Effects of Maturity on Yield and Quality Traits in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinace Schreb)

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1 Americn-Eursin J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (): 9-0, 00 ISSN -79 IDOSI Pulictions, 00 Effects of Mturity on Yield nd Qulity Trits in Tll Fescue (Festuc rundince Schre) A.A. Jfri nd M. Rezeifrd Reserch Institute of Forests nd Rngelnds, Tehrn, Irn Postgrdute Student, Islmic Azd University, Brojerd, Irn Astrct: The ojective of this study ws to invesigte the effects of phenologicl stges on yield nd qulity trits in tll fescues (Festuc rundince Schre). A split plot design ws conducted using complete rndomized lock with two replictions in Reserch Institute of Forests nd Rngelnds, Krj, Irn during Eight genotypes 0, 9, A, 0, 7, AB, 0 nd Festurin were used s suplot nd were cut in five mturity stges s vegettion, heding dte, nthesis, milky development nd dough seed stge s min plots. Dt were collected nd nlyzed for DM yield, stem numers, plnt height nd five qulity trits s; dry mtter digestiility (DMD), wter solule crohydrte (WSC), crude protein (CP), cide detegent fire (ADF) nd totl sh. The results showed significnt differences mong genotypes for DM yield, stem numer nd CP. The genotypes, 9, 7, 0 nd Festorin with verge vlues of 39 to 97 Kgh hd higher DM production. The effect of phenologicl stge ws significnt for ll of trits. For DM yield, the lower nd higher vlues of 303 nd 509 Kgh were otined, in vegettion nd soft dough stges, respectively. In contrst, the verge vlues of DMD% nd CP% were high in oth vegettion nd heding stges nd they drmticlly decresed in mture hy y % nd % lower thn those of vegettion hy, respectively. It concluded tht milky stge ws the est stge for hrvesting mximum DM yield couple with three qulity trits DMD, WSC nd CP yields in tll fescues under conservtion mngement. Key words: Tll fescues (Festuc rundince) Yield Digestiility Crohydrtes phenologicl stges intke of digestile nd metolizle nutrients. Digestiility ccounts for up to 0% of intke vrition (Vn Vuuren, 99). Wlters (9) reported tht even smll chnge in digestiility could led to reltively lrge chnge in voluntry intke. Selection for improved digestiility is expected to cuse correlted improvement in intke chrcteristics (Hcker, 9). Chemicl composition of grsses chnges with dvncing mturity. As grss mtures the proportion of the cell wll increses nd the cell, content frction decreses. Both non- structurl nd structurl crohydrtes, depending on mturity stge, mke up pproximtely 50 to 0% of dry mtter of forges (Gill et l, 99). Mturity nd herge ge generlly hve greter influence on forge qulity thn environmentl fctors. As plnts dvnce in mturity, cell wll concentrtion within stems nd leves, increses nd the proportion of cell solule content decreses. The rte of decline in digestiility of herge is gretest during reproductive growth (Buxton et l, INTRODUCTION Forge production from grsslnd is very importnt in Irn. The otnicl composition of rngelnds is very vrile. Tll fescue (Festuc rundince Schre) is one of the min perennil grsses tht nturlly grown in temperte psture nd rngelnds in north nd west of Irn. It is eing used for grzing nd hy production nd consumed y livestock. Tll fescue is growing from the level of 00m to 900m res hving more thn 300 mm nnul prticiption []. The improvement of forge qulity hs gret effect on diry production. Crude protein (CP) is one of the min fctors of forge qulity. Asorle protein in rumen cn e incresed y decresing the process of protein resolution in rumen. For livestock to sor more protein, it is needed to increse solule crohydrtes in order to provide the necessry energy for protein microes (Hoffmn et l. 003). Animl performnce depends on the Corresponding Author: A.A. Jfri, Reserch Institute of Forests nd Rngelnds, Tehrn, Irn. E-mil: jfri@rifr-c.ir. 9

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (): 9-0, 00 99). Breese nd Thoms (97) showed tht smll heding, pollintion, milky nd dough seed stge) s min differences in mturity of cocksfoot could gretly ffect plot. Ech plot contining four spced plnts rows in 50 digestiility. cm prt, with 0 cm spcing within rows. Fertilizer ADF percent will increse y growing the stem ppliction rtes were 50 nd 00 kgh nitrogen (N) nd height nd s plnt mtures, cellulose nd other structurl phosphorus (P) t sowing time, respectively. Appliction crohydrtes will e collected in cell wll. This process of nitrogen ws continued t 50 kgh for the second is clled lignifictions. One of the other fctors tht ffect nd third yers. No mesurements were tken in the forge production is chnging the rtio of lef to stem. estlishment yer. In spring 005 nd 00, genotypes With the grdul growth of plnt, the rtio of lef to stem were hrvested t five phenologicl stges for the will chnge (more stem nd less lef) nd y incresing of following trits. NDF, digestiility percent nd plnt energy will decrese nd therefore the plnt qulity will reduce (Hoffmn et l. DM yield: the plnts of ech plot ws hrvested, 003). llowed to ir dry nd dry weight ws expressed in As in the cse of other qulity trits, CP in herge Kgh. Thus, this represented the oveground is strongly influenced y environment nd stge of iologicl yield. growth. CP concentrtion declined linerly over time in To otin totl nnul (TDM) yield, plots were lso cool seson grsses nd this ws due to decrese in CP cuts y 5 dys intervl from the lst phenologicl concentrtion in oth leves nd stems (Buxton et l, stge. 99). Tody trditionlly, frmers know tht the Stem length (cm): from the soil surfce to the tip of eginning of er emergence time for forge hrvest. tllest stem ws recorded However, the reduction of qulity with plnt growth nd Stem numers: ws recorded s the stem numer of their reltionships with dry mtter yield is gretly five individul plnts per plots. importnt in forge hrvest nd grzing mngement. Qulity trits: A su smple ws tken, dried t 70 C Being wre of forge qulity nd its chnges in different for h nd reweighed to determine DM yield, then phenologicl stges is one of the fundmentl items for ground with mm screen mill. Five qulity trits estimting of ccurte mount of dily feed requirement (DMD, WSC, CP, ADF nd totl sh) were estimted for livestock nd estimting grzing cpcity in pstures in the first cuts for two susequent yers using ner to determine suitle time tht livestock enter into infrred spectroscopy (NIR). Detils of the psture. methodology nd clirtions of NIR re given y For estlishment of new pstures nd Jfri et l. (003). rngelnds improvement nd rehilittion, this Totl digestile yield, CP-yield nd WSC-yield were reserch ws crried out s prt of project for lso estimted y the product of qulity trits reeding improved grss vrieties. The im of study ws percent y DM yield. to determine the effect of phenologicl stges on forge qulity trits s: dry mtter digestiility (DMD), wter Phenologicl stges nd genotype effects ws solule crohydrte (WSC) nd crude protein (CP), Acid determined y nlysis of vrince (SAS Inst. 00). Both detergent fier (ADF) nd totl sh in eight ccessions of phenologicl stges nd genotypes nd their induction tll fescue. effects men were compred y DMRT method. MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Three foreign vrieties (A, Festurin, AB) from The results of nlysis of vrince showed Irelnd nd five domestic nd/or unknown origin significnt effect of phenologicl stges for ll of trits ccessions (0, 9, 0, 7 nd 0) of tll fescue (Tle ). For DM yield, the lower nd higher vlues of were provide from Irnin nturl resources gene nk. 303 nd 509 Kgh were otined, in vegettion nd They were sown s spced plnts using split plot seed soft dough stge, respectively (Tle nd Fig. ). design with two replictions under irrigted condition In vegettive stge, DM yield vlues were 0% lower thn in Reserch Institute of Forests nd Rngelnds, soft dough. Therefore, s generl rule one cn estimte Krj, Irn in 00. Eigth genotypes were used s out hlf the yield t vegettive thn wht would e suplot nd five phenologicl stges (vegettive, expected t soft dough in tll fescue. 99

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (): 9-0, 00 Tle : Results of nlysis of vrinces for yield nd qulity trits in tll fescue ccessions in 5 mturity stges over two yers. S.O.V DM Yield tonh Stem No. Plnt height (cm) DMD% CP% WSC% Ash% ADF% Block Stge (S) 9.7** 7993* 5* 335.3**.** 53** 0.** 7.** Error Genotype (G) 5.** 39** 7..** G x S.0** 55* 0* 3.00*.7* * Error *, ** = Mens of squres re significnt t 5%, %, respectively. Tle : Men comprison for yield nd qulity trits in tll fescue genotypes in 5 mturity stges over two yers (005 nd 00 verged). DM Yield Kgh Stem No. Plnt height (cm) DMD% CP% WSC% Ash% ADF% Phenologicl Stges Vegettion 303 c c c c Heding 357 c c c Anthesis c Seed milky c 0. d seed ripening d 9. d.9.9 c.7 Genotypes A0 330 c c 0.5 c 0.55 c Festorin c AB 339 c 9.5 c.0 c Mens with the sme letter re not significntly different ( <0.0). Percent of DMD nd CP were the highest when the tht protein content in leves of Agropyrone inttermidim plnts were immture (Tle nd Fig,, 5 nd ). CP is two times lrger thn its stems. For WSC, The verge tends to drop shrply s the plnts go to milky stge vlues were incresed from vegettion to milky stges nd nd then its vlue ws consistent from milky to soft they slightly decresed to soft dough stge. Such result dough stge (Figs. nd ). DMD vlues were is expected ecuse with plnt mturity nd reducing the declined from 57.3 to.75 for vegettive nd soft rtio of lef to stem, the WSC density will increse in dough stge, respectively. The verge vlues of stem. McGrth (9) reported tht the percent of WSC in DMD nd CP concentrtion were trend to e high from stems is 50% more thn leves. vegettion to heding stges nd they drmticlly The results showed significnt differences mong decresed to soft dough stge y 9% nd 5% lower genotypes for DM yield, stem numer nd CP. The effect thn those of vegettion hy, respectively. DMD of phenologicl stges ws significnt for ll of trits declines were slower thn did for CP y dvncing (Tle ). The genotypes, 9, 7, 0 nd Festorin mturity from vegettive to milky stges. But, CP vlues with verge vlues of 39 to 97 Kgh hd higher DM ws dropped off shrply from milky to soft dough production (Tle ). For stem numer, the genotypes stge (Fig., nd 5). Such results re in greement 9 nd 0 hd the highest vlues over growing stges with the pulished dt for reduction of forge nd for plnt height. The genotypes, 9 with verge digestiility with plnt phenologicl growth vlues of 7.9 cm hd higher stem length (Tle ). For (Hoffmn et l. 003 nd Mrten, 99). It seems the DMD, 0 nd 7 with verge vlues of 5. nd 5. reduction of DMD nd CP with dvncing mturity is due hd the higher nd lower DMD, respectively. This result to the reduction of lef to stem rtio (Buxton et l. 99, indicting tht the rnge of DMD mong genotypes ws Wilkins nd Lovtt, 99). Berdhl et l. (99) reported smll. 00

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (): 9-0, 00 Reltionships mong DM yield nd CP% A B B 3.0 C C Effects of mturity stges on CP, WSC nd DMD yield A c AB AB.0 B B DM CP Fig. : The effects of mturity stges on oth DM yield nd CP% in tll fescue Reltionships mong DM yield nd DMD% A A AB B.5 C CP yield WSC yield DMD yield Fig. 3: The effects of mturity on CP yield, WSC yield nd DMD yield Totl Dry mtter Cut Cut c c c c DM DMD Genotypes Fig. : The effects of mturity stges on DM yield nd Fig. : Men comprison for TDM yield (sum of Cuts) DMD% in tll fescue in tll fescue genotypes over two yers (005 nd 00 verged). The genotype phenologicl stge interction ws significnt for ll of trits except WSC nd totl Ash minor. Buxton nd Csler (993), in review, concluded (Tle ). Similrly, Humphreys (99) nd Burner et l. tht most environment stresses hve greter effect on (93) reported tht interction etween tll fescue DM yield thn on qulity trits nd GE interctions genotypes nd environments for WSC concentrtion were should e smller for forge qulity thn for yield. 0

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (): 9-0, 00 0 DMD% ± SE in Genotypes t 5 mturity stges Stge Stge Stge3 Stge Stge V V V3 V V5 V V7 V Fig. 5: Mens of DMD% in tll fescue genotypes for ech phenologicl stges. (V =0, V =9, V =A0, 3 V =0, V =7, V =FESTORINA, V =AB, V =0 5 7 CP% ± SE in Genotypes t 5 mturity stges Stge Stge Stge3 Stge Stge5 V V V3 V V5 V V7 V Fig. : Mens of CP% in tll fescue genotypes for ech phenologicl stge. (V =0, V =9, V =A0, V =0, 3 V =7, V =FESTORINA, V =AB, V =0 5 7 Mens of DM yields nd three qulity trits (DMD, CP nd WSC) over five phenologicl stges were overlid in the sme grph (Fig. 3). The higher vlues for DMDyield, CP-yield nd WSC-yield were otined in milky stge. Since, DM yield hd lmost the sme vlues in oth milky nd soft dough stge; therefore, it concluded tht milky stge is the est time of hrvesting for oth yield nd qulity trits in tll fescue under conservtion mngement. For ADF As it cn e considered the concentrtion of ADF, incresed y mturity. Such result is usully expectle in forge plnts (Hoffmn, et l. 003). The trend of totl sh ws similr s tht of CP nd it ws decrese, s dvncing plnt mturity. 0

6 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (): 9-0, 00 DM yield (Ton/h) ± SE in Genotypes t 5 mturity stges Stge Stge Stge3 Stge Stge5 V V V3 V V5 V V7 V Fig. 7: Mens of DM yield in tll fescue genotypes for ech phenologicl stges. (V =0, V =9, V =A0, 3 V =0, V =7, V =FESTORINA, V =AB, V =0 5 7 Prt of the im of this study ws to compre severl (979) in reed cnry grss found significnt vriety introduced genotypes with severl locl ones ntive to hrvesting stges interction for DMD. For WSC Jfri et Irn. The genotypes were compred t two levels. The l (003) found significnt vriety hrvest frequency first comprison were mde mong genotypes in the first interction, while in perennil ryegrss Humphreys (99) cuts (Tle ) nd lter mong TDM yield (Cut+Cut) s for WSC nd Jfri et l (003) for DMD nd CP did not shown in fig. nd 7. The genotypes,, 0 nd find genotype mngement interction under two Festorin with verge vlues of 05 to Kgh hd cutting mngement. It seems in grsses, qulity trits re higher TDM production (Tle ). The genotype y stge more stle thn DM yield under vrious cutting of growth interction ws significnt for ll ut two of the mngement in riny Europen country, ut for steppe or ttriutes mesured. This mens tht the vrition in the semi steppe region s Irn, due to low nd irregulr mjority of the ttriutes mesured chnged over time in precipittion nd other environmentl stress, the different wy in t lest some of the genotypes. In genotype environment interctions re present for similr results Jfri nd Nseri (007) in cocksfoot grown qulity trits. Prt of the im of current study, ws to in Irn, found significnt genotype yer interctions for descrie differences mong genotypes. Some DM yield, morphologicl nd qulity trits. The pulished genotypes hd less reduction with mturity thn dt for interction of vriety hrvest stge re different. others genotypes. Rhodes (97) nd Wilkins (99) Found significnt Summry of genotype x stge of mturity interction vriety hrvest interction for DM yield in some grss effects for DMD, CP nd TDM yield re shown in species. In contrst, Cmlin nd Stewrt (975) nd Fig. 5-7, respectively. For DMD, the genotypes A0 Jfri et l (003) in ryegrss under frequent nd 0 hd higher DMD% for mny stges thn other cutting mngement nd grzing did not find significnt genotypes (Fig. 3). For CP 0 nd AB hd higher CP vriety hrvest frequency interction for DM yield. thn other genotypes in pollintion stges. For TDM When popultion environment interctions re yield, 9, 7, 0 nd Festorin hd higher vlues for significnt then evlution prior to selection is more oth heding nd nthesis dte (Fig. 7). However, the difficult. Idelly, more thn one environment (e.g. yers, ltter genotypes hd lower qulity vlues. Such negtive hrvesting frequency, loctions etc.) should e used to reltionships mong DM yield with oth DMD nd ssess the reeding mteril. Similr to current study CP. hs lso een reported (Jfri nd Nseri, 007; Wilkins (997) in perennil ryegrss nd Mrum et l Jfri et l. 003). 03

7 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (): 9-0, 00 This negtive correltion etween oth DMD nd CP with TDM yield indictes tht comined selection for oth trits is necessry in order to prevent loss in DM yield tht might occur if selection for qulity trits lone ws employed. REFERENCES. Rechinger, K.H., 970. Flor Irnic. No. 70. Grz, Austri,. Hoffmn, P.C., K.M. Lunderg, L.M. Bumn nd R.D. Shver, 003. The effect of mturity on NDF digestiility. Focus on Forge, 5: Vn Vuuren, A.M. Vn Der C. J. Koelen nd J. Vroons-De-Bruin, 9. Influence of level nd composition of concentrte supplements on rumen fermenttion ptterns of grzing diry cows. Netherlnds J. Agriculturl Sci., 3: Wlters, R.J.K., 9. D-Vlue: The significnce of smll differences on niml performnce. Proceeding th of the NIAB Crop Conference e -3 Decemer 9, Cmridge, UK, pp: Hcker, J.B., 9. Selecting nd reeding etter qulity grsses. In: Nutritionl limits to niml production from psture (ed. Hcker, J. B.), Proceedings of n Interntionl Symposium, Queenslnd, August 9, Austrli, pp: Gill, M., D.E. Beever nd D.F. Osourn, 99. The feeding vlues of grss nd grss products. In: Grss, its production nd utilistion (ed. Holmes, W.), Blckwell Scientific Pulictions, London, pp: Buxton, D.R. nd D. Mertens, Forge qulity nd ruminnt utilistion. In: Cool-seson forge grsses (eds. Moser et l) ASA, CSSA nd SSSA, Mdison, USA, pp: 9-.. Breese, E.L. nd A.C. Thoms, 97. In vitro digestiility in cocksfoot. Report of the Welsh Plnt Breeding Sttion for 9, UK pp: Jfri, A., V. Connolly nd E. J. Wlsh, 003. Genetic nlysis of yield nd qulity in full si fmilies of perennil ryegrss (Lolium perenne L) under two cutting mngements. Irish Journl of Agriculturl nd Food Res., : SAS, Mnul, 00. Copyright (c) y SAS Institute Inc. Cry, NC, USA,. Mrten, G.C., 99. Breeding forge grsses to mximize niml performnce. In: Contriutions from reeding forge nd turf grsses (eds. Sleper et. l.), CSSA specil Puliction, 5: 7-0. USA.,. Wilkins, P.W., 99. Genotype/hrvesting frequency nd genotype/nitrogen level interction for nnul dry mtter yield in Lolium perenne in reltion to reeding. Euphytic : Berdhl, J.D., J.F. Krn nd S.T. Dr, 99. Quntittive Inheritnce of forge qulity trits in intermedite whetgrss. Crop Sci., 3: McGrth, D., 9. Sesonl vrition in the wtersolule crohydrtes of perennil nd Itlin ryegrss under cutting conditions. Irish Jour. Agric. Food. Res., 7: Humphreys, M.O., 99. Wter-solule crohydrtes in perennil ryegrss reeding. II. Cultivr nd hyrid progeny performnce in cut plot. Grss nd Forge Sci., : Burner, D.M., J.A. Blsko nd W.V. Thyne, 93. Genetic nd environmentl vrince of wter solule crohydrte concentrtion, yield nd disese in tll fescue. Crop Sci., 3: Buxton, D.R. nd M.D. Csler, 993. Environmentl nd genetic effects on cell wll composition nd digestiility. In: Forge cell wll structure nd digestiility (eds. Jung, et l), ASA, CSSA nd SSSA, Mdison, USA, pp: Jfri, A. nd H. Nseri, 007. Genetic vrition nd correltion mong yield nd qulity trits in cocksfoot (Dctylis glomert L.). J. Agriculturl Science Cmridge, 5: Rhodes, I., 97. The reltionship etween productivity nd some components of cnopy structure in ryegrss (Lolium spp.). II. Yield, cnopy structure nd light interception. J. Agric Sci. Cm., 77: Cmlin, M.S. nd R.H. Stewrt, 975. Rection of Itlin ryegrss cultivrs under grzing s compred with cutting. J. The British Grsslnd Society, 0: -9.. Jfri, A., V. Connolly nd E. J. Wlsh, 003. Genetic nlysis of yield nd qulity in full si fmilies of perennil ryegrss (Lolium perenne L) under two cutting mngements. Irish Journl of Agriculturl nd Food Res., : Wilkins, P.W., 997. Useful vrition in in vitro digestiility within perennil ryegrss. Euphytic, 93: Mrum, P., A.W. Hovin, G.C. Mrten nd J.S. Shenk, 979. Genetic vriility for cell wll constituents nd ssocited qulity trits in reed cnrygrss. Crop Sci., 9: