Key environmental challenges of the European aquaculture (salmon) supply chain

Transcription

1 Key environmental challenges of the European aquaculture (salmon) supply chain

2 Salmon aquaculture production Total production 1, tonnes (2010) Main producers Norway Chile Scotland Canada Faroe Islands, US, Ireland, Iceland, Australia The world salmon aquaculture production per continent (FAO data) 2

3 Salmon Farming Industry Handbook 2012 Marine Harvest 3

4 Fisheries harvesting Crop production Feed Processing T2 T1 Juvenile production Feed production T3 Smolt production Salmon farming Reusable water Waste-water Aquaculture Mapping of aquaculture salmon supply chain Slaughter Packaging EPS boxes T4 A A) Pre -processing: gutting, chilling B) Processing: brining / smoking T4 B Cut off, trimmings Value added products Processing Transport T4 A T5 Packaging and chilling Solid waste Landfill or MSW combustion Retail Consumer Recycle Retail Consumer 5

5 Life Cycle Assessment Review on studies on aquaculture Functional units Boundaries INPUT: Biotic and abiotic resource use, Energy use, Land use, Water use Feed Aquaculture Processing Transport Wholesale Retail Consumer OUTPUT: emissions to air, water and soil IMPACT: Global warming, Acidification, Eutrophication, Ozone depletion, Biotic resource use, Land use changes, (Ecotoxicity, Biodiversity) Resource budget & Nutrient balance accounting Protein, fat, N, P, ω-3 fatty acids(epa, DHA) 6

6 Feed Soya for feed from S-America By products from poultry and fish INPUT Feed OUTPUT Resource use Energy use Land use Water use Fisheries harvesting Processing Diesel T1 T2 Feed production Crop production Fertilizers Pesticides Supplement Impacts Global warming Eutrophication Acidification Water scarcity Toxicity Land use Resource depletion 7

7 Origin of fish meal and oil in salmon feed 2010 From: Ytrestöyl et al., 2011 NOFIMA /SINTEF and SIK 8

8 Global use of fishmeal and oil in feeds Estimated global use of fish meal and oil by the salmon farming industry projected to Blue, total feeds used; red, mean% fish meal; green, mean% fish oil. Source: Tacon& Metian; From Bostock et al

9 Aquaculture Feed INPUT Resource use Energy use Land use Seafloor use, coastal area Water use Breeder Juvenile production Medication / Vaccines T3 Smolt production Salmon farming Slaughter FIFO FCR Aquaculture Reusable water Waste-water OUTPUT Impacts Global warming Eutrophication Acidification Water scarcity Toxicity Land use Biodiversity: Escapee, Pathogens, Parsites, Salmon lice 10

10 LCA studies - Aquaculture Feed compositon Different countries NO 40 % crops 58,6 % fish UK 30 % crops 66,6 % fish (trimmings ) Norwegian diet ,4 % of plant products 41,4 % of fish products Canada 50% crops 31,6 % fish 19,9 % livestock Chile 40% crops 42,2 % fish 12 15% livestock

11 Salmon processing 14

12 Retail - Consumers 15

13 Mode of transport of key importance when comparing different food supply chains and the impacts of local and global production T T T T T Feed Aquaculture Processing Wholesale Retail Consumer 16

14 LCA studies Transport by truck, boat and air - GWP From Winther et al., 2009 Functional unit 1 kg edible product at wholesaler 17

15 LCA studies Aquaculture salmon supply chain Feed (fisheries and crops production ) => 75% of the total GWP Adapted from Winther et al., 2009 Functional unit 1 kg edible product at wholesaler 18

16 Impacts from LC stages: Overview Global warming Eutrophication Acidification Water scarcity Toxicity Land use Resource depletion Global warming Acidification Ozone depletion Bioresource depletion FIFO /FCR Global warming Eutrophication Acidification Water scarcity Toxicity Land use Biodiversity: Sea lice, escapee, diseases, parasites Global warming Acidification Ozone depletion Global warming Acidification Ozone depletion Global warming Acidification Eutrophication Toxicity

17 WP 1 SENSE Aquaculture team University of Iceland, ASCS: Guðrún Ólafsdóttir, Sigurður Bogason Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, DTU-AQUA: Erling Larsen Aalborg University, AAU: Thorkild Nielsen, Grace Viera, EFLA Consulting Engineers: Gyða Mjöll Ingólfsdóttir, Eva Yngvadóttir and European Aquaculture Society, EAS: Alistair Lane THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! References : Pelletier and Tyedmers (2007); Pelletier et al. (2009); Ellingsen et al. (2009); Winther et al. (2009); Ayer and Tyedmers (2009); Boissy et al. (2011); Buchspiess et al. (2011); Ytrestöyl et al. (2011)/Hognes et al. (2011); Ford et al. (2012), Parker (2012), Aubin et al. (2009), Ziegler et al. (2012), Vazquez-Rowe et al. (2012), Svanes et al. (2011), Ellingsen and Aanondsen (2006), Thrane (2004), Eyjolfsdottir et al. (2003), Grönroos et al. (2006),. 20

18 Questions discussion Limitations & benefits of LCA for the SENSE tool Availability of data Frequency of the assessment Annually? Lifecycle of salmon is 2 years Sensitivity analysis and Regionalisation Different rearing systems, Feed composition / feed sourcing (global /EU /local) Markets /consumers / transport (global /EU /local) Current trends Synergies with standards / voluntary and regulatory documentation in the industry Global warming Eutrophication Acidification Water scarcity Toxicity Land use Resource depletion Ozone depletion Biodiversity: Sea lice, escapee, Diseases, parasites Bioresource depletion FIFO /FCR 21

19 Uptake of standards by the sector? Content of standards / Requirements for LCA? ASC standard (Aquaculture Stewardship Council (MSC) GLOBALG.A.P. Aquaculture Standard AquaGAP Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) standards Organic standards, Naturland, Krav, Debio Friend of the Sea and more 22