be collected as often (or as well) in primary ag M&E systems.
23 Data of particular interest to project managers Among possible indicators, amenable to collection at surveillance sites without difficulty are the following: Percentage of households considering themselves better off now than 12 months ago Percentage of the labor force underemployed or unemployed Access, use and satisfaction with services provided under the project Changes in farmer income Ratio of average income of the richest quintile to the poorest quintile
24 Ag2Nut Expert Ag Manager
25 The Larger Context Such sentinel site data collection is likely to be useful if: 1. Ag2Nut staff is itself sufficiently involved in project design, and is successful in including, e.g. employment generation; production diversity (with special attention to affordable nutrient-dense foods); active involvement of women
26 The Larger Context (conditions) 2. Good quality data can be sensibly aggregated and presented to project management in timely fashion 3. There is an explicit understanding that harmful effects identified by Ag2Nut sentinel site teams or data indicating shortcomings in project implementation will be directly and seriously addressed by project management. 4. Ag2Nut surveillance teams are prepared with mitigation plans in cases of harmful effects
27 Comparing Nutrition-Sensitive Ag Projects Unlike nutrition-specific projects, costeffectiveness analysis in nutrition-sensitive ag projects may be too context-specific, and involve too many assumptions, to be useful. Costs of ag projects vary enormously Trying to define specific nutrition marginal costs minimizes the importance of the projects primary production objectives, and the potential for integrated win-win projects.
28 Comparing Nutrition-Sensitive Ag Projects Instead, projects should be reviewed jointly by project managers and Ag2Nut M&E teams, and should be considered successful and worthy of replication if they are effective in meeting both production and food security/nutrition objectives and are found to be economically viable for producers and funders.
29 Ag2Nut Expert Ag Manager
30 In Sum Through the creative use of separately managed sentinel site-based M&E, it should be possible to: Generate cooperative efforts Generate much needed data Generate much needed successes in nutrition-sensitive agriculture.
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