Soil firmness is critical for successful stand establishment in smallseeded legumes and grasses primarily to provide _seed-soil water

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1 PLSC 320 Quiz V Name Lab section/time Since I am not here to proctor the exam, take the questions at face value. Put a comment at the top of the page if there is a problem with one of the questions. Be sure to give complete answers on short essay questions. Good luck! Pts Seed quality is expressed as _percent pure live seed _and is a composite of these two components_% germination _and_% purity _ Why are dormant seedings of cool-season grasses recommended, but dormant seedings of legumes not recommended? legumes germinate faster than grasses, more susceptible to fall germination 1 3. (TRUE or FALSE) The ideal alfalfa variety for this area would have multiple pest resistance, a dormancy rating of 4 to 5, a winter hardiness rating of 1, and multifoliolate The recommended seeding depth for small-seeded legume crops on fine-textured clay soils is _1/4-1/2 and 1/2-1" on sandy loam soils. WHY is the depth different? surface dries faster in sandy soils so deeper seeding needed Soil firmness is critical for successful stand establishment in smallseeded legumes and grasses primarily to provide _seed-soil water contact _and proper seeding depth. The guide for proper firmness of a soil for establishment is 1/8-1/4 inch foot print At what ph should liming be practiced before establishment of legumes like alfalfa and sweetclover < 6.0? What topographic area of a field is this soil ph most likely to occur? lower wet areas 2 7. When establishing an alfalfa stand, 20 seedlings/ft 2 is the density of plants emerging that typically we want to establish for good productivity of clear-seeded stands. Assuming 50% establishment and 217,800 seeds/lb, the seeding rate that will give this stand is 8 lb/a If Farmer Joe wants to establish a cash alfalfa hay field on a very droughty sandy soil that had fall tillage and has no livestock to utilize a companion crop used as a forage, how would you recommend to Joe to establish the alfalfa? Why? Seed oat first to prevent soil erosion, seed alfalfa when oat emerges, spray oats with grass herbicide when alfalfa is 3 to 4 leaf stage. No-till will not prevent wind erosion.

2 2 9. The least competitive cereal crop for moisture and light is barley, assuming that the crop does not experience this lodging (TRUE or FALSE) A clear-seeded stand of alfalfa will have a greater productivity the year following establishment than a companion crop established stand Why is early no-tilling the preferred method to establish a clearseeded alfalfa stand? 1. less stand failures 2. less equipment needs/costs 3. firm seed bed 4. less weed problems then tilled seedbeds 5. better seeding depth control What herbicide would you use to control wild mustard in wheat underseeded with alfalfa?_buctril_ What precautions should be followed when using this herbicide? temperature less than 70 degrees maximum at application day, alfalfa at 3 to 4 trifoliolates for regrowth The best herbicide for control of annual weeds in either no-till or clear-seeded stands of alfalfa is Raptor/Pursuit unless herbicidetolerant kochia is present. An adjuvant that must be used to cheapen the application cost of this herbicide is MSO. If the previous herbicide is not used, the following combination is the best postemergent weed control for establishing alfalfa when applied in split applications_buctril and Poast or Select _ Distinguish between hydroseeding and hydromulching. hydroseedingseed and mulch applied at same time; hydromulching - seed applied first and mulch applied later (TRUE or FALSE) The seeding rate of the grass component of a grass-alfalfa mixture is reduced by 50% compared to seeding rate of pure grass stands since the legume has been added (TRUE or FALSE) The 2001 alfalfa seeding rate experiment indicated the necessity to have recent data in order to develop management related strategies since the results were different from earlier work (TRUE or FALSE) If alfalfa is seeded with a companion crop, there is little justification for seeding rates above 6 to 8 lb/acre Near maximum yield from clear-seeded alfalfa stands is obtained with as little as (a. 1, b. 2, c. 3, d. 4, e. 5, f. 6, g. 9, h. 15, i. 20) plants/ft 2 in the first year of production and 2 plants/ft 2 (same choices) in the third production year.

3 2 19. (TRUE or FALSE) Wisconsin data suggests that it takes nearly 50 stems/ft 2 for optimum yield, but it took only 20 stems/ft 2 for 2.5 tons/acre yields (TRUE or FALSE) Forage quality, both ADF and NDF, decrease as plant density increased due to finer stems (TRUE or FALSE) Forage yield and quality of bromegrass and crested wheatgrass at 1 plant/ft 2 was equal to that of 5 to 7 plants/ft 2 in 2 years after seeding Most grass seeding rates are based on how many seeds/ft What can be done to reduce competition between the established grass and the legume that is being sod seeded? 1.) herbicide to suppress grass, 2.) concentrated, restricted grazing, 3.) clipping The warm-season annual grass that works best as a companion crop to establish alfalfa wa s foxtail millet Joe Blow does not have a drill capable of handling small-seeded legumes and grasses, yet he wants to establish a bromegrass-alfalfa stand. He was wondering if mixing the seed with dry fertilizer and using a broadcaster would be ok. What would you caution Joe to do in order to get a good stand? mix seed and fertilizer just prior to seeding, seed 2 directions, and be sure to overlap seed, fertilizer may go farther due to >weight, harrowing a must to incorporate seed What are the four characteristics that should be considered when selecting a variety of alfalfa? 1. forage yield >Vernal alfalfa for 6+ years 2. multiple pest resistance 3. enhanced forage quality 4. persistence rating (TRUE or FALSE) An alfalfa cultivar must have greater than 75% of the plants tolerant of the disease to be classified as highly tolerant to that disease The disease of alfalfa that occurs on poorly drained soils, high rainfall areas, or under irrigation with brown to black lesions on the root and, when severe, cuts the roots off is phytophthora root rot The leaf disease of alfalfa that is characterized by black specks on the lower leafs, causes premature leaf loss, and is commonly found in most alfalfa fields is _common leaf spot _.

4 1 30. An alfalfa disease that has the characteristic shepherd's crook, usually found in warm humid areas, and recently found in North Dakota is _anthracnose_ A disease of alfalfa that causes the xylem vessels in the root to turn dark brown and causes stunted, yellowed top growth, and is found in most alfalfa fields is bacterial wilt The typical symptoms of potato leafhopper insect infestations in alfalfa are? V-shaped yellowing of tip of leaflet, stunting of plants when severe, tinge of purple An insect pest of alfalfa that feeds on tips of leaves and causes skeletonized leaves with modest infestations and complete killing of regrowth in heavy infestations is alfalfa weevil The six diseases that are typically included in alfalfa cultivar development programs and included in multiple disease resistance are? 1. bacterial wilt 2. fusarium wilt 3. anthracnose 4. verticillium wilt 5. phytophthora root rot 6. aphanomyces root rot (TRUE or FALSE) If the cost of alfalfa seed increases by a $1/lb, it has a greater affect on the net return of a dairy farm than a reduction in yield potential of a variety of 0.1 ton/acre (TRUE or FALSE) Ammonium phosphate can be used as the fertilizer of choice for alfalfa if its price is such that it is the cheapest source of phosphate even though it contains nitrogen not needed by alfalfa (TRUE or FALSE) North Dakota and Minnesota have produced about the same acreage of alfalfa over the years, about 1.5 million acres, but Minnesota average yield is greater than 3.0 tons/acre while North Dakota's is generally less than 2.0 tons/acre What is the best source of published information on alfalfa varieties in this area? variety trials of farm crops from Univ. of MN, or its web site Why is mid August following a rain, the optimum seeding date for a cool-season grass? soil warm for fast germination, less weed pressure, establishment prior to winter, >yield in first year Why do I not generally recommend a specific alfalfa cultivar to a producer? variety by management interaction, many good varieties which are released faster than can be evaluated

5 2 41. If the answer you just gave to Question 40 exists, and it does big time, then what does this suggest when selecting an alfalfa cultivar? use data on yield from many locations to average across management to identify the stable variety (TRUE or FALSE) Alfalfa varietities are being released at nearly 60 cultivars/year; and by the time I test the adapted cultivars in North Dakota, many private companies are marketing another cultivar. Upon my honor, I have neither given nor received aid in writing this exam

(TRUE or FALSE) Forage quality of alfalfa increased with increasing stem density since the stems were finer.

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