GREENING IN LATVIA. GAEC Workshop, Riga September 1
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1 GREENING IN LATVIA GAEC Workshop, Riga September 1
2 Plan of the presentation: 1. Framework of the greening requirements 1.1. crop diversification 1.2. permanent grassland 1.3. ecological focus area 2. List of EFA to be introduced in Latvia Proposals on measurement of certain EFA Exemptions to be applied under EFA 2
3 1.1. Crop diversification Farmers with less than 10 hectares of arable land are exempted from requirement; If arable land is between 10 and 30 ha 2 crops are required; Ifarablelandismorethan30ha 3cropsarerequired; Maincropnomorethan75%ofarableland; Where 3 crops required, the two main crops together cannotaccountformorethan95%ofthearableland. 3
4 1.1. Crop diversification at farm level in Latvia in 2012 Farms SAPS area Arable land, ha Number % ha % Arable land < 10ha Arable land ha % % crop in the arable land % % 9936 Main crop > 75% % % Main crop 50-75% % % Main crop < 50% % % Arable land > 30 ha % % crop in the arable land 116 3% % 6690 Main crop > 75% % % Main crop 50-75% % % Main crop < 50% % %
5 1.2. Permanent grassland Ban on ploughing of designated permanent grassland within Natura 2000 if Directive require; Maintenance of permanent grassland at national or regional farm level; New ratio - to be created using 2012 declarations and updated using additional lands declared in 2015; If the current ratio will decrease by more than 5% compared to the reference ratio - land into land under permanent grassland will have to be reconverted at individual farmer level (except where the breach arises from afforestation). 5
6 1.2. Maintenance of permanent grassland in Latvia 6
7 1.3. Ecological focus area Appliestoarablelandonly; 5%ofthearablelandmustbeecologicalfocusarea; Farmers with less than 15 ha of arable land are exempted from requirement; EFA may include landscape features that are not included in the eligible area; MS may decide to implement EFA up to 50% of 5% at regional level; MS may decide to permit farmers whose holdings are in close proximity to fulfil the EFA obligation on the basis of collective implementation. 7
8 2. Areas to be recognised as EFA List of EFA under Regulation EFA relevant for Latvia Fallows Terraces Green cover ha Catch crops ha Nitrogen fixing crop ha Agro-forestry ha Afforested areas Short rotation coppice ha Buffer strips Strips along forest edges Landscape features Fallows Catch crops ha Green cover ha Nitrogen fixing crop ha Buffer strips Strips along forest edges Landscape features 8
9 Which fallow land may be counted as EFA? All arable land included in the crop rotation system, whether worked or not, but with no intention to produce a harvestforthedurationofacropyear. fallow land is that it is left to recover, normally for the wholeofacropyear. Green fallow Bare fallow Land sown exclusively for the production of green manure or land with spontaneous natural growth, which may be used as feed or ploughed in; Bare land bearing no crops at all. Source: R 1200/2009 on agricultural statistics 9
10 Green fallow Bare fallow 10
11 Identification of fallow land: Fallow land is part of the eligible reference area already anddonotrequireachangeoftheeligiblereferencearea; Fallows are not stable in time; Has sufficient size; Fallow land will be delineated individually and specific crop code is used. Issues to be clarified: Whether fallows may be counted as EFA if pesticides are used? Whether bare fallow maintained bare during the winter timemaybecountedasefa? 11
12 What is green cover, catch crops and nitrogen fixing crops? Green cover Plantcoverusedonlyonsteepslopesin the winter time to avoid erosion and runoffofn,pandpesticides. Catch crops Nitrogen fixing crops Crops grown temporary and ploughed into the soil before the new crop is sown, this increases soil organic matter, add carbon to soils and extract plant-available nitrogen unused by the preceding crop. Crops grown which increases soil organic matter and fixing nitrogen. 12
13 Green cover on steep slopes Clover as catch crop Nitrogen fixing crops - beans 13
14 Identification: Area covered by green cover and nitrogen fixing crops is: part of the eligible reference area as it is covered by the main crop and do not require a change of the eligible reference area; notstableintime has sufficient size; delineated individually and specific crop code is used. For catch crops additional declaration would be neccessary. Issues to be clarified: What should be distinction between green cover, catch crops and nitrogen crops, is it necessary? CouldbearablestubblescountedasgreencoverandEFA? Could be grasses such as clover counted as nitrogen fixing crop and EFA? 14
15 How to define bufferstrips for EFA? Area where the use of fertilisers is prohibited in 10-metres wide strip along the watercourses (SMR and GAEC requirement in LV) and if pesticides are not used and crops are not grown? Along watercourses Grassstrips Situated between rows of permanent crops or around the parcel - field margin - [2] [10] m wide, max [10]% of field area without fertilisation and pesticides, may be grazed and/or cut. Bufferstripswhich are adjacent to eligible area as well may be counted as EFA. 15
16 Bufferstrip along watercourse where crop is grown without fertilisation ditch Grass bufferstrip along watercourse 16
17 Identification of bufferstrips: Part of the eligible reference area already and do not require a change of the eligible reference area; Stableintime; Have not sufficient size and shall be identified by line measurement, specific identification code shall be introduced. Issues to be clarified: How effectively could be controlled use of pesticides and fertilisers? documentary, by analysis of plants, technological track not closer than 25 m to the field edge, visually, complaints, controls on the spot without prior warning? Stripsofgrassbetweenfieldandaroad? 17
18 What are strips of eligible hectares along forest edges StripstobecountedasEFAare: [30]mwide; coversmax[25]%ofthefieldarea; could be used for growing field crops regardless of use of fertilisation and pesticides. 18
19 When strips shall be considered as along forest edges? If the forest is adjacent to the field If the ditch is situated between the forest and the arable land 19
20 When strips shall be considered as along forest edges? If unpaved or beaten road belonging to the farmer andis situated between forest and arable land If grass strip is less than 20 m of width and is situated between forest and arable land Grass strip 20
21 When strips shall be considered as along forest edges? If the area where the forest is cutted down (temporary unstocked) is adjacent to the arable land If the new forest plantation is adjacent to the the arable land 21
22 When strips shall be considered as along forest edges? If area naturally afforested is adjacent to the arable land 22
23 Problemsituations Red field blocks Blue forest cadastre 23
24 What is forest? EUROSTAT definition: Land with tree crown cover of more than 10 % and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. May consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground; or of open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10%. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 % or tree height of 5m are included under forest. Areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. 24
25 Identification of strips along forest edges: Part of the eligible reference area already and do not require a change of the eligible reference area; Stableintime; Have not sufficient size and shall be identified by the line measurement; Specific identification code shall be introduced. Issues to be clarified: Whethertheforestshallbeatthedisposalofthefarmerin ordertocountstripsalongforestedgesasefa? Problems to detect strips along forest edges automatically due to differences in data bases. 25
26 Landscape features To be included in the eligible area? Not to be included in the eligible area? Protected areas Protected trees, secular trees Protected trees in line Secular stones Other features Trees in line Trees in group Single trees Hedges Ditches Ponds 26
27 Landscape features Single trees Trees in line and grass strip adjacent to the field Aleja, šobrīd ārpus bloka. Cik tālu var ņemt alejas platību, jo aleja beidzas, bet tā zālāja josla visā platumā saglabājas. Kas tas ir, ir ekofokuss vai nav? Un ja ir, tad kas? Ir 1 elements vai 2 elementi -beidzās aleja un sākas k-kāda buferjosla? Trees in group adjacent to the field Single tree adjacent to the field 27
28 Landscape features on eligible area Hedgerow of Christmas trees Trees in line 28
29 Ditches According to the proposal of EC (WD 8791/12 Fiche 16) - ditches are max [4] meters width, incl. some watercourses for the purpose of irrigation as well as slopes of irrigation dikes and slopes of irrigation water courses. Types of features such as concrete canals shall not be included. In Latvia: Without drainage agricultural activity would not be possible on most of agricultural land in Latvia; ~1,5 mln ha of agricultural land are ameliorated(~75%); Estimatedtotallenghtofditches ~58000km To ensure proper moisture regime amelioration network mostly is built of ditches which are deep and usually wider than 4m to drain excessive water from fields. 29
30 Width of ditches to be counted as EFA? Ditch of 10 m width Ditches are not included in the reference area 30
31 Ponds -are not included in the reference area If the pond is more than 0,5 ha the part as 0,5 ha could becountedasefa? 31
32 Exemptions in application of EFA at the farm level If more than 75% of the holding is in grassland or covered by crops under water, or a combination of both, subjecttoamaximumfortheremaininglandof30ha; If more than 75% of the arable land is temporary grassland, fallow, leguminous crops, or a combination of these, subject to a maximum for the remaining land of 30ha. 32
33 Exemptions in application of EFA at the regional level Exemption may be applied at regional level in those Member states where forests are > 50% (In Latvia 55% according to Central Statistical Bureau); EFA may not be applied to holdings situated in the certain geographical area: Designated as areas facing natural constraints; Where more than 50% of the land surface area is covered by forest; Theratioofforestlandtoagriculturallandishigherthan 3:1; Geographical area - the LAU2 level or a clearly delineated unit which covers a single clear contiguous geographical area having similar agricultural conditions. 33
34 European land cover in 2006, main landcover categories of Europe In Europe is a great diversity of landscapes especially in relation to the interaction between agriculture land, natural grassland and forest. There are countries where forest areas and pastures have a predominant role for agri-environmental values and preservation of biodiversity. Source: European Environment Agency,Synthesis report The European Environment: State and Outlook 2010, page
35 Mosaic landscapes in Latvia In Latvia - agricultural land and meadows are interspersed with groups of trees, forests, wetlands and other environmental elements. Mosaic landscapes make an important contribution in maintaining biodiversity. 35
36 In green municipalities where forests >50% 36
37 In green municipalities where forests >50% and ratio of forests and agricultural land 3:1 37
38 Raunas municipality share of forests 52% 38
39 Could be those counted as EFA? Scrubs Scrubs with stones, area could change a little each year Scrubs with stones, area could change a little each year Roadside grass strip with several trees of different species 39
40 Could be those counted as EFA? Area with scrubs and trees in middle of the field more than 0,3 ha while less than 25% of the parcel 40
41 Could roadside be counted as EFA? Roadside grass strip with several trees of different species 41
42 Coulda ruralhousewitha garden becountedasefa? 42
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