Planting Guide for Forage in North Carolina

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1 Planting Guide for Forage in North Carolina This planting guide provides the best available information about planting rates, depths, and stand evaluation for forage crops commonly grown in North Carolina. The process of establishing a forage crop is very important because: 0 It is expensive---$1 00 to $250 per acre; 0 Perennial crops can remain productive for several years without replanting, and thus poor stands can result in long-term low yields and increased production costs; 0 Soil and water conservation and animal feeding depend upon rapid establishment of persistently good stands. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A& T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating. Variety Selection Variety selection can influence the productivity and persistence of a crop, but most of the information provided here applies to all varieties of the same species. Information on variety performance can be obtained from Extension Service publication AG-49, Forage Crops Variety Testing, or from Forage Memos, available from the Department of Crop Science. Remember, however, that poor stands can nullify the influence of even the best varieties. Planting Region The climate and soils of North Carolina vary considerably across the state. This variation makes it necessary to plant at different times in each area. The state can be divided into three major regions: mountains, piedmont, and coastal plain. The planting dates in this guide are listed for the major regions and are based on normal growing conditions. A review of the average freezing dates in the spring (Figure 1) and fall (Figure 2) indicates significant differences in weather within and between the three major regions. Therefore, the planting dates suggested may be adjusted a few days on the basis of local experience and weather records. For example, the optimum planting dates for the mountains are 15 to 30 days earlier in the fall than those for the piedmont, but a review of the temperature records indicates that the best planting dates in the southern mountains may be similar to those in the piedmont. Planting Time Establishing a successful forage crop depends partly on weather conditions shortly before and after planting. Years of field research and experience under North Carolina's varied growing conditions have made it possible for researchers to recommend planting dates that will most likely lead to success or minimize risk. Delaying planting until the last possible dates indicated in the table may reduce the chance of a good stand by 30 to 50 percent. Time of planting is important because the survival rate of developing seedlings is related to the time at which stress occurs from drought, freezing, or competition for light and nutrients. If no such stress North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & LIFE SCIENCES

2 occurs, or if it occurs after seedlings are well established, survival and production losses can be minimized. Fall Plantings. In general, the perennial cool-season forages can best be established by planting in the fall in a disked or plowed seedbed that is firm r-c-!.. Mountains C\J >,... C1l a.~ ~ and smooth. Seedbeds can ~ best be prepared during favorable autumn weather when weeds are not as competitive. Furthermore, seedling root systems can become well established before hot, dry weather the following season. However, late fall plantings can result in winter injury from freezing and heaving. A disadvantage to autumn planting is that there is often not enough moisture for good germination and seedling development. Planting in a hot, dry seedbed is a gamble because a light rain followed by continued drought can cause germination, then death of the seedlings. If planting is delayed beyond the possible seeding dates listed here, it is best to wait until the following spring or fall. Establishment costs are too high to risk winterkill unnecessarily. Here are some points to remember about fall planting: Cool-season grass seedlings are more tolerant of freezing temperatures and heaving than legumes. In prepared seedbeds, alfalfa and ladino clover should have five to seven true leaves present before frequent freezing weather occurs. In prepared seedbeds, grasses should have three to four leaves before freezing weather occurs. Spring Plantings. Spring plantings in the piedmont and mountains may be justified (1) if land or sod is prepared in the fall or winter, and plantings can be made early enough for the crop to become established before summer stress; (2) if seedling diseases on legumes have usually been a problem for fall plantings; and (3) if summer weeds can be controlled while the seedlings develop. Sod Seeding Fall plantings can be made later in sod than in prepared seedbeds because the existing sod provides protection for the developing seedlings during the winter. Piedmont Figure 1. Average date of last freezing temperature (32 F) in spring. Piedmont Figure 2. Average date of first freezing temperature (32 F) in fall. When planting ladino clover in an established sod of tall fescue or other cool-season grass, late winter or early spring (February to March) plantings are often as effective as fall plantings. However, fall sod plantings of alfalfa in fescue have been more successful than late winter plantings in the piedmont and coastal plain, except for late winter plantings made in sod killed the previous fall. When planting low-endophyte fescue or orchardgrass in existing sod, it is best to plant in the fall. (See Forage Memo 16 for details.) Seeding Rates Seeding rates vary because of seed size, purity, germination percentage, and seedling vigor. Under adverse conditions, only 1 0 to 50 percent of the seeds planted will establish successfully. Therefore, many seeds are needed to obtain a satisfactory stand.

3 FORAGE PLANTING GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINA Seeding Rate (lb/acre) 8: broadcast D: drill (4- to 9- Mountains inch rows) Planting (above 2,500 It elevation)* R: row (30+ inches) Depth See footnote for below 2,500 It Piedmont and Tidewater** Coastal Plain** Crop PLS: pure live seeds (inches) Best Dates Possible Dates Best Dates Possible Dates Best Dates Possible Dates PERENNIAL GRASSES Bahiagrass 8:15-25; 0:10-20 ~- v. Not adapted Feb 15-Mar 15 Feb 1-Mar 31 Bermudagrass (Hybrid) 8:25-40; 1-3 Not adapted Mar 1-Mar 31 Feb 15-May 1 or Mar 1-Mar 31 Feb 15-Apr 15 or Sprigs - bu. = 1.25 It' R:5-15 bushels thru Jut if irrigated thru Jut if irrigated Bermudagrass 8:6-8; 0:5-7 1,4 - v. Not adapted Apr 15-May 15 Apr 1-Jun 15 Apr 1-May 15 Mar 15-Jun 7 (Common-seed only) Big Bluestem 0:8-10 PLS; v. - ',4 May 15-Jun 15 May 1-Jun 30 May 10-Jun 1 May 1-Jun 30 Apr 20-May 15 Apr 10-Jun 30 8:10-12 PLS Bluegrass 8:10-15; 0:8-12 ~ Jut 25-Aug 1 0 Jut 15-Aug 25 Caucasian Bluestem 0:2 PLS; 8:4 PLS 'I - V. May 15-Jun 15 May 1-Jun 30 May 10-Jun 1 May 1-Jun 30 Apr 20-May 15 Apr 1 0-Jun 30 Dallisgrass 8:20-30; 0:15-20 'I - V. Not adapted Mar 1-Mar 30 Feb 15-Apr 15 Eastern Gammagrass 0:10-15 PLS; 'I -1 May 15-Jun 15 May 1-Jun 30 May 10-Jun 1 May 1-Jun 30 Apr 20-May 15 Apr 10-Jun 30 8: Do not broadcast Flaccidgrass 0:2-4; Precision Jun 1-Jun 15 May 15-Jul1 May 15-Jun 7 Apr 15-Jul1 May 7-Jun 1 Apr 15-Jun 15 plant: 1-2; ~- v. Mar 1-Apr7 Feb 15-Apr 15 Feb 20-Mar 20 Feb 1-Mar 30 Feb 15-Mar 15 Feb 1-Mar 30 Sprig: 3-4/ft in 18' 2-3 May 15-Jun 15 May 1-Jul15 Apr 25-Jun 1 Apr 15-Jul15 Apr 25-May 20 Apr 15-Jul10 rows; Tillers: 2-4/ft root cove lndiangrass 0:8-10 PLS; V,-',4 May 15-Jun 15 May 1-Jun 30 May 10-Jun 1 May 1-Jun 30 Apr 20-May 15 Apr 10-Jun 30 8:10-12 PLS Orchardgrass 8:12-15; 0:8-12 ',4 - v. Jut 25-Aug 10 Jui15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 25 Feb 15-Mar 31 Reed Canarygrass 8:5-1 0; 0:4-8 'I - V. Jut 25-Aug 10 Jut 15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 25 Mar 1-Mar31 Rescuegrass 0:20-25; 8:25-35 v.- '!. Aug 20-Sep 7 Aug 15-0ct 1 Sep 1-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Sep 1-Sep 30 Aug 25-0ct 15 Mar 15-Mar 30 Mar 1-Apr 30 Mar 1-Mar 30 Feb 15-Apr 30 Smooth Bromegrass 8:10-20; 0:8-15 ~- v. Jut 25-Aug 10 Jut 15-Aug 20 Not adapted Switchgrass 0:8-12 PLS v.- 3,4 May 15-Jun 15 May 1-Jun 30 May 1-Jun 1 Apr 1-Jun 30 Apr 10-May 15 Apr 10-Jun 30 Tall Fescue 8:15-20; 0:10-15 ~- v. Jut 25-Aug 10 Jui15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 25 Feb 15-Mar 31 Feb 15-Mar 20 Timothy 8:10-12; 0:8-10 ~- v. Jut 25-Aug 10 Jui15-Aug 20 Not adapted MIXTURES Orchardgrass + Alfalfa 8:5 + 20; 0: ~ Jut 25-Aug 10 Jut 15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Orchardgrass + Ladino 8:12 + 4; 0:9 + 3 'I Jui25-Aug 10 Jut 15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Clover Feb 15-Mar 31 Orchardgrass + Red 8: ; 0:9 + 8 v. Jui25-Aug 10 Jui15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Not adapted Clover Feb 15-Mar 31 Tall Fescue + Ladino 8:10 + 4; 0:8 + 3 ~ Jut 25-Aug 10 Jui15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Sep 1-Sep 30 Sep 1-0ct 25 Clover Feb 15-Mar 31 (heavy soils only) Feb 15-Mar 20 Tall Fescue + Red 8:10 t 8; 0:8 + 6 ~ Jui25-Aug. 10 Jui15-Aug 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Sep 1-Sep 30 Sep 1-0ct 25 Clover Feb 15-Mar 31 (heavy soils only) Feb 15-Mar 20 ANNUAL GRASSES Barley 8:140; 0: Aug 1-Aug 20 Aug 1-0ct 10 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20-0ct 31 Millet, Pearl (Cattail) 8:20-25; D: 15-20; v. -1 v. May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 R:6-10 Millet, Foxtail, and 0:10-15; R:5-7 v. -1V2 May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 May 1-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 Japanese (Not as productive as Pearl) Oats 8:130; 0: Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20-0ct 31 Sep 5-Sep 30 Sep 1-Nov 15 Rye 8:120; 0: Aug 1-Aug 20 Aug 1-0ct 10 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20-0ct 31 Sep 5-Sep 30 Sep 1- Nov 15 Ryegrass 8:30-40; 0:20-30 ~-V. Jut 25-Aug 1 0 Jui15-Aug 31 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20-0ct 31

4 FORAGE PLANTING GUIDE FOR NORTH CAROLINA (continued) Seeding Rate (lb/acre) 8: broadcast D: drill (4- to 9- Mountains inch rows) Planting (above 2,500 It elevation)* R: row (30+ inches) Depth See footnote for below 2,500 It Crop PLS: pure live seeds (inches) Best Dates Possible Dates Piedmont and Tidewater** Best Dates Possible Dates Best Dates Coastal Plain** Possible Dates Ryegrass Reduce ryegrass See See small grain or clover (With small grain or rate by 50% ryegrass, clover mixture) grain, or clover Sorghum (Sudan) 8:35-40; 0:20-30; v. -1 May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 R:15-20 Sorghum, Forage (Silage) R: lv2 May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 Sudangrass 8:30-40; 0: May 15-May 31 May 1-Jun 30 Wheat 8:120; 0: Aug 1-Aug 20 Aug 1-0ct 10 Small Grain Mix Reduce each 1-2 See dates for grains (2 Grains) selection by 50% Small Grain Reduce each v. -1 See dates for grains and ryegrass Ryegrass Mix selection by 25% PERENNIAL LEGUMES Alfalfa 8:20-25; 0:15-20 v. Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20 Mar 1-Apr 7 Mar 1-Apr 15 Alfalfa (For sod seeding 0:15-20 v.- v. Jul 25-Aug 1Qt into grass) Sep 15-0ct 1 t Jul 25-0ct 15 Birdsfoot Trefoil 8:8-10; 0:6-8 'I Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 30 Crownvetch 8:15-20; 0:10-15 '.4-% Jui25-Aug 10 Jui 15-Aug 20 (For erosion control) Mar 20-Apr 20 Mar 1-Apr 15 Ladino or White Clover 8:5; 0:3-5 y, Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20 Ladino (For sod seeding 8:5; 0:3-5 1,4 - v. Jul 25-Aug 1Qt into grass) Aug 1-Sep 1t Aug 1-Sep 15 Mar 1-Mar 20 Mar 1-May 15 Red Clover 8:10-15; 0:8-10 1,4 - v. Jul 25-Aug 10 Jui15-Aug 20 Mar 1-May 15 Red Clover (For sod 8:10-15; 0:8-10 '!.- V2 Jul 25-Aug 1Qt seeding into grass) Aug 1-Sep Jt Aug 1-Sep 15 Mar 1-Mar 20 Mar 1-May 15 Sericea Lespedeza 8:20-40; 0:15-30 'I - V2 Mar 15-Apr 15 Mar 1-Apr30 (Oehulled) Sweetclover 8:20-30; 0:10-15 'I - V. Jui25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20 (Oehulled) Mar 1-Apr 7 Mar 1-Apr 15 ANNUAL LEGUMES Crimson Clover 8:20-25; 0:15-20 'I - V. Jui25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 20 Crimson Clover (Mixed 8:20; 0:15 y,- V2 Same as Crimson clover with Ryegrass or Reduce grain by 1/3 Small Grain) Lespedeza, Kobe 8:30-40 v.- v. Mar 15-Mar 31 Mar 1-Apr 15 Korean 8:20-30 Subterranean Clover 8:10-20; 0:8-15 'I - V. May not be adapted Vetch (Common, Hairy) 8:25-40; 0:20-30 v. -1 v. Jul 25-Aug 10 Jul 15-Aug 30 8:20-30; 0:15-20 OTHER SPECIES Rape and Turnips 8:6-8; 0:3-4 '.4-% Mar 1-Apr30 Feb 15-May 10 Jui15-Sep 1 Jui1-Sep 15 May extend the fall dates by 20 days, where elevation is below 2,500 feet, and seed 15 days earlier in spring. ** For the black, heavy-textured soils in the tidewater region, use dates for the piedmont. See small grain or clover Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 20-0ct 31 See dates for grains See dates for grains and ryegrass Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Mar 1-Mar31 Aug 25-Sep 15t Oct 10-0ct 20t Aug 25-0ct 20 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 15-0ct 25 Mar 1-Mar 30 Mar 1-Apr 15 Aug 25-0ct 15 Aug 25-Sep 15 Mar 1-Mar 31 Aug 25-Sep W Oct 7-0ct W Aug 25-0ct 25 Feb 20-Mar 10 Feb 15-Mar 20 Aug 25-Sep 30 Aug 25-Sep 15 Feb 15-Mar 30 Aug 25-Sep W Oct 7 -Oct 15t Aug 25-0ct 25 Feb 20-Mar 10 Feb 15-Mar 20 Mar 1-Mar 20 Feb 15-Apr 30 Aug 25-0ct 15 Aug 25-Sep 15 Mar 1-Mar 31 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 25-0ct 25 Same as Crimson clover Feb 1 0-Feb 28 Feb 1-Mar 30 Aug 25-Sep 15 Aug 15-0ct 25 Aug 25-Sep 30 Aug 25-0ct 25 Feb 15-Mar 15 Feb 1-Apr 15 Aug 15-Sep 15 Aug 1-0ct 1 See small grain or clover Sep 5-Sep 30 Sep 1-Nov 15 See dates for grains See dates for grains and ryegrass Oct 15-0ct 25 Sep 1-0ct 31 Sep 1-0ct 25 Sep 1-Sep 30 Feb 15-Mar 20 Sep 1-Sep 30t Oct7-0ct W Sep 1-0ct 31 Feb 15-Feb 28 Feb 10-Mar 15 Sep 1-0ct 15 Sep 1-Sep 30 Feb 15-Mar 20 Sep 1-Sep 30t Oct7-0ct W Sep 1-0ct 31 Feb 15-Feb 28 Feb 10-Mar 15 Mar 1-Mar 20 Feb 15-Apr 30 Sep 1-Sep 30 Sep 1-0ct 30 Same as Crimson clover Feb 1-Feb 20 Feb 1-Mar 20 Sep 1-Sep 30 Sep 1-0ct 25 Feb 15-Mar 1 Feb 1-Apr 1 Sep 1-0ct 1 Aug 15-0ct 30 trhe best time to sod seed depends on the prevalence of insects in late August and early September and the drought prediction for September. If insects are not evident and moisture is adequate, plant on the early dates. Alfalfa can be successfully seeded into a sod in mid- to late winter (same as ladino) provided that the grass sod is killed the previous fall (in October or November).

5 bed before planting to conserve moisture and avoid variation in planting depth. Precision planting equipment is usually required to get proper depth control for small forage seeds. Table 1 shows how planting depth affects grass and legume stands. What is a Good Stand? Since plant characteristics change depending upon their density, age, grazing or cutting height, and other factors, it is difficult to say exactly how many plants it takes to make a good stand. In general, a good stand is one that provides 90 to 1 00 percent ground cover and will produce high yields when managed properly. The clover part of mixtures should make up at least 30 percent of the stand (on a weight basis) in order for it to significantly contribute to the mixture. One should walk fields several times each growing season in order to make a fair evaluation of stands. Table 2 presents some general characteristics of good stands for several forage crops. When Using This Guide Remember: The fact that information about a particular crop is given in this publication does not mean that the species is recommended for North Carolina. In fact, several crops have not performed satisfactorily in this state. Information about these varieties is included to increase the chance of success if the decision to plant them has already been made. Additional information on various forage varieties can be obtained by contacting your county Cooperative Extension Service agent. Prepared by J. T. Green and J. P. Mueller, Crop Science Extension Specialists-Forages D. S. Chamblee, Professor Emeritus, Crop Science 2,000 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $520.00, or $.26 per copy. Published by NORTH CAROLINA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE 5/93-2M-MOC (Revised) AG-266

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