Impact of soil arsenic on rice yields in Bangladesh
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1 Impact of soil arsenic on rice yields in Bangladesh Brittany Huhmann, Charles Harvey, MIT John Duxbury, Cornell University Anjal Uddin, Imtiaz Choudhury, Kazi Matin Ahmed, Dhaka University Ben Bostick, Alexander van Geen, Columbia University Supported by NSF Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems
2 Arsenic contamination of irrigation water is widespread Study sites Faridpur Duxbury 2007, FAO Working Paper
3 Arsenic in irrigation water builds up in soil As Fe Fe oxides As As As As Decreasing soil arsenic
4 Arsenic in irrigation water builds up in soil As Fe Fe oxides As As As As Well Location Decreasing soil arsenic Panaullah 2009, Plant and Soil
5 Arsenic in soil decreases rice yields far from well near well Panaullah 2009, Plant and Soil Abedin 2002, ES&T
6 Our goal is to document more widely the effect of arsenic on boro and aman rice yield
7 Boro rice is the dominant crop in Bangladesh in terms of production and caloric consumption Other foods Rice 20% 72% Calpe 2006, FAO Working paper
8 Boro rice Jan May Groundwater irrigated Transplanted Few varieties Aman rice May - Nov Rainfed Transplanted or broadcast Many varieties
9 Our goal is to document more widely the effect of arsenic on rice yield by: 1. Exchanging soil between high- and low-arsenic plots in farmers fields 2. Measuring the difference in yield and soil arsenic between adjacent soil replacement and control plots
10 How does altering soil arsenic concentration affect rice yields? Irrigation Input Rice Field
11 How does altering soil arsenic concentration affect rice yields? Irrigation Input Rice Field
12 How does altering soil arsenic concentration affect rice yields? Irrigation Input High As Replaced High As Control Rice Field Low As Replaced Low As Control
13 How does altering soil arsenic concentration affect rice yields? Irrigation Input High As Replaced High As Control Rice Field Low As Replaced Low As Control
14 How does altering soil arsenic concentration affect rice yields? Irrigation Input High As Replaced High As Control Rice Field Low As Replaced Low As Control
15
16 We identified high-arsenic and low-arsenic plots Kit Extractable As (mg/kg) Low As Depth (cm) High As
17 Soil replacement increased arsenic in low-as plots Kit Extractable As (mg/kg) Low As Depth (cm) High As Replaced Layer
18 Soil replacement decreased arsenic in high-as plots Kit Extractable As (mg/kg) Low As Depth (cm) High As Replaced Layer
19 Look at differences between matched pairs of plots Irrigation Input High As Matched pair High As Replaced High As Control Rice Field Low As Replaced Low As Control
20 Look at differences between matched pairs of plots High As Replaced High As Control Soil As Replaced - Soil As Control = Difference in Soil As
21 Look at differences between matched pairs of plots High As Replaced High As Control Soil As Replaced - Soil As Control = Difference in Soil As Rice Yield Replaced - Rice Yield Control = Difference in Rice Yield
22 Arsenic decreased in high-arsenic plots and increased in low-arsenic plots XRF Total Soil Arsenic (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
23 Arsenic decreased in high-arsenic plots and increased in low-arsenic plots XRF Total Soil Arsenic (mg/kg) Replaced - Control Rice Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control
24 Boro yield difference correlates with soil As difference y = x R 2 = 0.46 p = 0.01 Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control XRF Total Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
25 BR 29 yield difference correlates with soil As difference Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control y = x R 2 = 0.55 p = 0.02 XRF Total Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
26 Slope of BR 29 yield-arsenic relationship is somewhat lower than previously observed Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control y = x R 2 = 0.55 XRF Total Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control Panaullah 2009, Plant and Soil
27 Arsenic may decrease boro rice yields by 10-15% nationally Duxbury 2007, FAO Working Paper
28 Plant As correlates with soil As in top 5 cm y = 0.23x R 2 = 0.46 p = 0.01 Leaf As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control Kit Extractable Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
29 Grain As is not easily predicted from soil As Panaullah 2009, Plant and Soil
30 Effect of soil replacement can still be seen during aman season Kit Extractable As (mg/kg) Depth (cm) Replaced Layer
31 Yield increased in high-arsenic plots and decreased in low-arsenic plots XRF Total Soil Arsenic (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
32 Yield increased in high-arsenic plots and decreased in low-arsenic plots XRF Total Soil Arsenic (mg/kg) Replaced - Control Rice Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control
33 Aman yield difference correlates with soil As difference Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control y = x R 2 = 0.23 p = 0.02 XRF Total Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
34 BR 39 yield difference does not correlate with soil As difference Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control R 2 = 0.05 XRF Total Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
35 A field kit can be used to identify As-contaminated soils
36 Kit As correlates with As measured by XRF XRF Total Soil As (mg/kg) R 2 = 0.48 Kit Extractable Soil As (mg/kg)
37 Boro yield difference correlates with kit As difference y = -0.12x R 2 = 0.77 p < Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control Kit Extractable Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
38 Soil removal from rice fields already occurs and could mitigate soil arsenic
39 In a soil flip, we move deep, low-as soil to the surface Decreasing As
40 In a soil flip, we move deep, low-as soil to the surface High Arsenic 0-15 cm
41 In a soil flip, we move deep, low-as soil to the surface High Arsenic 0-15 cm Medium Arsenic cm Low Arsenic cm
42 In a soil flip, we move deep, low-as soil to the surface
43 In a soil flip, we move deep, low-as soil to the surface
44 We identified high-arsenic and low-arsenic plots Kit Extractable As (mg/kg) Low As Depth (cm) High As Upper Layer
45 Soil flip decreased surface arsenic in high-as plots Kit Extractable As (mg/kg) Low As Depth (cm) High As Upper Layer
46 Soil flip decreased surface arsenic in low-as plots Kit Extractable As (mg/kg) Low As Depth (cm) High As Upper Layer
47 Soil flip plots have lower concentrations of some nutrients Nitrogen (%) Organic Carbon (%) Phosphorus (µg/g)
48 Soil arsenic negatively impacts rice yields
49 Soil arsenic negatively impacts rice yields Arsenic may decrease boro rice yields by 10-15% nationally
50 Soil arsenic negatively impacts rice yields Arsenic may decrease boro rice yields by 10-15% nationally Field kit allows on-site measurements of soil As
51 Soil arsenic negatively impacts rice yields Arsenic may decrease boro rice yields by 10-15% nationally Field kit allows on-site measurements of soil As Farmers may be able to target high-as soil for removal
52
53 Aman yield difference weakly correlates with soil As difference Yield (t/ha) Replaced - Control y = x R 2 = 0.26 p = Soil As (mg/kg) Replaced - Control
54 Yield and soil As are uncorrelated
55 Difference in yield does not correlate with difference in soil As BR39
56 Difference in yield correlates with difference in soil As BR29 BR28
57 Design controlled for other factors affecting yield: Fertilizer application (TSP, MP, gypsum, zinc, boron) Pesticide application Farmer care (e.g. weeding) Rice variety Transplanting date Harvesting date Local conditions (shade, shelter from wind/rain, etc.) Irrigation water arsenic
58 Yield and potassium are strongly correlated y = 38.02x R 2 = 0.49
59 Rice yields declined with increasing soil As BR29 All rice varieties Arsenic soil amendment (mg/kg) Williams 2009, ES&T
60 Plant As correlates with soil As in top 5 cm BR29 10 BR
61 Two ways of measuring soil As
62 During the growing season: soil arsenic profiles were measured monthly at each plot Month 2 Month 3 Month cm
63 At harvest: four composited arsenic measurements were made at each plot North 18 cm? 1 East West 2 South 4 3
64 Both measurements of soil As are weakly predictive of soil plant As Soil As During Growing Season Soil As At Harvest n = 13 slope = ± n = 13 slope = ± 0.093
65 In contrast, harvest soil As is much more predictive of yields Soil As During Growing Season Soil As At Harvest n = 16 slope = ± n = 13 slope = ± 0.021
66 Harvest soil As is consistently higher than growing season soil As
67 Can a field kit give farmers an easy way to test their soils? 0.5 g soil 50 ml water 10 minute extraction
68 Arsenic concentrations decrease away from irrigation inlet Irrigation input
69 Arsenic concentrations in irrigation water decrease away from the water inlet Roberts et al. 2007
70 Nutrients don t differ between replaced and control plots
71 Rice is grown in continuously flooded conditions and requires significant water inputs
72
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