Agriculture at the Crossroads
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- Angelica Ball
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2 Whom to feed? 1.3B overweight in the north and 1.02B hungry+1b with micronutrient deficiencies in the south (IAASTD) about 1.5Bn small scale farmers globally also experience seasonal hunger feed population of today and in future
3 1.5 B small scale farmers B urban gardeners, pastoralists and livestock keepers, hunter-gatherers, fishers, forest keepers, indigenous people 85% of farmers have 2 ha or less >> Small scale farms produce at least 70% of world s food >> but more than anything else, small holder farmers feed the hungry! ETC (2009)
4 Agriculture at the Crossroads IAASTD Report (2008): Business as usual is no longer an option. Industrial farming, input and energy intensiveness, and marginalization of small scale farmers, is no longer tenable. Need systematic redirection of agriculture focus towards needs of small farmers Sustainable organic agriculture that is biodiversitybased is beneficial to poor farmers. Traditional knowledge/ik of farmers and local communities should be tapped and work in partnership with formal science and technology.
5 BIGAS(Rice) Conference, 1985 Failure of Green Revolution: Loss of local varieties More inputs, higher costs More pests, new biotypes Infertile soils Degraded environment Poisoning >>Farmers forgot how to grow rice = Farmers greater indebtedness, rural poverty
6 MASIPAG Magsasaka at Siyentipiko para sa Pag-unlad ng Agrikultura (Farmer-Scientist Partnership for Development): organized in 1986 as cooperation between farmers, scientists and NGOs as alternative approach to the Green revolution Goal: Empower resource-poor farmers through access and control of production resources (seeds, technology, land)
7 As organization and network: 635 Peoples Organizations; 35,000+ farmers 60 Non-Government Organizations 15 Scientist-partners 67 farmer rice breeders; 12 corn breeders 100+ volunteer farmer-trainers On-farm research resources 223 PO-managed trial farms +10 back-up 9 PO-managed native chicken gene pools
8 Self help, self responsibility, democracy and equality, equity and solidarity Seven cooperative principles >>for the general benefit of the community >> Altruism
9 Farmers Social Cooperatives Effective coordination, multiplier Planning and decision making Mutual support Ensure diffusion of benefits Sustainability of activities
10 Cooperation to Maintain Seeds and Breeds 1,105 Traditional Rice Varieties 1,085 Masipag rice developed 506 Farmer-bred developed 75 Native corn varieties 6 native chicken gene pool
11 Cooperation for Seed Banking in 49 Provinces Luzon (81): Nueva Ecija: 8, Pangasinan: 2, Zambales:1, Camarines Sur: 13, Occidental Mindoro: 10, Nueva Viscaya: 9, Isabela: 18, Cagayan: 1, Quezon: 14, Pampanga: 1; Antipolo: 2; Abra: 2 Visayas (81): Negros Occidental: 29, Negros Oriental: 1, Iloïlo: 10, Antique: 17, Aklan: 1, Cebu: 2, Leyte: 10, Bohol: 1; Capiz: 5; Eastern Samar: 5 Mindanao (61): North Cotabato: 5, Agusan del Norte: 1; Davao City: 1, Davao del Sur: 1; Lanao Norte: 2, Zamboanga del Sur: 3, Zamboanga del Norte: 15; Misamis Oriental: 1, Bukidnon: 6; Compostela Valley: 1; Maguindanao: 3; South Cotabato: 3; Sultan Kudarat: 2; Surigao del Norte: 5; Zamboanga Sibugay: 11
12 Masipag Vertical Cooperation in Rice Conservation System National (1) Back-up Farm 2,060 rice varieties & Selections Regional(2), Provincial (9) Back-up farms 300 to 1,200 rice varieties & selections PO-managed Trial farms (223) At least 50 varieties per TF Verification farms Farm Production 6 to 24 varieties At least 3 varieties
13 Cooperation for Seed Development / Rice Breeding 67 Farmer-breeders 506 rice developed
14 Farmer: Dolores F. Ayen No. of Crosses: 29 Code Name: DFA (18 cultivars developed) Reasons for breeding rice: Produce rice which are aromatic, early maturing, good eating quality and pest resistant Seed adapted to changing climate Have own seeds to plant every season (no need to buy) Share her developed cultivars with other farmers
15 Technology Development through Trial Farms Approach >> Farmers laboratory -Develop site-specific varieties -Develop site-specific technology Functional seed bank Creative organizing Advocacy
16 Number of Traditional Rice Varieties (TRVs) and Masipag rice with desired characteristics. Characteristic / Adaptation Traditional rice varieties Masipag rice High tillering capacity - 42 Good ratooning ability - 24 Long panicles Low fertility soils Saltwater tolerance - 12 Pest/disease resistance 6 17 Glutinous Red / Violet
17 Trainings on Livestock and poultry Livestock production and management Breeding and selection training Alternative Feed formulation trainings
18 Diffusion through People s Organizations Interested Organize Organization Orientation Farmers / LGU Trial Farm Field Day /Advocacy Observe / Characterize Training New Technology Other Farmers Experiment Breeding New Selection Increased Yield, Improved Income Locally Adapted Variety
19 Development of Diversified organic farms
20 Farmer-Developed and Adapted Technologies (Mode 2 knowledge production) Pangi leaves used as botanical pest control by Doming of Zamboanga del Sur Carabao driven rotary used in rice farming by Abraham of Sultan Kudarat
21 Rice Adapted to Climate Change Solano, Nueva Vizcaya Drought tolerant Elonelon, San Vicente, Palawan, M160-1 Drought tolerant M6-14-1R Drought tolerant Red Borong, Zambales MLD 4-1 Patnongon, Antique Calabanga, Cam Sur Bato, Cam Sur Batbatngon, Leyte Sta. Josefa, Agusan del Sur Salt Water tolerant Loreto, Binulungan, M115-1R, M45-1 Flood tolerant M116-2, M115-1R, M160-1, M45-1, PBB 401 Drought tolerantt Senador, Hubanib Alimodian, Iloilo Libagon, Southern Leyte Drought tolerant M148-2, M394-1, M51-2, M177-3, M74-1 Flood tolerant JDC 3, JDC8, Dalagang Bukid Legend: Farmer-bred lines Traditional rice varieties MASIPAG Selections Malng, North Cotabato Sultan Kudarat, Saranggani Drought tolerant M4-3-1, Hinumay Salt water tolerant Jasmine, Kanoni, Elonelon, Makaginga, Binulawan
22 Farmer developed adaptation to Climate Change Floating / Raft Garden
23 Farmers Adaptive Strategies for Climate Change Resiliency Social Cooperatives (POs) as insurance to cope with uncertainty >> development and sharing of seeds and technology >> sharing of work (community cooperation)
24 Cooperation for Marketing of organic products MASIPAG Participatory Guarantee System: Organic standards Internal quality control Product and market development Processing facilities Management capacity bldg.
25 Improved Organic Productivity: Mean yield of rice, 2007 (kg/ha), n=840 Masipag Organic Masipag In Conversion Chemical Farming Luzon 3,743ns 3,436ns 3,851ns Visayas 2,683ns 2,470ns 2,626ns Mindanao (Maximum) 3,767ns (8,710) 3,864ns (10,400) 4,131ns (8,070)
26 Improved income from organic farm: Net agricultural income per hectare, 2007 (Pesos) Masipag Organic Masipag In Conversion Chemical Farming Luzon 24,412** 18,991** 13,403** Visayas 22,868** 16,039** 13,728** Mindanao 23,715ns 17,362ns 19,588ns Average 23,599*** 17,457*** 15,643*** ** = highly significant differences ( 5%) *** = very highly significant differences (1%) ns = no significant difference
27 Improved income from organic farm: Annual Balance of Income and Expenditure per Household, 2007 (in Pesos), n=840 Masipag Organic Masipag In Conversion Chemical Farming Luzon 11,331 9,702-1,266 Visayas -1, ,974 Mindanao 5, ,399
28 MASIPAG as Social Cooperative: Food security and Poverty alleviation Biodiversity conservation Sustainable agriculture and farming Organic production and marketing Resiliency to climate change Farmer empowerment >>Not Green or Gene revolution but Farmers knowledge revolution
29 Source: Barefoot Guide to Organizations
30 Maraming Salamat!
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