100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Spain Finland China Chile Tunisia. Mali. Egypt. Benin

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1 Diets Food consumption is now more centred on a narrow base of staple grains and on increased consumption of meat and dairy products. Starchy staples such as roots and tubers are relatively less important in regional diets, except in sub-saharan Africa. The combination of urbanization, rising incomes and opportunities for trade has fuelled trends in dietary convergence, with an increasing similarity in global diets. It has also led to dietary adaptation, which reflects the rapid pace and time pressure of urban lifestyles, with a growing consumption of convenience and processed foods. Composition of regional food baskets (%, ) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Developed East Asia Latin America &Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa Cereals Starchy roots Meat and fishes Dairy and eggs Pulses Fruit and vegetables Sugar Vegetable oils Other Contribution of cereals in people s diets (%, ) Contribution of meat and fish in people s diets (%, ) lowest values lowest values Lesotho 78.0 Mongolia 17.0 Bangladesh 78.0 Argentina 17.0 Eritrea 74.0 Spain 16.0 Burkina Faso 73.0 Finland 16.0 Cambodia 72.0 New Zealand 15.0 Lao PDR 70.0 China 15.0 Nepal 69.0 Australia 15.0 Mali 67.0 Switzerland 14.0 Viet Nam 66.0 Norway Chile 14.0 Uganda 23.0 Zambia 3.0 DR Congo 23.0 Tunisia 3.0 Belgium 23.0 Senegal 3.0 United States 22.0 Pakistan 3.0 Spain 22.0 Morocco 3.0 Australia 22.0 Mali 3.0 Switzerland 21.0 Egypt 3.0 Netherlands 19.0 Burkina Faso 3.0 Burundi Rwanda 18.0 Benin 2.0 Dietary energy supply (kcal/cap/day, ) Developed East Asia Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa 16

2 Dietary energy supply (kcal/cap/day, ) No Data < >

3 Undernourishment The world has made significant progress in raising food consumption levels, measured as caloric intake per person per day, with the gains predominantly reflecting improvements in developing countries. Still, more than 900 million people do not have enough to eat for a healthy and active life, with developing countries accounting for 98 percent of the world s hungry. The fight against hunger thus remains central to most development objectives. Share of population undernourished %, Developing 15 South Asia 22 South East Asia 14 Sub-Saharan Africa 27 World 13 Share of population undernourished (%, ) Number of undernourished (million, ) Eritrea 64.0 India China 129 Angola 61.0 Pakistan 42.8 Haiti 60.0 Bangladesh 41.4 Burundi Rwanda 53.0 Indonesia 29.7 Chad 53.0 Tanzania 13.9 Mozambique Central African Rep Kenya Philippines Zimbabwe 44.0 Brazil 11.7 Tanzania 42.0 Thailand 10.7 Tajikistan 42.0 Viet Nam 9.6 Congo 41.0 Nigeria 9.4 Bangladesh Cambodia Sierra Leone Sudan Korea, Dem. Rep. Mozambique Zambia 38.0 Angola 7.2 Nicaragua 38.0 Yemen 6.7 Niger 37.0 Uganda 6.7 Armenia 36.0 Haiti 5.5 Share of population undernourished (%, ) East Asia Latin America &Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa 18

4 FAO hunger map, prevalence of undernourishment in total population (%, ) No Data < > 35 19

5 Malnutrition Adequate nutrition is essential for good health, physical and cognitive development, and ultimately economic growth. It requires a diverse diet including cereals, vegetables, fruits, animal-source foods and - where needed - fortified foods. Among children, malnutrition leads to them being underweight, including stunting and wasting, and reduces their full educational and productive potential. In adults, malnutrition results in a low body mass index, which is generally associated with lower or no labour force participation. At the other end of spectrum, rising obesity presents significant health risks. Share of children under the age of 5 who are underweight (%, 2009*) Share of children under the age of 5 who are underweight %, 2009* Developed 1.8 Latin America & Caribbean 3.7 South Asia 40.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 25.0 Share of adults who are overweight or obese (%, 2009*) India 44.0 Kuwait 76.5 Yemen 43.0 Mexico 69.3 Bangladesh 41.0 Saudi Arabia 68.8 Niger 40.0 United States 68.0 Nepal Burundi Madagascar Iraq Bosnia & Herzegovina New Zealand Chad 37.0 Nicaragua Israel 61.9 Eritrea 35.0 Croatia 61.4 Somalia 33.0 Australia 61.3 Afghanistan 33.0 United Kingdom 61.0 Sudan 32.0 FYR Macedonia 60.4 Lao PDR 32.0 Egypt 6 Pakistan 31.0 Chile 59.7 Myanmar 30.0 Czech Republic 59.1 Cambodia 29.0 Canada 59.1 Mali 28.0 Turkey 58.4 DR Congo Angola El Salvador United Arab Emirates Share of children under the age of 5 who are stunted and wasted (%, 2009*) Stunted Wasted East Asia Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa 20

6 Share of children under the age of 5 who are underweight (%, 2009*) No Data < > 35 21

7 Poverty and inequality Poverty has multiple and mutually reinforcing dimensions. Apart from low income or consumption, it includes deprivation in health, education, and nutrition, as well as a lack of dignity. Poverty indicators, however, are usually confined to measuring the proportion of a population whose income is below a particular threshold. Inequality, on the other hand, looks at the distribution of income in a population. Economic growth needs to be significantly stronger in high-inequality countries to meet poverty targets. Multidimensional poverty index (2009*) Population living on less than US$ 1.25 per day million, 2005 East Asia and Pacific Latin America & Caribbean 44.7 South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Inequality-adjusted Human Development Indicator (2010) lowest values Niger Zimbabwe DR Congo 53 Mali Mozambique 55 Burkina Faso Niger 73 Burundi 0.53 Burundi 77 Somalia Central African Rep. Mozambique Chad Central African Rep. Liberia Guinea Mali 91 Liberia Sierra Leone 93 Angola Burkina Faso 95 Sierra Leone Guinea 09 Rwanda Benin Haiti 39 DR Congo 93 Angola 42 Senegal 84 Rwanda 43 Malawi 81 Nigeria 46 Tanzania 67 Côte d'ivoire 54 Uganda 67 Malawi 61 Madagascar 57 Senegal 62 Share of population living on less than US$ 1.25 per day (%, 2005) East Asia Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa 22

8 Share of population living on less than US$ 1.25 per day (2009*) No Data < > 25 23

9 Food prices and food price volatility High food prices pose a major threat to food security. By reducing real income, rising prices can worsen the prevalence of hunger and malnutrition through lowering the quantity and quality of food consumed. The impact of high and increasingly volatile prices falls heaviest on the poor, who may spend as much as 80 percent of their incomes on food. The lack of dietary diversification aggravates the problem, as price increases in one staple cannot easily be compensated by switching to other foods. In addition, farmers are less likely to invest in measures to raise productivity when price changes are unpredictable. FAO Food Price Index ( =100, ) Food price inflation (%, 2010) Food price volatility (%, 2010) lowest values lowest values 25.8 Myanmar 209 Guinea 19.7 Serbia 175 Sierra Leone 15.6 Tanzania 130 Serbia 15.2 Ukraine 108 Malawi 14.7 Costa Rica 107 Armenia 14.5 South Africa 98.6 Paraguay 13.8 Morocco 74.5 Madagascar Russian Federation Lesotho Bolivia 10.6 Sri Lanka 51.1 Sweden 1.3 Canada 7.4 France 1.3 Kyrgyzstan 7.1 Mali 1.2 Italy 7.0 Ireland 1.0 Angola 6.9 Morocco 0.9 France 6.7 Norway Switzerland 6.5 Rwanda 1.5 Norway 6.2 Switzerland 2.4 Japan 5.7 Japan 4.2 Poland 5.5 Chad 9.2 Malawi 4.6 FAO international price indices ( =100, ) Meat Price Index Dairy Price Index Cereals Price Index Oils Price Index Sugar Price Index 24

10 Food price inflation (%, 2010) No Data < > 15 25

11 Trade, food stability and food security Against the backdrop of deepening international markets, convertible domestic currencies, improved international transportation networks and diminishing public stock regimes, trade plays an increasingly important role in stabilizing food availability in almost all countries. When agricultural-based countries experience declining per capita production of staple foods or variable production, the role of trade becomes pivotal in their food security. Rising food import bills, however, could lead to increased stress if there is insufficient income growth or export earnings to accommodate the higher pace of import costs. Food import bills per capita (US$, 2010) Cereal self-provisioning capacity months, 2010 Developed 1.7 East Asia 4.5 Latin America & Caribbean 1.5 South Asia 2.3 Sub Saharan Africa 1.6 Food import bills per capita (US$, 2010) lowest values Netherlands Belgium Denmark Liberia Korea, Dem. Rep. India Singapore Myanmar 1 Ireland United Arab Emirates DR Congo Malawi Austria Burundi 12.1 Kuwait Sweden Burkina Faso 15.7 Norway Switzerland Portugal Uganda Central African Rep. Tanzania Slovenia 877 Zambia 17.8 Germany 822 Nepal 19.2 Finland 792 Madagascar 19.3 Lithuania 752 Afghanistan 21.2 United Kingdom 730 Mozambique 21.7 France 724 Rwanda 23.1 Canada 708 Guinea 24.6 Czech Republic 685 Chad 26.2 Index of variability of food production (% p.a., ) Developed East Asia Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa 26

12 Caloric self sufficiency (%, 2009) No Data < >

13 Risks, hazards and shocks Armed conflict and natural disasters pose significant risks to the development and food security situation of countries. A seemingly transitory shock can turn into a self-perpetuating vicious cycle that impedes longer-term development, leaving countries in a state of protracted crisis, especially when coupled with poverty, poor governance and the breakdown of local institutions. More immediate impacts include the physical harm, death or forced displacement of people. Total population of concern over time (million, ) Number of persons affected by natural disasters (million, 2010) Population of concern as a share of total population (%, 2010) China 231 Afghanistan 4.4 Pakistan 20.4 Colombia 4.1 Thailand 15.7 Iraq DR Congo 2.7 Niger 8.1 Somalia 2.3 Kenya 7.5 Pakistan 2.2 Philippines 6.7 Sudan 2.2 India 4.8 Azerbaijan 0.6 Sudan 4.4 Sri Lanka 0.6 Haiti 4.3 Côte d'ivoire 0.6 Colombia 3.0 Myanmar 0.5 Somalia 2.9 Serbia 0.4 Chile 2.7 Uganda 0.4 Chad Zimbabwe Mexico Georgia Central African Rep. Viet Nam Viet Nam 1.5 Yemen Nigeria 1.5 Kenya Syria 1.3 Kyrgyzstan Sri Lanka 1.3 Burundi Number of persons affected by natural disasters by type (million, 2010) Drought Earthquake Extreme seismic activity temperature Flood Mass Other volcano,wildfire Storm movement and epidemics 28

14 Number of persons affected by natural disasters (million, 2010) No Data <

15 Food aid Emergency situations have become increasingly frequent over the past 25 years, often coupled with acute and chronic food insecurity in the affected countries. International responses to these crises have generally focused on addressing immediate humanitarian needs, as evidenced by the growing share of food aid that is channelled to emergencies. However, the strong focus on short-term relief measures risks being ineffective in overcoming the structural reasons for food insecurity and might even lower incentives to invest in agriculture and domestic food production. Countries in protracted crises Afghanistan Guinea Angola Haiti Burundi Iraq Central African Rep. Kenya Chad Liberia Congo Sierra Leone Côte d Ivoire Somalia Korea, Dem. Rep. Sudan DR Congo Tajikistan Eritrea Uganda Zimbabwe Recipients of food aid, grain equivalent (million tonnes, 2000) Recipients of food aid, grain equivalent (million tonnes, 2010) Russian Federation Korea, Dem. Rep. Indonesia Pakistan Sudan Haiti Jordan 0.4 Kenya India Bangladesh Angola DR Congo Kenya Niger Bangladesh Afghanistan Eritrea Chad Morocco Zimbabwe Rwanda Yemen Philippines Philippines Afghanistan Yemen Mozambique Uganda Korea, Dem. Rep. Mozambique Sudan Somalia Haiti Guatemala Peru Sri Lanka Guatemala Nepal Food aid received, grain equivalent (million tonnes, ) Developed East Asia Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa 30

16 Food aid received, grain equivalent (thousand tonnes, 2010) No Data >

17 Good governance Good governance depends on many factors, including political stability, the rule of law, voice and accountability, and government effectiveness. It is perhaps is the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development. Poor governance, on the other hand, can harm development and economic growth by allowing corruption, threatening stability and leaving the poor without opportunities to influence the political agenda. Worldwide governance indicators -2.5=lowest; +2.5=highest, 2010 Developed regions 0.8 East Asia -0.6 Latin America & Caribbean - South Asia -0.5 Sub-Saharan Africa -0.9 Control of corruption ( -2.5=lowest; +2.5=highest, 2010) Voice and accountability ( -2.5=lowest; +2.5=highest, 2010) lowest values lowest values Denmark 2.4 Norway 1.6 New Zealand 2.4 Switzerland 1.6 Sweden 2.3 Sweden 1.6 Singapore 2.2 Denmark 1.6 Finland 2.1 Finland 1.5 Netherlands 2.1 New Zealand 1.5 Norway 2.1 Netherlands 1.5 Canada 2.1 Austria 1.4 Australia 2.1 Australia 1.4 Switzerland 2.1 Belgium 1.4 Iraq 1.3 Syria 1.7 Sudan 1.3 Sudan 1.7 Angola Korea, Dem. Rep Saudi Arabia Libya DR Congo 1.4 Somalia 2.0 Zimbabwe 1.4 Uzbekistan 2.0 Turkmenistan 1.4 Turkmenistan 2.0 Afghanistan 1.6 Myanmar 2.1 Myanmar Somalia Eritrea Korea, Dem. Rep Governance measures in sub-saharan Africa ( -2.5=lowest; +2.5=highest, 2010) Control of corruption Government effectiveness Political stability Regulatory quality Rule of law Voice and accountability 32

18 Worldwide governance indicators ( -2.5=lowest; +2.5=highest, 2010) No Data < >

19 Health, education and sanitation Apart from the productivity of land, the greatest potential resource in most poor, foodinsecure countries is their people. Investing in people will need to come in the form of education, clean water and sanitation, health and social services. In rural areas, such expenditures are essential if the corresponding investments in agriculture and its productive subsectors are to pay off. Education, particularly women s education, is one of the most important instruments for combating child malnutrition and infant mortality. Health expenditure as a share of GDP (%, 2009) Adult literacy rate (ages 15 and above) %, 2009 Developed 98.6 East Asia 94.1 Latin America & Caribbean 92.0 South Asia 57.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 67.6 Primary school enrolment (%, 2009*) lowest values lowest values United States 16.2 Eritrea 48.3 Liberia 13.2 Niger 62.4 Sierra Leone 13.1 Côte d'ivoire 73.6 Burundi 13.1 Sudan 74.0 Moldova 11.9 Burkina Faso 78.3 Cuba 11.8 Senegal 83.7 Belgium France Portugal Pakistan Central African Rep. Chad Germany Papua N. Guinea Guinea DR Congo Congo 3.0 Thailand 91.1 Syria United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Moldova Pakistan 2.6 Croatia 93.9 Mauritania 2.5 Mali 94.7 Indonesia 2.4 Kuwait 94.8 Turkmenistan 2.3 Bangladesh 95.1 Eritrea 2.1 Azerbaijan 95.1 Myanmar 2.0 Kyrgyzstan 95.2 Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities (%, ) Developed East Asia Latin America &Caribbean South Asia Sub Saharan Africa 34

20 Share of rural population with access to improved water resources (%, 2008) No Data < > 90 35