SURVEYS FOR STEM CANKER AND STEM BORER OF DURIAN IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF CAMBODIA

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1 SURVEYS FOR STEM CANKER AND STEM BORER OF DURIAN IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF CAMBODIA Kim Eang. Tho 1, R.T. Baconguis, A.D. Raymundo, T.U. Dalisay 1 Bsc. in Agriculture (major in: Plant Pathology, minor in: Extension Education) Royal University of Agriculture (RUA), Cambodia.

2 HIGHLIGHT OF WORLD PRODUCTION OF DURIAN World production of durian is concentrated in wet tropical Southeast Asia and Australia. Table 1. Production of durian in selected countries in Southeast Asia (Source: Drenth & Sendall, 2004) Country Area planted (ha) Production (t) Value (USD 000) Thailand 138, ,200 2,686,000 Malaysia 106, ,000 1,020,000 Vietnam 40, , ,000 Indonesia 36, , ,000 Philippines , ,000

3 DURIAN PRODUCTION IN CAMBODIA Durian production areas major durian production locates in the coastal areas. about 1000 ha most are small (backyard), and medium cultivations

4 DURIAN PRODUCTION IN CAMBODIA

5 Stem Canker and Stem Borer Problems Stem Borer (B. rufomaculata De Geer) Stem Canker (P. palmivora Bult.) Death of trees after 4 to 5 years

6 PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT He is the author of several influential development books and journals. He is also credited for leading the way to a methodological revolution of values, approaches, behaviours and methods, collectively called Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Dr. Robert Chambers

7 EFFECTIVE PEST CONTROL SHOULD BE DONE BY: Farmers Social Sciences and Arts of Plant Pathology Researchers Extension workers Biological Sciences of plant pathology

8 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH To determine the occurrence of stem canker and stem borer and their current situations in the coastal areas of Cambodia To identify farmers and local authority problems and needs related to durian pest controls. To draft out the project planning for the community

9 FIELD SURVEY Locations of the studied areas (represented in star-points): Teuk Chhou District, Kampot City and Kep Province

10 - Surveys for the incidence of stem canker and stem borer were conducted in the coastal areas of Cambodia from May to July 2010, using symptomatology trees [100 per location; (4 replications; 25 tree per replication)]. - % incidence = Number of infected trees/total number of surveyed trees x 100

< 100 Cm2-2: canker > 100 Cm2 but < 70% of girdling of the main trunk -

11 DISEASE SEVERITY -Measuring disease severity was done by using the rate of canker severity (Aderson & Guest, 1990): - 0 : no canker - 1: canker < 100 Cm2-2: canker > 100 Cm2 but < 70% of girdling of the main trunk - 3: canker > 70% girdling of the main trunk/ almost dead owing to canker

12 INCIDENCE OF STEM BORER Larva makes deep tunnel into heartwood Observation of stem borer incidence Larva (8-10 Cm in length)

13 ISOLATION OF THE PATHOGEN - Infected barks and leaves were collected. - Isolation of the pathogen was done using the method described in (Drenth and Sendall, 2004), with some modifications.

14 RESULTS 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Healthy With disease 30% 20% 10% 0% Teuk Chhou Kampot Kep Total P. palmivora disease incidence in Teuk Chhou, Kampot and Keb

15 RESULTS 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Teuk Chhou Kampot Kep Total Score 0 Score 1 Score 2 Score 3-0 : no canker - 1: canker < 100 Cm2-2: canker > 100 Cm2 but < 70% of girdling of the main trunk - 3: canker > 70% girdling of the main trunk/ almost dead owing to canker

16 RESULTS 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Teuk Chhou Kampot Kep Total No stem borer Attacked by stem borer Incidence of Stem borer

17 RESULTS There is a positive relationship between disease severity and age of durian (r = 0.313); Y = X [Y: disease severity; X: age of durian].

18 LOGISTIC REGRESSION OF STEM BORER - (WITH AGE OF PLANT AND DISEASE SEVERITY) Stem borer tended to attack trees affected by stress or stem canker. Y = 1.38X 1 0.1X (R 2 = 0.24); [Y: stem borer incidence; X 1 : stem canker severity; X 2 : age of durian]

19 50 µm Typical P. palmivora sporangia: papillate, caducos and with a short pedicel; nonseptated mycelia; scale bar = 50 µm.

20 Table 7. Characteristic of isolates of P. palmivora from durian Structure Measurement a Sporangia Length (µm) ±5.18 Breadth (µm) ±4.79 L/B ratio 1.56 ±0.16 a Mean ± standard deviation; (n= 60)

21 Frequency distribution of sporangia length (µm) of P. palmivora isolates from durian in the coastal areas of Cambodia

22 Frequency distribution of sporangia breadth (µm) of P. palmivora isolates from durian in the coastal areas of Cambodia

23 Frequency distribution of sporangia length/breadth ratio of P. palmivora isolates from durian in the coastal areas of Cambodia

24 IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS IN DURIAN PEST MANAGEMENT FGD with local farmers PRA tools with local farmers Discussion with key informants Reflection and feed back from national researchers and developers

25 GENERAL VIEW OF THE PROBLEMS Both farmers and extension workers have lack of knowledge in pest controls. Low available extension programs. Low available capital to invest and establish effective controls of these pests. Price competition from imported fruits also contributes to lower durian production and its pest controls.

26 PROJECT PLANNING FOR THE COMMUNITY Methods Tools and techniques Outcomes Problem Analysis Need assessments Criteria analysis Famers and LA PRA, FGD, SWOT etc. Famers and LA Famers, LA Problem tree Objective tree Prioritized problems and objectives Workshop and pers.com Researchers and developers Project development (Logframe, Activity and Budget planning)

27 Project development (Logframe, Activity and Budget planning) Farmers Researchers Extension workers

28 IMPLICATIONS OF PEST CONTROLS Integrated pest management in both stem canker and stem borer for more effective controls. Establish effective extension programs for both farmers and training of trainers in pest controls. Establish the programs to support quality seedlings production and disease eradication. Establish of durian production community

29 FUTURE STUDIES 1. On farm-trials of integrated pest control measures; comparison between [sanitary, water management, soil fertility management, phosphonate injection, organic mulching, stem borer inspection and killing etc] vs. conventional practice. 2. Yield loss assessment and cost-benefit analysis. 3. Morphological, cultural and genetic variations of P. palmivora in the areas.

30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Australian Crawford Funding and the Australian AusAid Program for their sponsorship to attend the 2011 APPS conference. ACIAR for funding the research through Cambodian Agricultural Research Fund (CARF). University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) for comments and advices. Dr. Benjamin Stodart, Chales Sturt University (CSU), Australia for advices and nomination. Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) and General Department of Agriculture (GDA), Cambodia for their collaboration.

OVERVIEW ON GLOBAL TROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION AND TRADE : ISSUES AND CHALLENGES. By International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet)

OVERVIEW ON GLOBAL TROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION AND TRADE : ISSUES AND CHALLENGES By yacob@itfnet.org International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) What is TFNet. International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet)