Effect of Fertilization on Weed and Yield of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) at Badeggi, Nigeria

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1 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2014 Vol. 10(1): Aville online Fungl Diversity ISSN Effect of Fertiliztion on Weed nd Yield of Sugrcne (Scchrum Officinrum L.) t Bdeggi, Nigeri A.K. Gn * Ntionl Cerels Reserch Institute P.M.B.8, Bid, Niger Stte, Nigeri A.K. Gn (2013). Effect of fertiliztion on weed nd yield of sugrcne (Scchrum officinrum L.) t Bdeggi, Nigeri. Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 10(1): Field trils were conducted in - wet nd dry sesons t the Ntionl Cerels Reserch E, 70.5 metres ove se level) in the Southern Guine Svnnh ecologicl zone of Nigeri to study the effect of fertility rtes on weed nd yield of chewing sugrcne. Rndomized complete lock design ws dopted for the study in which seven fertility rtes evluted were -: F 0 = Control (no cttle mnure no inorgnic fertilizer), F 1 = 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh (NCRI recommended rte for sole chewing sugrcne), F 2 = 10 th of cttle mnure lone (NCRI recommended rte for sole chewing sugrcne), F 3 = 10 th of cttle mnure + 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh, F 4 = 10 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh, F 5 = 5 th of cttle mnure +120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh nd F 6 = 5 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh The results showed tht the comined cttle mnure10 th + 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh, 10 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh, 5 th of cttle mnure + 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh nd 5 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh consistently resulted significntly in etter weed performnce, stlk girth nd stlk yield thn the seprte ppliction of cttle mnure t 10 th nd 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh. Among the comined rtes, the effect of lowest comined rte of 5 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh on stlk girth nd stlk yield ws significntly similr compred with higher comined rtes ut volume of weed otined from the lowest comined fertilizer ws significntly lower thn the remining comined rtes. Keywords: Comined fertilizer rtes, cttle dung, inorgnic fertilizer nd chewing sugrcne Introduction Sugrcne (Scchrum officinrum L.) is perennil crop nd one of the world s economiclly most importnt cultivted plnts (Rehim nd Espig, 1988). It is the chief source of centrifugl sugr in the world nd contriutes 1, 254, 857mt or out 60 percent of the world sugr out put (Gupt et l., ). In Nigeri next to rice in term of utiliztion of Inlnd Vlley Swmps (IVS) is chewing sugrcne nd it is grown on out 30,000h, which * Corresponding uthor: A.K. Gn; e-mil: ndrewgn2@yhoo.com

2 represents less thn 0.6% of the res of inlnd vlley swmps ville for crop production (Busri, ). The comined production of oth industril nd chewing sugrcne rose from 607,000tonnes in 1972 to 920,000 tonnes in 1992, of which chewing cne ccounted for etween 55-65% (Busri et l., 1995; Busri, ).Chewing sugrcne is grown y locl frmers cross Nigeri on the lluvil soils of Ogun, Ondo, Cross River nd Oyo sttes, nd in rin fed low res of Niger, Ktsin, Kdun, Jigw, Kwr, Sokoto nd Admw sttes (Ojehomon et l., 1996; Busri et l., 2000). Sugrcne is n importnt csh crop, which is used for the production of sugr, molsses for livestock feeds nd lcohol production, gsses s orgnic fertilizer (Akoundu, 1987). In Brzil, sugrcne is used for ethnol fuel production for utomoile (Fuconnier, 1993). Chewing sugrcne is normlly chewed s redymde source of energy (sucrose) or mde into locl products such s mzrkwil nd lewfor drinking kmu nd gri (Busri et l., 1995). In Nigeri, the production of this crop is presently in the hnds of locl frmers with low verge yield of etween th compred to over 100 th otined in the United Sttes nd Cu (Fdyomi, 1996). According to Ro nd Shrm (1981), poor yield of sugrcne is mostly due to poor soil nutrition nd weed control. In sndy soils, especilly in uplnd ecologies where soil is over-mined, loss of nutrients, wter nd hericides through leching is very high therey mking the soil unproductive. Cttle mnure incresed the efficiency of minerl fertilizers y improving properties of the soil (Vnluwe t l., 2001). Cttle mnure pplied with inorgnic nitrogen (N), incresed soil ph nd meliorted cidity produced s result of nitrifiction which dded (Olyink nd Ailenuhi, 2001). Appliction of cttle mnure with ure incresed the soil orgnic content from 0.346% to 0.363% nd in further cne cropping, the orgnic content decresed when ure ws without orgnic N (Mokwunye, 1981). The continuous ppliction of cttle mnure versus inorgnic fertilizer for ten yers on sugrcne field slight the superiority of ppliction of 60 th of cttle mnure over nnul rte of 120N - 60P 2 O 5-90K 2 Okgh lone (Bely et l., 1997). They ssocited this to incresed soil orgnic cron, orgnic nitrogen nd exchngele clcium therey resulting in significnt increse of sugrcne yield. Comined ppliction of cttle mnure t 20 nd 10 th with 50kgNh minimized production in yield from successive cne cropping (Ydev nd Prsd, 1992). Weeds re very detrimentl to sugrcne s they compete for nutrients, wter nd sunshine. These dversely ffect tillering nd initil growth of 220

3 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2014, Vol. 10(1): sugrcne. Hevy weed growth in the erly life of the crop tends to reduce cne yield through reduced cne weight, high fire content nd low juice qulity (Allison nd Hslm, 1985). It is therefore impertive tht sound soil nd crop mngement prctices tht re environmentlly friendly e dopted to improve soil fertility for effective weed control nd improve sugrcne production. The present investigtion is n ttempt in this direction. Mterils nd methods Field trils were conducted in, nd wet nd dry sesons t the uplnd sugrcne experimentl frm of the Ntionl E, 70.5m ove se level) to evlute the effect of fertility rtes on weed nd yield of chewing sugrcne. Soil smples t the experimentl site were rndomly collected efore the estlishment of the first experiment in nd nlysed for physico-chemicl properties. This is presented in tle1.the nutrients contents of cttle mnure is presented in Tle2. The tretments tested consist of seven fertility rtes. The fertility tretments therefore were:- F 0 = Control (no cttle mnure no inorgnic fertilizer). F 1 = 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh (NCRI recommended rte for sole chewing sugrcne). F 2 = 10 th of cttle mnure lone (NCRI recommended rte for sole chewing sugrcne). F 3 = 10 th of cttle mnure + 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh. F 4 = 10 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh. F 5 = 5 th of cttle mnure + 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh. F 6 = 5 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh. Ech tretment ws ccommodted in gross plot size of 15m 2 (5 x 3m) nd net plot of 9m 2 (3x3) in rndomized complete lock design with three replictions. The lley wy etween plots ws 1.0m nd etween replictions ws 1.5m nd inter-row spcing of 1.0m. The sme field nd plots were mintined throughout the period of experiment following the prctice of the locl frmers (no rtoon). In the first yer, the experimentl field ws clered, ploughed, hrrowed nd mnully levelled. In susequent yers nd, s the sme field ws mintined, the field ws only clered nd mnully levelled. Bid locl vriety or Ajx otined from the Ntionl Cerels Reserch Institute Bid ws used t the seed rte of 7 th. It is populrly grown y frmers. It is more roust, softer nd less drought resistnt compred with the 221

4 industril sugrcne. It is purple in colour nd cn ttin stlk length of 2-3m nd tkes 10 months to mture. It hs potentil yield of 150 th stlk yield (Fuconnier, 1993). Cttle mnure ws incorported into the soil mnully using short hndle hoe month efore estlishing the first tril nd susequently fter hrvesting ech tril. The inorgnic fertilizer ws pplied split t plnting rodcst on the setts (N - P - K sl ppliction) nd t 6 MAP during er thing up the remining hlf N - P - K ws pplied through nd plcement method. Nitrogen (N) ws supplied y ure, phosphorus (P) ws supplied y single super phosphte (SSP), while murite of potsh (MOP) supplied the potssium (K) Helthy tender young (6 months old) stlks were cut into setts ech contined three eye uds were used s plnting mteril for the first yer tril in ; while for the susequent two yers( nd ) stlks otined from ech preceding yer were used s plnting mteril. The stlks were cut into setts, ech sett contined three eye uds. The cne setts were lid (plnted) end to end horizontlly long the row nd covered with soil. The hoe-weeding ws crried out t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 nd 9MAP using short hndle hoe. Er thing up ws crried out t 6MAP. This involved scooping the soil round the stools of stnding sugrcne to give strong support to sugrcne ginst storm. Hrvesting ws done t 10MAP using cutlss to cut the stlk from the se.stlks from the net plot were tied into undles nd weighed on 50kg Slter scle lnce. The stlk yield for ech plot ws expressed in tonnes per hectre Oservtion tken includes weed dry mtter determined t 3, 6 nd 9MAP from 1.0m 2 re in ech net plot. The weed smples were clened free of electronic lnce, Plnt height (cm) t 3MAP nd stlk length t 6 nd 9MAP were tken from the net - plots using grduted meter rule from the se (ground level) of the plnt to the tip of the lst unfolded lef for plnt height or to the lst node t the top for stlk length. Sugrcne stlks with internodes tht cn e chewed were counted from the net plot t 6, 8 nd 10MAP.Stlk girth ws tken using the veneer clliper n instrument for mesuring dimeter ws used t 6, 8 & 10MAP. It is grduted in centimetre. Five sugrcne stlks tgged in the net plot were mesured ech t the centre. The sugrcne stlks hrvested t 10MAP from the net plot were tied into undles nd weighed on 50kg lnce to determine the stlk yield. 222

5 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2014, Vol. 10(1): All the dt tht were collected from the experiments were sujected to sttisticl nlysis of vrince(anova) to test for the significnce of tretment effects using F test s descried y Snedecor nd Cochrn (1967).Where the F test showed significnce, mens were then seprted using the Duncn Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) (Ducn, 1955). Results The ppliction of comined fertility rtes t 3, 6 & 9MAP in the three trils produced significntly higher weed dry mtter production thn seprte ppliction of orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizer nd the control tretments (Tle 3). The highest weed dry mtter mong the comined fertility ws otined from the ppliction of 10 th nd 5 th of mnure ech eing comined with 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh. Uniform chewing sugrcne height ws otined from ppliction of comined rtes of cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizer; however, they were significntly tller thn t seprte ppliction of orgnic, inorgnic nd the control tretments t 3, 6 & 9MAP in ll the trils (Tle 4). The untreted control hd the lest numer of chewle stlks per plot. Appliction of the comined fertility rtes produced higher numer of chewle stlks thn their sole pplictions t 6, 8 & 10MAP in the three trils. In nd t 6 & 8MAP mong the comined fertility rtes, ppliction of 10 th nd 5 th of cttle mnure ech comined with 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh gve higher numer of chewle stlks per plot; however, t 10MAP in the three trils, there ws no significnt difference etween the numer of chewle stlks otined from the ppliction of comined fertility rtes (Tle 5). Appliction of 10 th nd 5 th ech comined with 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh t 6 & 8MAP gve significntly higher numer of chewle stlks per plot thn the remining fertility rtes from the comined nlysis. The ppliction of fertility rtes on stlk girth t 6, 8 & 10MAP in, nd ws significnt with smllest stlk girth een produced in the untreted thn t other fertility rtes. However, t 8 nd 10MAP nd in the comined nlysis, ppliction of comined fertility rtes produced cnes with uniform stlk girth ut significntly igger thn t seprte ppliction of cttle mnure nd inorgnic. While t 6MAP in the three trils, ppliction of 10 th of cttle mnure comined with either rte of inorgnic fertilizer 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh nd 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh produced significntly ftter stlks thn the remining comined fertility. Sole ppliction of oth orgnic nd inorgnic resulted in similr stlk 223

6 girth ut significntly thicker thn stlks of cne in the untreted control (Tle 6). Sttisticl uniform stlks yields were otined from the ppliction of comined fertility rtes in the three trils nd in the comined of - ; however, these yields were significntly higher thn t seprte ppliction of cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizer (Tle 7). In ppliction of comined fertility rtes produced uniform stlk yields ut significntly ftter thn t seprte ppliction of cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizer. Discussion In this study, the mximum stlk yield of th in th in nd th in otined from the fertility tretments in the three trils were higher thn etween th erlier reported t frmers field for the crop (Busri et l., 2000). These differences in stlk yield in the three trils ws proly due to incorported cttle mnure t vrious rtes which might hve improved the sndy soil structure of the uplnd, therey incresed the efficiency of minerl fertilizer pplied in comintion with it for sugrcne. Vnluwe et l. (2001) hd erlier reported cttle mnure pplied with inorgnic fertilizer incresed the soil fertility nd thus productivity of crops especilly when pplied over time. Better performnce of weeds, crop growth nd yield otined in the plots treted with cttle mnure comined with inorgnic fertilizer t vrious rtes thn t seprte ppliction of cttle mnure 10 th nd 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh my e ttriuted to enough nutrients derived from oth cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizer pplied. Cttle dung lso hving chrcteristic of inding soil prticles together to improve the poor sndy soil structure of the experimentl site therey, reducing the rte of leching of pplied inorgnic fertilizer for etter growth of sugrcne. According to Gn (2010), in sndy soils, especilly in uplnd ecologies where soil is over-mined, loss of nutrients, wter nd hericides through leching is very high therey mking the soil unproductive. Cttle mnure incresed the efficiency of minerl fertilizers y improving properties of the soil. Cttle mnure pplied with inorgnic nitrogen (N), incresed soil ph nd meliorted cidity produced s result of nitrifiction which dded 2 NH. Appliction of cttle mnure with ure 4 incresed the soil orgnic content from 0.346% to 0.363% nd in further cne cropping, the orgnic content decresed when ure ws without orgnic N. Delipthy et l. (1994) erlier reported tht soil with high level of fertility influences the severity of weeds thn soil with low nutrient level. Similrly 224

7 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2014, Vol. 10(1): Rhodesre (1994) reported tht difference in performnce of weed nd crop growth of sugrcne ws sed on the rtes of nutrients relesed (minerlized) into the soil nd tken y the crop. The most effective weed control otined y the lowest comined fertility rte of 5 th of cttle mnure 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh over the remining comined rtes is in line with the result otined y Gierd (1995) who in his experiment otined efficiency portion of mnure when pplied in smll mounts with inorgnic fertilizer nd more often. The ftter sugrcne stlks otined with the comined fertility rtes over the seprte ppliction of cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizer, uthors like Aliyu (2000) nd Ayool nd Agool () hd erlier reported tht in spite of the fvourle effect of mnure in soil physicl nd chemicl properties, it doesn t supply sustinle mount of nutrients to crop. For ppliction of the lowest comined fertility rte of 5 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh hving significntly similr sizes with the higher comined rtes could e s result of stiliztion equilirium of soil nutrients over time. This result is in conformity with the result otined y Ryer (1986) who in his long term mnuring experiment on permnent plot t Indi oserved from soil depth of 0-15cm nd 15-30cm less vrition in the levels of orgnic cron, totl nitrogen, ville phosphorus, exchngele potssium nd mgnesium indicting some sort of stiliztion in the equilirium. Appliction of high rtes of 10 th of cttle mnure + 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh nd 5 th of cttle mnure + 120kgNh - 26kgPh - 37kgKh eing outstnding on their positive influence on yield nd yield qulity greed with the result otined y Singh et l. (2001) who otined ftter sizes of cne nd yield of 85 th from ppliction of 10 th of cttle mnure+150n+75p 2 O 5 +45K 2 Okgh. Tle 1. Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of soil tken from experimentl Site efore the estlishment of the tril Soil properties 0-25cm depth Bdeggi Physicl properties Snd (%) Silt (%) 8.00 Cly (%) 1.00 Texturl clss Sndy Chemicl properties ph in wter Orgnic cron (%) Orgnic mtter (%) Totl nitrogen (%) Aville phosphorus (ppm) Exchngele ses (cmol kg -1 ) K

8 Mg C N CEC (cmol kg -1 ) Tle 2. Lortory nlyses of cttle mnure component Nitrogen Phosphorus Potssium Orgnic Percent (%) Source: Cttle mnure ws otined from the cttle mrket ehind Gwdee New Mrket, Bid Tle 3. Effect of fertility rtes on Weed dry mtter production (t h) in chewing sugrcne t Bdeggi,, nd wet nd dry sesons Tretment 3MAP 1 6MAP 9MAP Fertility rte (F) 0kgh (Control, no 1.10d d 0.65e 1.44e 1.23e 1.20e 1.75e 1.22e 1.10e cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizers) 120kgNh- 26kgPh-37kgKh (NCRI recommended rte) 1.80c 1.85c 1.90c 1.76d 1.78d 1.81d 2.10d 2.30d 2.40d 10th of cttle 1.63c 1.74c 1.87c 2.28c 2.30c 2.40c 2.93c 2.88c 3.00c mnure(ncri 10th of cttle mnure+120kgnh- 26kgPh-37kgKh 10th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh- 18.7kgKh 5th of cttle mnure+120kgnh- 26kgPh-37kgKh 5 th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh- 18.7kgKh SE(±) ) MAP Months fter plnting 2) Mens followed y the sme letter(s) within the sme column nd tretment re not significntly different t 5% level of proility using DMRT. 226

9 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2014, Vol. 10(1): Tle 4. Effect of fertility rtes on plnt height nd stlk length of chewing sugrcne t Bdeggi,, nd wet nd dry sesons Plnt height (cm) Stlk length (cm) 3MAP 1 6MAP 9MAP Fertility rte (F) 0kgh (Control no 64.21c 59.69d 57.87e c 22.81c 80.59d 74.41d 67.69d cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizers) 6 d 120kgNh- 26kgPh c 91.75c kgKh (NCRI 10th of cttle d 46.83c c mnure(ncri c c 10th of cttle mnure+120kgnh -26kgPh- 37kgKh 10th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh- 18.7kgKh 5th of cttle mnure+120kgnh -26kgPh- 37kgKh 5 th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh- 18.7kgKh SE(±) MAP Months fter plnting 2) Mens followed y the sme letter(s) in oth columns re not significntly different t 5% level of proility using DMRT. 227

10 Tle 5. Effect of fertility rtes on numer of chewle stlks 9m 2 of chewing sugrcne t Bdeggi,, nd, wet nd dry sesons Tretment Fertility rte (F) 0kgh (Control no cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizers) 120kgNh-26kgPh37kgKh (NCRI 10th of cttle mnure(ncri 10th of cttle mnure+120kgnh- 26kgPh-37kgKh 6MAP 1 8MAP 10MAP 6.18d e 8.63f 13.62e 13.86e e 10.47c 14.44d 26.06e 24.81c 28.38d d 10.71c 18.81c 22.88d 19.56d 34.44c c e d c 18.00c 13.61c c c SE(±) MAP Months fter plnting 2) Mens followed y the sme letter(s) in oth column re not significntly different t 5% level of proility using DMRT. Tle 6. Effect of fertility rtes on stlk girth (cm) of chewing sugrcne t Bdeggi, -, - nd -wet nd dry sesons 6MAP 1 8MAP 10MAP Tretment Fertility rte (F) 10th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh-18.7kgKh 5th of cttle mnure+120kgnh- 26kgPh-37kgKh 5 th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh-18.7kgKh 0kgh (Control no cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizers) 120kgNh-26kgPh- 37kgKh (NCRI 10th of cttle mnure(ncri 10th of cttle mnure+120kgnh- 26kgPh-37kgKh 10th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh-18.7kgKh 1.70d c 1.60c 2.17c 1.81c 1.57c 2.20c 1.83cc 1.51c 2.13c c

11 Interntionl Journl of Agriculturl Technology 2014, Vol. 10(1): th of cttle mnure+120kgnh- 26kgPh-37kgKh 5 th of cttle mnure+60kgnh- 13kgPh-18.7kgKh SE(±) MAP Months fter plnting 2) Mens followed y the sme letter(s) in oth column re not significntly different t 5% level of proility using DMRT. Tle 7. Effect of fertility rtes on stlk yield (th) of chewing sugrcne t Bdeggi,, nd wet nd dry sesons Tretment Yers - Fertility rte (F) 0kgh (Control no cttle mnure nd 14.82d e 8.25d 8.25d inorgnic fertilizers) 120kgNh-26kgPh-37kgKh (NCRI c th of cttle mnure(ncri 18.83c 28.19d 31.21c 31.21c 10th of cttle mnure+120kgnh kgPh-37kgKh 10th of cttle mnure+60kgnh kgPh-18.7kgKh 5th of cttle mnure+120kgnh kgPh-37kgKh 5 th of cttle mnure+60kgnh kgPh-18.7kgKh SE(±) MAP Months fter plnting ) Mens followed y the sme letter(s) in oth columns re not significntly different t 5% level of proility using DMRT. Conclusion The results otined from this study showed tht ppliction of comined fertility rtes resulted significntly in higher stlk girth nd stlk yield over cttle mnure nd inorgnic fertilizer pplied seprtely. However, there ws no significnt difference etween the effects of lowest rte of 5 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh - 37kgKh nd higher comined rtes on stlk nd stlk yield. In conclusion, the results otined indicted tht ppliction of cttle mnure s source of fertilizer should e supplemented with inorgnic fertilizer especilly for long durtion crop like sugrcne nd lso for ecology like n over mined sndy uplnd sugrcne experimentl field. The ppliction of the lowest comined fertility rte of 5 th of cttle mnure + 60kgNh - 13kgPh kgKh my e recommended. 229

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