Hassan K. Were and Lesley Torrance School of Graduate Studies Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.

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1 Hassan K. Were and Lesley Torrance School of Graduate Studies Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya Were HK PhD 1

2 Area: km² Population: 44 Mio Density: 76 / km2 GDP: $125.7 billion Per capita: $2,790 Potato prod. 2.5m (18.5) Precipitation: 960 mm Temperatures: C (Nairobi) Area: 243,610 km² Population: 63 Mio Density: 260 / km2 GDP: $2.848 trillion Per capita: $44,141 Potato prod. 5.6 (40.1) Precipitation: mm Temperatures: C

3 Potato The potato is a starchy tuberous crop Belongs to the Solanaceae (night shades) family The family consists of about 2,000 species Apart from calories, potato is vital source of vitamins, K and fibre It provides more calories, nutrients and vitamins per area of land sown than any other crop

4 Top potato producers in 2013 China India Russia 30.1 Ukraine 22.3 United States 19.8 Germany 9.7 Bangladesh 8.6 Netherlands 6.8 Poland 6.3 (16) (22) (14.4) (16) (46.6) (39.8) (19.3) (43.6) (18)

5 Potato production in Kenya Potato is Kenya s second most important food crop after maize Grown in high altitude areas between 1,500 and 3,000 masl Current yields of 5 18 ton/ha are below world averages 98% of potato growers in Kenya are characterised as small/medium-scale farmers, producing 83% of the national production

6 Potato production characteristics in Kenya Potato production in Kenya has been influenced by: diminishing land sizes (high population, tea, coffee) Reducing maize yields due to diseases (MLND) as a cash crop new market outlets in urban centres high cost of living which has forced people to consume cheaper foods for certain meals Has a higher yield per square metre than maize with three harvesting seasons a year

7 Constraints to potato production in Kenya Lack of policy, storage, marketing and value-addition strategies Inadequate or absence of good quality seed. Most potato varieties in Kenya are badly degenerated Diseases Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) Brown rot (Ralstonia solanacearum) Aphid transmitted viruses PVS, PVY, PLRV, PVA, PVM and PVX are thought to be the main causes degeneration Poor agronomic practices Low soil fertility

8 Potato policy in Kenya The Kenyan government recently formed the National Potato Council of Kenya (NPCK) and has mandated it to formulate a new policy to guide the growth of the industry.

9 Potato seed production in Kenya (history) In 1972 a National Potato Research Station (NPRS) was established at Tigoni to produce basic seed potatoes The Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) and Settlement Fund Trustees (SFT) were mandated to multiply and produce certified seed from the basic seed from NPRS In 1976, the Kenya Seed Inspection Service was given the sole mandate of certify seed potatoes This program collapsed in 1980 when SFT ceased to produce certified seed

10 Seed production in Kenya (cont d) In 1979, with assistance from the Dutch Minister of Foreign Aid, ADC started a potato project in Molo and continued producing certified seed potatoes This project ended in 1989, and thereafter, ADC became less efficient producing only 1% of the actual certified seed potatoes demanded by farmers Currently, seed potato crops in Kenya are classified as certified and quality-declared. Certified basic potato seed is produced from tissue culture plants at KARI-Tigoni and multiplied and sold to farmers by ADC-Molo

11 Seed production in Kenya (continued) Quality declared seed is produced by informal seed producers who often recycle tubers over many generations These seed crops are not formally inspected Quality-declared seed accounts for 99% of Kenyan seed that is produced and sold annually

12 Traits determining cultivar adoption by farmers in Kenya High yield potential Disease resistance Taste Maturity period Market demand Tuber size and drought tolerance

13 Some cultivars lost Over time some potato cultivars have been rejected and replaced by others; low yield and susceptibility to diseases were cited as the major weaknesses Kerr s Pink was removed from its dominant position in Meru Central by Ngure; the latter has been replaced by Asante and Tigoni Red Desiree has been largely abandoned due to low yield, poor market, poor taste and susceptibility to late blight

14 What is the problem? Survey of viruses and aphids

15 Summary of viruses Six viruses, PVS, PVY, PLRV, PVA, PVM and PVX were detected in potato samples from all areas surveyed Five of the viruses, PVS, PVY, PVX, PVM and PLRV were also detected in Solanum incanum and three, PVS, PVX and PVY, in Solanum nigram There was high virus incidence even in seed potato farms Further analysis of PVY showed O, N, NTN and Wi strains present

16 Monthly total aphid counts (YWTs) Meru (YWT) Mt Elgon Molo Njabini

17 Seed production system in Kenya

18 Screen house

19 Aeroponics

20 Planting seed potatoes

21 Seed potato field

22 Harvesting seed potatoes

23 Summary Tested plants in aeroponics and Glass house, 10 % infected with PVS and PVX

24 Conclusions There is an acute shortage of certified seed tubers High levels virus in seed and ware crops Viruses and soil-borne diseases represent major problems Main source of infection seems to be infected seed Problem worsened by large number of aphid populations and solanaceous weeds

25 Conclusions (continued) Survey and aphid population dynamics data indicate that certain districts are more favourable for multiplying seed Relative roles of seed contamination vs. vector transmission not clear

26 Recommendations Good diagnostic laboratory be attached to tissue culture facilities Survey with more antisera not just for six viruses Need strict virus tolerant limit (<5) for seed tubers Seed growers and farmers need education on: Unrecognised virus problems Problems with other diseases (wilt and nematodes) Crop rotation and aphid control

27 In the short run Urgent need to import high-grade seed tubers that are high yielding and tolerant to most diseases

28 Acknowledgements Financial support provided by Potato Council in collaboration with Dr Lesley Torrance, James Hutton Institute

29

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