Institute of Ag Professionals

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1 Institute of Ag Professionals Proceedings of the 2013 Crop Pest Management Shortcourse & Minnesota Crop Production Retailers Association Trade Show Do not reproduce or redistribute without the written consent of author(s).

2 Is Foliar Fertilization an Effective Nutrient Management Tool? Antonio P. Mallarino Department of Agronomy Iowa State University

3 Foliar Fertilization Crops can use foliar-applied nutrients High salt or ammonia concentrations damage leaf tissue, can't spray much Has been useful to supply micros to high-value vegetable crops and orchards, repeated sprayings pay back Small amounts sprayed to the foliage could be useful to fix insufficient preplant fertilization or uptake problems

4 Nutrition at Reproductive Stages Remediate too low pre-plant fertilization Reduced root activity during late seed development stages Increased translocation of nutrients and carbohydrates to the seed Leaf senescence, less photosynthesis Foliar fertilization could increase leaf area duration, protein and carbohydrate synthesis, and grain yield

5 Early Iowa Work at Late Stages Hanway s work in the middle 1970's Sprayed soybean with various nutrient mixtures, frequencies of applications, and at several reproductive stages Concluded that N-P-K-S sprayed 2 to 4 times increased soybean yield A ratio (N-P K 2 O-S), close to the ratio in grain, was the best

6 Spraying NPKS at Late Stages Soybean Yield Increase (bu/acre) N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O-S RATES Sprayed 2 to 4 Times 1974, , R4 & R5 R5 & R6 R5 & R6.5 R5 & R7

7 Other Early Work, NPK or NPKS Many trials across the Midwest and the South from the late 1970's to middle 1980's did not reproduce the results Example: TVA-Sponsored Research Spray Soybean yield Trials times Check With % loss

8 Nitrogen at Late Stages: Kansas YIELD INCREASE (bu/acre) EIGHT FIELDS Irrigated Soybean UAN Am Nit Check 40 Urea Check 40 SIX RESPONSIVE FIELDS UAN Am Nit Urea Wesley, Lamond & col., KSU

9 More Work with N in the Region Middle 1990's to middle 2000's Additional Kansas research, no grain yield response Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin no grain yield increases and sometimes decreases Seems this is a dead end

10 Spraying Soybeans at Early Growth Stages N-K N-P-K N-P-K-S N-P-K-S-Micros

11 Nutrition at Early Vegetative Stages Low rates of foliar-applied fertilizer can supplement soil fertilization when N fixation or NPKS uptake are limited Could stimulate plant growth and nutrient uptake during early growth Could be cost-effective if applied mixed with some post-emergence herbicide Yield responses were shown in cotton

12 Nutrients and Spraying Time 66 on-farm plot trials and 26 strip trials One spray at V5-V6 or two (8-10 days) Fertilizers , , and 8-08; some plus sulfur and micros B, Fe, Zn. Product rates from 2 to 6 gal/acre In strip trials, fertilizer was mixed with glyphosate

13 First Set of Trials FIELDS 7 RESPONSIVE FIELDS SOYBEAN YIELD (bu/acre) Check 2 gal gal gal gal gal

14 Second Set of Trials FIELDS 6 RESPONSIVE FIELDS SOYBEAN YIELD (bu/acre) Check 2+2 gal gal gal gal gal 8-0-8

15 Third Set of Trials FIELDS 5 RESPONSIVE FIELDS SOYBEAN YIELD (bu/acre) Check 3 gal gal gal gal gal Micros

16 Problems Predicting a Response Best was 3 gal/acre of plot trials 18 Responsive Soybean Yield (bu/acre) Low soil P and K Limited uptake Poor growth (not drought 42 40

17 Mixing Fluid Fertilizer with Fungicides Dan Kaiser and Antonio Mallarino

18 Treatments at Five Fields Five fields, optimum or higher in P & K Headline fungicide alone 3 gal at V5 to V6 alone at V5-V6 and R2-R3 At R2-R3 + Fungicide 3.3 gal UAN at R2-R3 at R2-R3 alone at R2-R3 + Fungicide

19 Leaf Burn and Green Leaf Area Treatment Burn Green % Control 0 7 Fungicide Only V5-V R2-R V5-V6 & R2-R R2-R3 + Fung UAN R2-R UAN R2-R3 + Fung

20 Average Grain Yield Results No fungicide Fungicide at R2-R3 Soybean Grain Yield (bu/acre) No fertilizer a V5-V V5-V6 R2-R3 c c c R2-R3 c a UAN R2-R3 d b 40

21 Foliar Fertilization of Corn?

22 Why Foliar Fertilization of Corn? Remediate too low pre-plant fertilization or to supply nutrients uptake is limited for some reason but amounts needed would be large, many applications likely needed no clear critical time when a small application could make a difference To supply micronutrients with deficiency undetected by soil test

23 Early Season Foliar P for Corn Barel and Black (1972) P Source Control Orthophosphate Tripolyphosphate Tetrapolyphosphate Trimetaphosphate Tetrametaphosphate Yield bu/acre lb P 2 O 5 /acre on June 20 and 32 lb P 2 O 5 /acre at tassel, ammonium form, with 0.1% Tween. Low STP site (11 ppm).

24 Mid Season Spray for Corn Harder, Carlson, and Shaw (1976 & 1977) sprayed in August and early September 1976, NPKS mixture 1977, NPKS + B, Zn mixture No yield responses Sawyer (1999), sprayed at V7, V13, and VT P-K with or without urea No yield responses Another dead end?

25 Problems with Micronutrients Other than iron in soybean, deficiencies in the region are isolated and tough to document Soil testing for micronutrients is much less useful than for P, K, ph, or nitrate Plant tissue testing Testing early enough to correct deficiency No field calibration data in IA or MN, and in other NC states interpretations are old, data not available anymore, and unreliable

26 Micros Deficiencies More Likely? Micronutrient Soil Conditions Crop Boron (B) Sandy or highly weathered soils low in organic matter, drought Alfalfa, clovers Copper (Cu) Acid organic or very sandy soils Wheat, oats, corn Iron (Fe) High ph (> 7.0) Soybeans Manganese (Mn) Organic soil with high ph (> 5.8), high ph (> 6.2) Soybeans, wheat, oats, sugar beets Zinc (Zn) Sandy or organic, low organic matter due to erosion, high ph (> 6.5) Corn and soybeans Molybdenum (Mo) Very acid soils Soybeans

27 Iron Chlorosis in Soybean

28 Spraying for Iron Chlorosis Blackmer et al., 2005 Sprayed to chlorotic areas in four fields Two iron chelate products and several frequencies of application (up to five) from July 2 through July 27 No grain yield response at any field Same findings by Rehm in Minnesota Another dead end?

29 Manganese & Glyphosate in Soybean Photo: Don Huber, 2005

30 Soil and Foliar Manganese for Soybean Minnesota Grain Yield Treatment Mn rate Year 1 Year 2 lb/acre bu/acre Check Planter Planter Foliar (2x) Foliar (2x) Foliar (2x) From Randall et al, All Mn as MnSO 4 ; about similar yields with foliar EDTA.

31 Foliar Manganese and Roundup Early work Indiana: Antagonism between glyphosate and plant or foliar applied manganese: reduced efficiency of both Research in IL, MI, MN, and OH Inconsistent results, large effects of glyphosate rate, variety, soil, weather Problem observed mainly with too high rates of glyphosate

32 Spaying with Manganese in Iowa Northern Iowa, Paul Kassel One trial in 2003, 5 different Mn products sprayed at the R2 stage No yield response Northeast Iowa, Brian Lang Mn chelate 12 days after glyphosate In bu/acre increase In 2009 and 2010 no yield response

33 Glyphosate, Manganese, Zinc for Soybean Mark Licht, ISU Extension Specialist, Central Iowa Treatment Spray at R2 Stage 2011 (ns) 2012 (ns) bu/acre Control Glyphosate Manganese Zinc Glyphosate + Manganese Glyphosate + Zinc Glyphosate + Manganese + Zinc Mn y Zn (chelates) at 0.44 or 0.77 lb Mn or Zn/acre.

34 Zinc Deficiency in Corn

35 Corn Previous Research Webb 1970s-1980s four long-term trials Continuous corn Broadcast Zn rates Isolated responses when DTPA Zn was < 1.0 Webb & Mallarino long-term trial No Zn or broadcast Zn P treatments very low to extremely high No yield increase, but DTPA Zn was >1 ppm Bickel & Killorn 2007, 12 strip trials in NC Iowa No Zn or planter-band Zn, very few increases and decreases, DTPA Zn low to high

36 Ongoing Research Since 2012 Foliar spray, 2012 and soybean trials, most on farmers' fields 7 corn trials at research farms B, Cu, Mn, Zn and mixture; 4 replications Sources: Max-In B (8% B, boric acid) Max-In Cu (5% Cu, EDTA) MicroBolt Zinc (9% Zn, EDTA) MicroBolt Mn (6% Mn, EDTA) Two applications, V6 and R1-R3, rates/spray: B: 1.28 oz/acre Cu: 0.62 oz/acre Mn: 2.64 oz/acre Zn: 3.96 oz/acre

37 42 Soybean and 7 Corn Foliar Trials

38 Yield Response Results 2012 (22 soybean trials, 4 corn trials) No grain yield increase at any trial A small but statistically significant overall yield decrease from the mixture 2013 (20 soybean trials, 3 corn trials) No grain yield increase at any trial Yield decrease at one soybean trial from Cu, Zn, and the mixture A small but statistically significant overall yield decrease from the mixture

39 Yield Averages Across Trials Soybean Grain Yield (bu/acre) Control B Cu Mn Zn Mixture ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns P <0.05 P <

40 Grain Micros Concentrations 115 Relative Concentration in Soybean Grain (%) Control B P <0.05 Cu P <0.05 Mn ns Zn P <0.05

41 Soil Tests versus Tissue Tests Leaf B (ppm) Soil B (ppm) ns r Leaf Mn (ppm) Y = X r 2 = 0.27, P < Soil Mn (DTPA, ppm) Leaf Cu (ppm) ns r Leaf Zn (ppm) ns r Soil Cu (DTPA, ppm) Soil Zn (DTPA, ppm)

42 No Micros Deficiency or Spray Not Efficient? Fertilization to soil with boron, manganese, zinc, and their mixture 2012: No response in 8 corn & beans trials 2013: Seems no response in 8 trials either Interpretations in other states for soil or tissue tests predicted yield increases In several soil or foliar sites for boron In very few sites for copper and zinc At no site for manganese Randall 1975, both efficient for manganese

43 So What About Foliar Fertilization? Not very encouraging really Pre-plant N, P, K, S fertilization to the soil seems to be the most reliable practice Tactical use: Target fields for spraying to increase the chance of economic return, but no too clear criteria to choose fields Should be effective for micronutrients, but deficiencies are isolated and sometimes maybe it's too late to fix problems

44

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