Nematological research

Transcription

1 Nematological research July 2013, PPO-AGV Lelystad Hans Hoek

2 Division of this presentation General introduction Nematode Control Strategy (NCS) Dutch Nematode Schedule ( Aaltjesschema ) Research example: Field research to determine crop damage and host-status of 4 crops and the nematode Trichodorus similis

3 Nematodes: general introduction A healthy soil contains nematodes per kg > 2700 species water animals useful nematodes (feeding with: fungi, bacteria, dead organic material, control of slugs or insects etc.) plant parasites the exception on the rule

4 5400 x

5 Nematode catching fungi

6 Carnivorous nematodes

7 Stylet: a plantparasitic nematode

8 Nematode problems in the Netherlands Heavy soils Potato cystnematode Beet cystnematode Spiral nematode Stem nematodes Sandy soils Rootknot nematode Rootlesion nematode Trichodorids Xiphinema Longidorus

9 Direct damage by nematodes yield quality quarantine

10 Indirect damage by nematodes Verticillium ( wilting ) in potato corky ringspot or spraing in potato

11 Dispersion machinery Planting material Wind

12 Nematode Control Strategy Prevention planting material hygiene Inventory soil type, history crop inspection soil sampling pathotypes Crop Rotation sequence cultivar frequency green manure Additional soil fumigation granular nematicides catch crops biological control

13 Nematode Control Strategy Prevention planting material hygiene

14 Tuber filled with females and eggmasses

15 Nematode Control Strategy Prevention planting material hygiene Inventory soil type, history crop inspection soil sampling pathotypes

16 Inventarisation

17 Stemnematode Ditylenchus dipsaci

18 Symptoms Meloidogyne chitwoodi Meloidogyne hapla

19 Historical information

20 Science based sampling strategies

21 Nematode Control Strategy Prevention planting material hygiene Inventory soil type, history crop inspection soil sampling pathotypes Crop Rotation sequence cultivar frequency green manure

22 M. chitwoodi experimental field, Smakt 2002 Dream: Green manure summer and autumn Preparation of population levels research 2003 Characterisation of Dutch MC populations

23 Effect crop rotation on damage and multiplication year Crop sugar beet 1997 potato 1998 bean 1999 sugar beet 2000 oat 2001 bean 2002 carrot 2003 beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Northern root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla - Maize root knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi - R? - R root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans cereal root lesion nematode Pratylenchus crenatus free living nematode Trichodorus similis? hostplant suitability unknown - - active decline of nemetodes - non host l poor host l l moderate host l l l good host R hostsuitability depending on crop variety white green yellow orange purple damage unknown no damage little damage (5-15 %) even with high numbers of nematode damage (15-33 %) with high numbers of nematodes serious damage even with low numbers of nematodes

24 Nematode Control Strategy Prevention planting material hygiene Inventory soil type, history crop inspection soil sampling pathotypes Crop Rotation sequence cultivar frequency green manure Additional soil fumigation granular nematicides catch crops biological control

25 Soil fumigation (max 1:5 ) Application of Monam (a.i. 510 g metam sodium /liter) 300 l/ha Potatoes (seed, table, starch potatoes) Sugar-beet Onions l/ha Strawberry and vegetables in open field Perennials in open field Cut flowers in open field Nursery stock in open field Bulb flower and flower bulb crops Replanting of fruit trees 700 l/ha Weed control: yellow nutsedge

26 Soil fumigation Use MYCPP95 MYCPP kg a.i bron: Nefyto

27 Biological soil fumigation

28 Inundation

29 Tagetes: catch crop against Pratylenchus penetrans

30 Longterm effects of Tagetes on P. penetrans P. pentrans besmetting in larven per 100 ml grond Facelia Tagetes Carrot Italian ryegrass Sampling Bemonsteringstijdstip in het voorjaar na de teelt

31 Dutch Nematode Schedule ( Aaltjesschema ) Information system about: Host status of crops for nematodes Damage of crops caused by nematodes for: arable crops, field grown vegetables, bulb crops, green manure crops, some perennials available on internet for free

32 Resistance Resistance: ability of the crop (or a cultivar) to reduce multiplication of nematodes. Very high resistance: very low or no multiplication Non-host: no multiplication at all Related term: susceptibility Low resistance = highly susceptible (high multiplication)

33 Sensitivity for damage Sensitivity: magnitude of the damage caused by nematodes (yield loss) Related term: tolerance Low sensitivity = highly tolerant (little or no yield loss)

34 Host status of a crop (multiplication of the nematode)? AA - R S? i Host status unknown active control natural decline poor host moderate host good host variety depended serotype depend. some information as black fallow serotype of tobacco rattle virus (TRV)

35 Host status

36 Damage to a crop (yield loss due to nematode infection) Damage (yield loss) unknown none little (5-15 %) moderate (15-33% strong (> 33 %)

37 Damage research

38 Resistance and sensitivity (extremes) resistance sensitivity Very low Very high Very low (no damage) Very high (much damage)

39 Effect crop rotation on damage and multiplication year Crop sugar beet 1997 potato 1998 bean 1999 sugar beet 2000 oat 2001 bean 2002 carrot 2003 beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Northern root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla - Maize root knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi - R? - R root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans cereal root lesion nematode Pratylenchus crenatus free living nematode Trichodorus similis? hostplant suitability unknown - - active decline of nemetodes - non host l poor host l l moderate host l l l good host R hostsuitability depending on crop variety white green yellow orange purple damage unknown no damage little damage (5-15 %) even with high numbers of nematode damage (15-33 %) with high numbers of nematodes serious damage even with low numbers of nematodes

40 Nematode information? Go to: ww.aaltjesschema.nl

41 Field research with Trichodorus similis Belongs to the group of free living nematodes ; Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus species Also known as stubby root nematodes For several crops host-status is unknown

42 Stubby-root nematodes in the Netherlands wide host range crop damage in: arable crops, field grown vegetables, flower bulbs most important species in the Netherlands: P. teres, P. pachydermus, T. primitivus, T. similis crop damage: direct: yield loss, decreasing product quality indirect: transmitting tobacco rattle virus (TRV).

43 direct damage in sugarbeet by Trichodorus spp.

44 direct damage in potato by Trichodorus spp.

45 Infection of stolons by Trichodorus nematodes

46 Trichodorus damage in onion

47 Trichodorus damage in carrot

48 T. similis: effect on maize (due to host status of green manure crops) Pré manure crop: Oil radish Pré manure crop: White mustard

49 indirect damage by Trichodorus spp. spraing in potato by tobacco rattle virus

50 Reasons for damage research T. similis most common stubby-root nematode in the Netherlands inventory study 2005: 425 sampled parcels infected by T. similis: all over the country (six regions): 12 percent regions mainly sandy soils: percent several important agricultural and horticultural crops: magnitude of damage unknown little or no information about host status

51 General information damage research T. similis Funded by the Agricultural Board (PA) and the Horticultural (PT) Board in the southeast of the Netherlands (Vredepeel) action period of the year year search for parcel infected by T. similis spring creation different infection levels of T. similis summer - autumn cultivation of potato, sugar beet, carrot, black salsify spring next winter

52 Research aims crops: potato, sugar beet, carrot, black salsify relation between degree of soil infection by T. similis and yield loss yield loss at high infection levels damage threshold multiplication of T. similis (host plant status)

53 Infection levels of T. similis ( ) treatments chemical disinfection biological disinfection number of T. similis per 100 ml soil 3 a 41 b (black) fallow 148 c Marigold (Tagetes) 218 d Perennial ryegrass 265 d White mustard 404 e

54 black salsify: crop in June 2007 Treatment in 2006: Chemical disinfection White mustard Biological disinfection

55 Lineair damage relation leverbare opbrengst schadedrempel aantal aaltjes per 100 ml grond

56 Seinhorst damage relation Damage parameters: T, Y max, m damage threshold (T) maximum yield (Y max) minimum yield (Y min) Yield loss relative minimum yield (m): ( Y min/ Y max )

57 exponential multiplication of nematodes Maximum final population (M) Multiplication at low infection levels (a)

58 damage relation of T. similis in potato damage parameters : - tolerance threshold: 5 T. similis per 100 ml soil - maximum yield loss 2007: 18 % 2008: 27 % 2009: 12 % on average: 19 % (figure)

59 multiplication of T. similis in potato Predicted maximum final (Pf) populaton (M) at harvest: 283 T. similis per 100 ml soil

60 damage relation of T. similis in sugarbeet damage parameters : - tolerance threshold: none - maximum yield loss 2007: 5 % 2008: 11 % 2009: 8 % on average: 9 %

61 multiplication of T. similis in sugarbeet Predicted maximum final (Pf) populaton (M) at harvest: 294 T. similis per 100 ml soil

62 damage relation of T. similis in black salsify 2008 damage parameters : - tolerance threshold: none - maximum yield loss 2007: 21 % 2008: 11 % 2009: 2 %

63 multiplication of T. similis in black salsify Predicted maximum final (Pf) populaton (M) at harvest: 130 T. similis per 100 ml soil

64 damage relation of T. similis in carrot 2007 damage parameters : - tolerance threshold: * - yield loss: none

65 multiplication of T. similis in carrot Predicted maximum final (Pf) populaton (M) at harvest: 70 T. similis per 100 ml soil

66 conclusions crop crop sensitivity to T. similis ( worst case ) host plant status for T. similis potato quite high good sugar beet low good carrot not poor black salsify quite high moderate

67 (implications for) Host plant suitability? hostplant suitability unknown - - active decline of nemetodes - non host l poor host l l moderate host l l l good host R hostsuitability depending on crop variety Sensitivity to damage (yield loss) white damage unknown green no damage yellow little damage (5-15 %) even with high numbers of nematode orange damage (15-33 %) with high numbers of nematodes purple serious damage even with low numbers of nematodes Aaltjesschema potato sugar beet carrot black salsify Trichodorus similis Trichodorus similis

68 Trichodorus host-status on important crops Trichodorus primitivus Trichodorus primitivus Trichodorus similis Trichodorus similis Paratrichodorus pachydermus Paratrichodorus pachydermus Paratrichodorus teres Paratrichodorus teres Tobacco Rattle Virus potato S sugarbeet S onion? - S winter wheat? S spring barley? S tulip? carrot S? AA Host status unknown active control natural decline - poor host moderate host good host R variety depended S serotype depend.? i some information Damage (yield loss) unknown none little (5-15 %) moderate (15-33% strong (> 33 %)

69 Thanks for your attention