LIST OF TABLES LIST OF MAPS

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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES FOREST DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS GENERAL CLIMATIC FEATURES SOILS OF CHHATTISGARH GENERAL AGRICULTURE SCENARIO AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF CHHATTISGARH CROPS AND CROPPING PATTERN PRODUCTIVITY PATTERN PRESENT IRRIGATION SCENARIO OBJECTIVE OF HORTICULTURE MISSION Physical Targets MANGO Marketing Prospects CASHEW Production of Planting Material Area Expansion Creation of water resources Post harvest Infrastructure Marketing Prospects LITCHI Marketing Prospects GARLIC Marketing Prospects CHILLI Exports and Future Prospects Marketing Prospects CORIANDER Export and export potential Marketing Prospects AROMATIC PLANTS Marketing Prospects Patchouli Jamrosa Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) FLORICULTURE Marketing Prospects Chrysanthemum and Marigold VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION Marketing Prospects HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT i

2 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 DISTRICT WISE NET IRRIGATED AREA BY DIFFERENT SOURCES IN CHHATTISGARH ( )... 5 TABLE 2 SELECTED POCKETS AND CROPS TAKEN FOR DEVELOPMENT... 7 TABLE 3 DISTRICT-WISE AND CROP WISE ACTIVITIES FOR CHHATTISGARH UNDER MISSION MODE DEVELOPMENT. 8 TABLE 4 PRESENT PRODUCTION AND FUTURE ESTIMATES AFTER THE MISSION... 9 TABLE 5 ACTION PLAN FOR FOR CHHATTISGARH TABLE 6 STATUS OF CASHEW IN CHHATTISGARH ( ) TABLE 7 AVAILABILITY OF LITCHI TABLE 8 PLAN OF ACTION GARLIC TABLE 9 PLAN OF ACTION CHILLI TABLE 10 PLAN OF ACTION CORIANDER TABLE 11 PLAN OF ACTION AROMATIC PLANTS TABLE 12 PLAN OF ACTION FLORICULTURE TABLE 13 PLAN OF ACTION VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION TABLE 14 FUNDS REQUIRED FOR OTHER ACTIVITIES & MONITORING LIST OF MAPS MAP 1 IDENTIFIED CLUSTERS IN CHHATTISGARH... 7 MAP 2 PROPOSED AREA EXPANSION OF DIFFERENT HORTICULTURE CROPS IN CHHATTISGARH... 8 MAP 3 SELECTED MANGO DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 4 SELECTED CASHEW DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 5 SELECTED LITCHI DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 6 SELECTED GARLIC DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 7 SELECTED CHILLIES DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 8 SELECTED CORIANDER DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 9 SELECTED PATCHOULI DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 10 SELECTED JAMROSA DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 11 SELECTED VETIVERA DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 12 SELECTED EUCALYPTUS DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 13 SELECTED CHRYSANTHEMUM DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 14 SELECTED MARIGOLD DISTRICTS IN CHHATTISGARH MAP 15 SELECTED VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION IN CHHATTISGARH ii

3 1 INTRODUCTION The state of Chhattisgarh, with Raipur as its capital, came into existence on 1 st November, 2000 by separation of 16 districts of Chhattisgarh region from Madhya Pradesh. Chhattisgarh is situated between N latitude and E longitude in Central eastern part of India with more than 20 million populations. The total geographical area of the state is thousand sq. km. 1.1 Geographical features Geographically, Chhattisgarh is divided into three distinct land areas viz., Chhattisgarh Plains, Bastar Plateau and Northern Hill Zones. In the north of the state are the mighty Satpura Ranges, in the center the plains of River Mahanadi and its tributaries and in the South is the plateau of Bastar. The state receives annual rainfall ranging from less than 1200 mm to greater than 1600 mm in different areas. The border of Chhattisgarh is touched by the states Uttar Pradesh in the North, Bihar in the North East, Orissa in the East, Andhra Pradesh in the South and South East, Maharashtra in South West and Madhya Pradesh in the West. Paddy is the main crop of the state and due to abundance of production of paddy Chhattisgarh was earlier known as 'Rice Bowl of Central India.' 1.2 Forest Chhattisgarh is bestowed with vast forest resources and accounts for 44% of the total geographical area of state. Sal trees cover 46% of the forest area followed by Teak and the timber is mostly used for construction purposes and accounts for 40% of the total revenue from forest sector. Tendu leaves found abundantly are used for making bidi and other important viable economic forest produce of the state. There are numerous forest based industrial units in the area of which 306 are registered factories and include furniture, bidi, kosa, tobacco industries and others are cottage industries mostly in the tribal districts of the state. Eucalyptus citrodora is important forest species, which is used for oil extraction. 1.3 Demographic characteristics Total population of the state is about million with million people residing in rural area constituting more than 75% of the total population. The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population constitutes more than 45% population of the state. Education system in Chhattisgarh needs greater attention especially in female education. The literacy 1

4 rate is 65.12% as compared to the national rate of 65.38%. The literacy rates are still lower in rural areas particularly in tribal districts like Bastar, Surguja, Jashpur and Raigarh districts. 1.4 General climatic features The general climate of Chhattisgarh state is dry sub-humid type where the annual potential evapo-transpiration is slightly higher than the annual rainfall. The average annual rainfall of the region is around 1400 mm and about 90 to 95 percent of this amount is received during south-west monsoon season (June-October). The monsoon sets in around 10 June in the tip of the Bastar area and covers the entire area by 25th June. Months of July and August are the wettest months. 3Rainfall in October month occurs due to cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal and October rainfall is most crucial for the productivity of rice in the state. Winter conditions set in from mid November when the average minimum temperature starts falling below 15 0 C. The northern districts especially Bilaspur division have more severe and longer winter period as compared to southern parts especially Bastar division. The atmospheric humidity is very high (>90%) during monsoon months and starts decreasing from October onwards and reaches as low as percent during peak summer months. 1.5 Soils of Chhattisgarh The soils of Chhattisgarh vary considerably in the three agro-climatic zones. Though the nomenclature is different, the types of the soils especially the physical properties are the same. The different soils that exist in the three agro-climatic zones are as follows: Chhattisgarh Plains Bastar Plateau Northern hills Bhata (Lateritic) Marhan (coarse sandy) Hilly soils Matasi (Sandy loam) Tikra (sandy) Tikra Dorsa (clay loam) Mal (sandy loam) Goda chawar Kanhar (clay) Gabhar (clay & clay loam) Bahara The first two categories of the soils in the three Agroclimatic zones are very light type of soils with very low water retentive capacity. As a result water stress or drought conditions occur either during the crop growing season when there is a break of monsoon for more than 5-7 days or immediately after the withdrawal of monsoon. In Bastar plateau and northern hill zone rice is grown in upland conditions without bunds and they are called uplands. In Chhattisgarh plains rice is mostly grown under bunded condition. Therefore, there is an urgent need to diversify cropping pattern wherever conditions are favourable to grow horticultural crops and to earn higher net profit in unit area. 2

5 1.6 General Agriculture Scenario About 45.7 per cent of the population belongs to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Agriculture is the main occupation of more than 80 per cent of the population with cropping intensity of 117 per cent. Mono cropping of rice is predominant while other crops grown are lathyrus, linseed and chickpea as relay crops (Utera). Chhattisgarh comes under sub-humid climate and receives 1200 to 1600 mm of rainfall. Though this amount is quite sufficient for growing rice crop but due to erratic distribution of rainfall frequent dry spells and heavy rainfall at times causes failure and adversely affect the economic conditions of the farmers. Hence, it is necessary to train the farmers to adopt better water management practices under adverse situations and to adopt other parallel means to boost their source of income. It is observed that majority of the farmers are still practicing the traditional methods of cultivation resulting in low growth rates and productivity. The farmers have to be made aware for adoption of modern technologies suitable to their holdings. Providing adequate knowledge to the farmers is essential for better implementation of the agricultural development plans and to improve the productivity. It is now clear that under rainfed cultivation blanket recommendations do not work, instead the recommendations should be location, crop and climate specific. Increased yields means increased net profits, which can be achieved only through adoption of improved and recommended practices. It is observed that in Chhattisgarh state transfer of technology from laboratories to the fields is at very slow pace due to all the above factors. As a result the potential productivity of various crops has not been achieved for the past many years resulting in poor socio-economic conditions due to which farmers in the state are living in dire situation. It is true that farmers with better knowledge of improved and latest technologies of cultivation can have better adoption of the recommended practices. It is therefore necessary that a benchmark survey of the adoption level should ascertain the association between the knowledge and adoption. It is also very essential that the government officials responsible for extension activities at the field level are aware of the latest agricultural technologies so that they can impart expert advice to the cultivators. Regular and continuous training of field personals are therefore of utmost importance. 1.7 Agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh Agro-climatically, Chhattisgarh may be divided into 3 distinct agro climate zones with immense potential of horticulture development. 3

6 S. Agro-climatic No. Zone 1. Chhattisgarh Plains Districts Raipur, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Kabirdham, Bilaspur, Korba, Janjgir and part of Kanker district (Narharpur & Kanker block) along with part of Raigarh district 2. Bastar Plateau Jagdalpur, Dantewada and remaining part of Kanker district. 3. Northern Hills Surguja, Koriya and Jashpurnagar and Dharamjaigarh Tehsil of Raigarh district. 1.8 Crops and Cropping Pattern In Chhattisgarh rice is the main crop-grown in about 37 lakh ha. covering 77 percent of the net sown area. Only about 20 percent area is under irrigation and rest under rainfed conditions. Of the three-agroclimatic zones, about 73 percent area in Chhattisgarh plains, 97 percent in Bastar plateau and 95 percent area in Northern hills are rainfed. The irrigated area available for double cropping is only 87,000 ha. in Chhattisgarh plains while it is only 2300 ha in Bastar plateau and Northern hills. The cropping intensity is 121 for the state, out of this a major area in rabi season is under utera (relay cropping) and mostly lathyrus is grown under utera, thus assured irrigated double cropped area is very less. After rice, kodo-kutki is an important crop covering major areas in Chhattisgarh plains and Bastar plateau. There is substantial area under maize during kharif season (45000 ha.) in Northern hills and about ha in Bastar plateau. Soybean and sunflower crops have been introduced and presently covers more than 1.0 lakh ha. in Chhattisgarh plains and needs further boost. During rabi season lathyrus, gram, wheat and linseed are grown. Lathyrus is the main crop during rabi season covering an area of about 5.8 lakh ha. and is grown mainly as a relay (utera) crop. 1.9 Productivity Pattern The productivity of rice in rainfed areas is around 1.0 to 1.1 t/ha. while irrigated rice yields are about 16.0 to 19.0 t/ha. The average productivity of some important crops in the three agro-climatic zones are as shown below. 4 (Unit : kg/ha.) Crop Chhattisgarh Plains Bastar plateau Northern hills Rice (rainfed) Rice (irrigated) Total rice Lathyrus Maize Rape-Mustard Wheat Gram It can clearly be seen that the productivity of not only rice but also other crops is low hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now.

7 1.10 Present Irrigation Scenario In Chhattisgarh region about 22% of net cropped area was under irrigation as compared to 36.5% in M.P. in where as the average national irrigation was about 40%. The irrigation is characterized by a high order of variability ranging from 1.6% in Bastar to 75.0% in Dhamtari. Based on an average growth trend in irrigated area, about 0.43% additional area is brought under irrigation every year as compared to 1.89% in M.P. and 1.0% in the country as a whole. Thus irrigation has been growing at a very low rate in Chhattisgarh and the pace of irrigation is so slow that it would take about 122 years to reach the 75% level of net irrigated area in Chhattisgarh with present rate of growth. This problem is required to be tackled differently for rapid growth of assured water supply for diversification of existing production systems to high value horticultural and other crops. There is a need to understand as to how the existing irrigation sources can meet this important requirement. This disparity may be corrected by "National Horticulture Mission" by selective promotion of water resources. Table 1 District wise net irrigated area by different sources in Chhattisgarh ( ) District Net irrigated to net sown area (%) by Canal Tank Wells & Other Total Tubewells sources Raipur Mahasamund Dhamtari Durg Rajnandgaon Kawardha (Kabirdham) Bastar(Jagdalpur) Kanker Dantewada Bilaspur Janjgir Korba Raigarh Jaspur Surguja Koriya State total Chhattisgarh is one state without power deficit. With the launching of new National Horticulture Mission, the harnessing of the surface and sub-surface water resources is possible by strengthening the existing irrigation infrastructure. 5

8 2 OBJECTIVE OF HORTICULTURE MISSION The objective of National Horticulture Mission is to create concentrated pockets of horticultural activities for different crops under the best suitable climatic conditions in the state to achieve higher yields and per unit more profitability by providing all backup facilities like post harvest and marketing back up. This will not only provide better opportunity for entrepreneur to install post harvest facilities like pack house, cold storage, refrigerated transport to minimize losses proper grading and packing to add value to get maximum returns. Till now the approach has been in a piecemeal manner which has not shown the desired results. The ultimate aim of the mission is to double the production of horticultural crops in the coming decade and to achieve this following approach will be adopted in a phased manner. 1. Create most appropriate pockets in the state for integrated development i.e. production, post harvest management, storage and marketing. 2. Instead of all the crops for development only the most suitable two to three crops will be selected in different segments i.e. fruits, vegetables, spices, aromatic plants and floriculture for over all development. 3. Create appropriate infrastructure to achieve higher return per unit area, like establishment of modern nursery, improved extension service, establishment of pack house, cold storage and marketing facility so that proper returns are achieved by the farmers. With these objectives in view for Chhattisgarh following crops and zones are selected in first phase for overall development and subsequently it will be extended to other areas and other potential crops in the state. Crops Districts Selected A. Fruits Crop Mango Bilaspur, Korba, Kabirdham, Durg and Jagdalpur Cashew Raigarh and Jagdalpur B. Spices Chillies Durg, Kabirdham, Bilaspur and Korba Garlic Durg, Kabirdham, Bilaspur and Korba Coriander Durg, Kabirdham, Bilaspur and Korba C. Aromatic Plants Patchouli Surguja, Raigarh, Kabirdham, Durg, Korba, Bilaspur and Jagdalpur Jamrosa Surguja, Kabirdham, Durg, Korba, and Jagdalpur Vetivera Surguja, Raigarh, Kabirdham, Durg, Korba, Bilaspur and Jagdalpur Eucalyptus citriodora Raigarh, Kabirdham, Durg, Korba, Bilaspur and Jagdalpur D. Flowers Chrysanthemum Bilaspur, Kabirdham and Durg Marigold Bilaspur, Kabirdham and Durg E. Vegetable Seed Production Durg 6

9 In first phase only two fruits, three spices, four aromatic plants and two flowers where climatic conditions are suitable for selected crops will be further strengthened so that concentrated pocket approach is achieved with all infrastructure for collection, storage and marketing will be provided for over all development. After implementation of first year the progress will be reviewed and ultimately be extended to other areas after seeing the results. For over all development of horticulture in the states following clusters are identified along with the crops to be taken up for development. These clusters have been identified for particular crops where agro-climatic conditions are most favourable for the identified crops. Different pockets are given in Table 2 and presented in graphic form in the Map-1. In the first phase only seven districts have been selected for focused development. Three fruits, three spices, four aromatic plants and one modern seed production farm in joint venture have been suggested. The state economy will see appreciable increase in income from identified crops especially mango, cashew, spices and aromatic plants. Role of Private Sector in all spheres will be encouraged which have not so far appreciated. Table 2 Selected Pockets and crops taken for development S. Selected Pocket Districts under the Crops taken for development No. Pocket 1. North Hill Zone Surguja, Raigarh Litchi, Cashew, Patchouli, Jamrosa, Vetivera, Eucalyptus citriodora, Chrysanthemum and Marigold 2. Plain Zone Korba, Bilaspur, Kabirdham and Durg Mango, Chillies, Garlic, Coriander, Patchouli, Jamrosa, Vetivera, Eucalyptus citriodora, Chrysanthemum and Marigold 3. Southern Hills Jagdalpur Mango, Cashew, Patchouli, Jamrosa, Vetivera, Eucalyptus citriodora Map 1 Identified clusters in Chhattisgarh 7

10 The District wise targets of additional area to be brought under different crops is given in Table 3. The outcome after completion of one year plan and when orchards come into full bearing is projected in Table 4. Table 3 District-wise and crop wise activities for Chhattisgarh under mission mode development District Bilaspur Korba Kabirdham Durg Jagdalpur Raigarh Surguja Total Crop in ha (A) Mango Cashew Litchi (B) Chilli Garlic Coriander ( C ) Aromatic Plant Patchouli Jamrosa Vetiver Eucalyptus citriodora (D) Flowers (loose) Chrysanthemums Marigold (E) Vegetables Seed production The proposed area expansion of different horticultural crops is presented in the map shown below: Map 2 Proposed area expansion of different horticulture crops in Chhattisgarh 8

11 2.1.1 Physical Targets Crops identified for implementation along with area expansion and outcome from the proposed expansion will give fare idea of increase in production in the state. Table 4 Present Production and future Estimates after the Mission Crop Present Scenario Area Production (ha) (MT) Scenario after the completion of Mission Production to New Yield from be increased plantation New in existing (ha) Plantation areas (MT) Total Production after the Mission (MT) Increase in % Mango Cashew Litchi Spices Aromatic Plants Flowers Vegetable Seed To achieve targets planting material is foremost importance for fruit, aromatic plants, flowers and vegetables. To plant high density orchards hi-tech nurseries, joint venture hybrid seed production and propagating aromatic plants extensive efforts are made. The joint venture hitech vegetable seed production will cater to the present 58 thousand ha and future needs also. The mango productions has to be increased from 7.5 tons to 18 tons from the new high density planting and 9 tons from the existing orchards likewise productions of cashew at present is 885 kg which can very easily be enhanced to1200 kg from existing orchards and 1500 kg from the new high density planting. Litchi yields in the state are very low i.e. 2 tons/ha which will be enhanced to 3 tons per ha from existing orchards and 4 tons from closer planted new orchards. To minimize the losses infrastructure development in the production belts will be of paramount importance. These facilities like post harvest infrastructure and organized collection and marketing centres to properly grade and sell of one lakh fruits and equal quantity of vegetables. Concerted efforts will be needed to provide all backward and forward linkages so that farmers and consumers are benefited. The action plan for the year along with targets for Chhattisgarh is given below. 9

12 Table 5 Action plan for for Chhattisgarh S N. Intervention Scale per Unit (lakh) Physical Target Invest (lakh) A Plantation Infrastructure & Development 1 Production of planting material (i) Model Nursery (4 Ha.) in Public Sector (a) Mango (b) Cashew (c) Litchi (d) Aromatic plants (e) Vegetable Nursery ( 2) private Sector Vegetable Seed Production (a) Public Sector (State Depts.) Joint Venture (b) Seed Infrastructure ( Public sector) ( Private sector) Destination Durg, Bilaspur Raigarh, Jagdalpur Surguja Korba, Raipur Bilaspur Korba Raipur & Durg, Bilaspur, Kabirdham, Raigarh 3 Spices Production (a) Garlic Durg, Bilaspur Kabirdham,, Korba (b) Chilli do- (c) Coriander do- 4 Establishment of New Gardens (Ha) (i) Fruits (Perennials) (a) Small & Marginal farmers % release in 1st year 30 % in 2nd year 20 % in 3rd year (b) Other farmers (ii) Flowers (A) Loose Flowers (a) Small & Marginal farmers Durg, Kabirdham (b) Other farmers (iii) Spices & Aromatic plants (a) Small & Marginal farmers (b) Other farmers Rejuvenation of old orchards ha in each of the seven districts 6 Creation of water resources Community tanks on farm ponds on farm water reservoir- (No) with use of plastics Two in each district and two for vegetable in 7 Protected Cultivation Shade Net Plastic tunnels Green House ( Marginal ) ( Others) Bilaspur Korba 8 Promotion of IPM Provision of micro irrigation (sq. mt.) * Funds from micro-irrigation scheme of Ministry of Agril. & 10 Organic Farming Vermi-compost Units of minimum 100 running m pits with cover (1m x 100) Five in each district

13 S N. Intervention 11 Scale per Unit (lakh) Physical Target Invest (lakh) Destination 11 Field level training & Printing literature 475 Need based in all seven states B Post Harvest Management 1. Pack House All seven districts 2. Leaf/ Root collection centre for aromatic plants Surguja, Raigarh, Kabirdham, Durg, Korba, Jagdalpur 3. Establishment of oil extraction Plants each in Korba, Kabirdham, Durg, Jagdalpur 2. Cold Storage Units Refrigerated Vans Extension Technology Establishment of Marketing Infrastructure for horticulture produce in Govt. /Private/Cooperative sector C D (a) Wholesale markets (b) Rural Markets/Apni Mandis/Direct Markets (c) Functional Infrastructure for collection, grading etc. Processing & Value Addition (i) Establishment/Upgradation/modernization of processing units for horticultural crops for value addition (ii) Establishment of food parks (common facilities) * Funds will come from MFPI Mission Management (a) Purchase of Vehicles (Utility Van) (b) Computer & Hardware (iv) Technical Support Group (TSG) 200 Institutional strengthening Total * Amount not included in total 2.2 Mango Marketing Prospects Chhattisgarh has the main advantage of early maturity of Dashehri mango which ripens in May while the main Dashehri producing states like U. P. and other northern states crops comes by end of June. The one month early crop of Dashehri will fetch very good price and Chhattisgarh should exploit this phenomenon. Dashehri has very good export potential also and Pakistan being competitor in Middle east countries, but the crop of Pakistan comes in June- July the early crop of Chhattisgarh will have no competitor in export market too. Average price of Mango in Raipur wholesale market was Rs. 2000, 1750, 1650, 1750 per quintal in April, May, June and July respectively, and same trend is noticed in the year 2004 which clearly indicates that prices are high during May-June which is the normal ripening time of Dashehri in Chhattisgarh and also the prices are very high during this time in the adjoining states and Chhattisgarh will take added advantage of this phenomenon.

14 Since there is problem of self incompatibility in Dashehri hence, at least 5 % plants of Bombay Green which is good pollinator and flowers at same time and fruit quality of Bombay Green is also good. The existing area under mango is 5129 ha. and around 80 percent area is concentrated in five districts i.e. Bilaspur, Korba, Kabirdham, Durg and Jagdalpur. It is proposed in the mission to increase the area under five districts only by 2000 ha, as shown in Map- 3 by adding 400 hectares under each districts. The productivity of mango in the state is 7.5 tons per ha. which is very low. By adopting high- density planting or semi high density planting at 6 x 6 mt., the number of plants will be 275 per ha instead of 80 to 100 plants in existing orchards. The productivity of new plantings under mission will be 18 tons per ha. By adopting proper nutrient management and cultural practices including integrated pest management. In existing orchards the productivity will be enhanced to 9 tons/ ha. At full bearing stage the mango production will be tons from the present tons which will be 113 % higher than present production. To achieve these targets following physical requirement will be met under the mission. Activity Area of Location Unit Cost in Lakh Total Cash in Lakh (i) 6 Lakh grafts Durg and Bilaspur High Tech Model Nurseries-Public (ii) 8 Water Reservoir Bilaspur, Korba, Kabirdham, Durg (iii) Plantation of new orchard 2000 ha. Bilaspur, Korba, Kabirdham, Durg and Jagdalpur 400 ha (50 %will be released in first year (iv) Rejuvination of orchards 300 ha in each orchard (iv) 7 Pack House One in each District (v) 4 Cold Storage Bilaspur, Durg, Surguja & Jagdalpur (vi) 4 Refrigerated Van Bilaspur, Surguja, Durg & Jagdalpur (vii) 7 Functional Infrastructure for Collection Bilaspur, Korba, Kabirdham, Centres Durg (viii) 14 Apni Mandi Two each in above districts (ix) Food Park Durg * Money to come from MFPI (x) Micro Irrigation 500 ha. * Amount not included in Mission Budget - Only 50 percent will be in 1 st year 100 ha. Each in all five districts * Money to come from MFPI For planting of 2000 hectare new orchard under high density orchards, 5.5 lakhs grafted plants will be required. The two high tech nurseries proposed at Durg and Bilaspur will produce three lakhs graft each. Till such nurseries are fully operational the plants alongwith mother plants should be procured from reliable sources. The model nursery will be in 4 ha and facilities lie net house, micro irrigation systems, propagation chambers and hardening

15 areas. Since Chhattisgarh has very little irrigated area emphasis has to be given to create water reservoirs and encourage micro irrigation in big way. Rs. 330 lakhs will be spent on creation of water reservoirs and drip irrigation so that water utilization is more effective and productive. Rs. 250 lakhs for drip irrigation is not included in the mission budget because money will come from micro-irrigation plan. Seven Pack houses and seven collection centres proposed will be utilized not only for mango but for all crops included in the mission. These collection centres proposed will be utilized not only for mango but for all crops included in the mission. The collection centres and Pack houses will be at such places that farmers have to travel minimum distance. Similarly two Apni Mandi s in each seven districts will be developed in production areas so farmers could sell their produce themselves and middle men are avoided to benefit both farmers and buyers. Four cold storage are proposed in Bilaspur, Durg, Surguja and Jagdalpur initially because in other districts atleast some cold storage facility is available. In Surguja it will be mainly for litchi and cashew while in other districts mango and potato and other vegetables. These cold storages will be with small chambers where different temperature and humidity will be provided at each cold storage for effective use. There is provision for one centralized Food Park at Central place i.e. Durg. Map 3 Selected mango districts in Chhattisgarh 13

16 2.3 Cashew General: Cashew being non perishable crop and Chhattisgarh state has very meager transport infrastructure and irrigation facilities in Raigarh and Jagdalpur districts of the state. Fortunately, climatic conditions are conducive for cashew cultivation therefore; cashew cultivation has to intensify in these two districts only though cashew can be produced in other districts also. Farmers of these districts are tuned to grow this crop. Total area under cashew in the state is 2813 hectare out of which 2000 hectare is under selected two districts which clearly indicates the acceptability of the crop in the area. The present productivity of cashew is 885 kg per hectare which is much above the national average of 600 kg, and second highest after Kerala. This shows that there is tremendous scope in area and productivity increase in the state. The status of cashew nut in Chhattisgarh as compared to other neighbouring states is given below. Table 6 Status of Cashew in Chhattisgarh ( ) State Area in ha. Production in tons Productivity (kg/ha) Andhra Pradesh Orissa West Bengal Chhattisgarh Total The proposed concentrated area expansion during the year is 600 hectare (1500 Acres) in two districts as shown in map two, 1000 hectare in Raigarh and 500 hectare in Jagdalpur. Productivity can be increased by planting grafted plants of variety Venguria, 4 and 6 at high density planting at 6 x 5 m distance which will accommodate 330 plants per hectare and yield in the new plantation can be enhanced to 3 tons per hectare at full bearing stage by using improved grafts of var. Venguria and adopting better growing technologies. In existing plantation yield can be increased to 1120 kg per hectare. The total productivity will be 5625 tons with total revenue of 112 crores to the state. This means the increase of 125% and state economy will be improved due to foreign exchange earning, as cashew being a export commodity. To achieve the above target the following plan of action is proposed: Table 7 Plan of Action - Cashew Activity Area&Location Unit Cost Total Cost Remarks 1) 5 lakh grafts Jagdalpur and Raigarh high tech nurseries 2) Plantations of new orchards Raigarh (1000 hectare) and Jagdalpur (500 hectare) * 50% released in first year 3) Renovation of old Raigarh (500 ha) orchards Jagdalpur (250 ha) 4) Provision of drip irrigation Raigargh (500 ha) Jagdalpur ( 250 ha ) Money will come from other schemes 4) Collection and Jagdalpur (2 ) and Raigargh (1) processing Centres 5) Apni Mandi Jagdalpur (1 ) and Raigargh (1) Total Only 50% will be released in the first year 14

17 2.3.1 Production of Planting Material Two model nurseries in Jagdalpur and Raigarh in 4 ha. each in public sector are proposed to prepare one lakh grafts each year along with propagate the aromatic plants also to cater the need of the one thousand ha. Instead of mushrooming of small nurseries, two model nurseries are proposed to maintain the uniformity and quality of the material. Improved varieties of Venguria, BPP-8 are to be planted. At present almost entire area of cashew is under seedlings and even then productivity is very good. If all the new plantations are made of grafted improved variety plants, Chhattisgarh could be developed to a major cashew producing state because of good climatic available in the northern hilly areas of the state Area Expansion At present area under cashew is 2813 ha concentrated in Raigarh and Jagdalpur districts. The proposed area expansion of 1000 ha in Raigarh and 500 ha in Jagdalpur is feasible and productivity can be increased by planting grafted plants under high density planting of 330 plants per hectare. The yield of 3000 kg kernels will become the cashew bowl of backward state Creation of water resources Jagdalpur and Raigarh districts of the state have minimum irrigated land hence water reservoirs are basic necessity and provision of drip irrigation where at least three times area can be irrigated from same quantity. Emphasis has to be given for creation of water resources. Under micro irrigation all these 1500 ha should be brought under this scheme. The money will come from different schemes of Ministry of Agriculture Post harvest Infrastructure Two Collection and Processing centers in Jagdalpur and one in Raigarh is required although planting area will be more in Raigarh but such facility of Collection and Processing centers already exist in the district. These units will work as processing cum storage centers for which protected sheds will be required. There is need for one Apni Mandi/ Rural Market in each district where farmers can sell these unshelled raw product to processors. These sheds should be located in tribal areas and in middle of production pockets so that farmers travel minimum Marketing Prospects Cashew being a high value and non perishable cash crop marketing opportunities and demand is more than supply in whole of India and abroad. Rural mandi s will facilitate the processor to buy and process at two centers proposed at Raigarh and Jagdalpur. Already there is good market at Raigarh and processing plant proposed will further facilitate 15

18 marketing. The two local mandis proposed in the Mission will help the farmers to sell raw material at their door step. Map 4 Selected cashew districts in Chhattisgarh 2.4 Litchi Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is one of the most relished fruit of India. It is cultivated in an area of 58,200 ha and total production is around 3, 56,200 tons. The present area under litchi in Chhattisgarh is 828 ha and more than 70% area is in northern most part of Surguja district which has very mild climate and ideally suited for litchi cultivation and under the mission area of 500 ha will be brought under new plantation in the coming year. The present production is 1656 MT with a productivity of 2 tons/ha only while the national average is 6.0 tons/ha. The highest productivity is in West Bengal i.e tons/ha. There is every possibility to increase the productivity of litchi to 10 tons/ha by using grafted plants of variety like Rose scented, Shahi and Late Bedana and planting new orchard with high density planting i.e. 6 x 6 m which will accommodate 275 plants/ha and with adoption of proper nutrients and cultural practices. The concentrated pockets will be located in Surguja hill district and located at north of the state as depicted in Map-3 will be developed as Litchi 16

19 pocket in the state. The expected yields from new plantations will be 10 tons/ha and existing plantations yield will be doubled to 4 tons/ha resulting in total production of 4484 tons, which will result in almost increasing the production by 170 percent. Central India where Surguja district is located has ideal climatic conditions for growing good quality litchi crop. This litchi area will be nearest to Mumbai market and price realisation will be much higher than Bihar, Uttaranchal, West Bengal and Punjab the major litchi growing states. The availability of litchi from different regions of the country are given below: Table 7 Availability of litchi S.No. States Season of availability 1. Tripura 15th April to End of April 2. Assam 1st May to 3rd Week of May 3. West Bengal 1st May to 3rd Week of May 4. Bihar and Jharkhand 3rd week of May to 2nd week of June 5. Uttranchal 2nd week of June to 4th week of June 6. Punjab and Himachal Pradesh 3rd week of June to Last week of June 7. Chhattisgarh 3rd week of May and 2nd week of June Marketing Prospects Due to poor shelf life, the marketing of litchi remains restricted to North India. No effort has been made to enhance its shelf life by cold storage, post harvest treatment etc, hence litchi is mainly marketed at domestic level without any post harvest treatments or storage. Mumbai being a big consumer market and Chhattisgarh being nearest litchi producing state can cater to this metropolitan city at premium price. Even in Raipur Market of Chhattisgarh during May and June average price of litchi is Rs and Rs. 3432/quintal in whole sale market which is very good price, hence there should not be any problem of Litchi marketing in the state which is evident from the table given below and it shows big margins for litchi growers of the state. Monthly average wholesale price and arrival of Litchi during the period January to December, 2003 at Raipur ( nearest market from Surguja) : Month Price Min. (Rs./q) Price Max. (Rs./q) Avg. (Rs./q) Total arrival (MT) May June (Source: Indian Horticulture Database-2004) To achieve the target following requirement will be met under the mission: S.No Activity Location Unit Cost (in lakh) Total Cost (in lakh) lakh grafts 1hi-tec model nursery Sarguja Creation of water resources Sarguja (1) Plantation of new orchard-500 ha Sarguja (50% will be released in first year) 4. Rejuvination of 200 ha orchard Sarguja Pack house Sarguja

20 S.No Activity Location Unit Cost (in lakh) Total Cost (in lakh) 6. Cold storage Sarguja Refrigerated Van Sarguja Collection centre Sarguja Apni Mandi/ Rural Market Sarguja Total One nursery of hi- tech at Surguja in 4 ha is to be developed with all modern facilities to produce quality grafts. About 1 lakh plants of improved varieties like Rose scented, Bedana, Santa Rosa, Shahi, Kalyani selection should be multiplied. In this nursery aromatic planting material should also be generated. Since, Surguja has undulated lands, water harvesting should be on priority and area under new plantation will be 500 ha and rejuvenation of 200 ha along with infrastructure like Pack House, cold storage and marketing infrastructure will be developed in the pocket. Map 5 Selected litchi districts in Chhattisgarh 18

21 2.5 Garlic General Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the important bulb crops grown and used as a spice or a condiment throughout India. It is cultivated in an area of 117,000 hectares in India and the production is about 536,000 tonnes. Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have the maximum share in national production. There is a wide variation in productivity/yield, which is reported from 800kg/ha (J&K and Karnataka) to 15,000 kg/ha (Punjab). The existing area under spices in the state is ha with production of MT and 3.27 MT/ha as productivity. Under Garlic area in the state is 710 ha with production of 2035 tons and productivity being 2.9 tons/ha while National average is 4.2 tons per hectare. It is proposed in the mission to increase the area under four districts by 1000 ha, as shown in the map by adding 250 ha under each districts. Its cultivation can be intensified in districts like Bilaspur, Durg, Korba and Kabirdham where the climatic conditions are suitable for growing of garlic. It is proposed to enhance the productivity of garlic to at least 5 tons/ha by adopting proper nutrient management and cultivation of improved varieties like Agrifound White (G-41), Yamuna Safed (G-1), Yamuna Safed-2 (G-50), Yamuna Safed-3 (G-282), Agrifound Parvati and G-323. To multiply improved varieties two nurseries are proposed under seed production project and one modern joint venture seed project. Seed material of improved garlic varieties will be multiplied at all these places. By giving incentive of Rs. 11,250 per hectare and supply of improved varieties cloves the garlic production will get a boost. Garlic being less perishable crop and ideal climatic conditions in the zone will definitely enhance the productivity by 5 tons/ ha. The total production in the state will be 8550 tons from the present production of 2035 tons which means production will increase four times thus adding to the economy of farmers. The other facilities like water resource, nursery, collection centre and apni mandi/rural market will further benefit the farmers Marketing Prospects Garlic is valued both for its use as a spice crop and also for its medicinal properties. It is consumed both in fresh form as well as in processed form like flakes or powder. Garlic powder is utilised as spice additive, appetiser and flavouring agent in cooled and instant foods. Garlic powder has also now been established as an ayurvedic medicine for heart and rheumatic disorders. Garlic pills, pearls, capsules etc. are some of the popular medium adopted by pharmaceutical companies to market this product in domestic & export market. 19

22 Therefore, there is always a great demand for it in the market. Besides selling the produce in raw form it can also be procured by the processing Industries. Hence there will be no problem of marketing. Table 8 Plan of Action Garlic Activity Area & Location Unit Cost (lakh) Total Cost (lakh) Remarks 1. Model Nursery - Two 2. Establishment of new gardens 3. Creation of water resources Korba & Raipur 18 - Already proposed under chilli crops Bilaspur (250 ha), Durg ( Only 50% will be ha), Kabirdham (250 ha) released in first and Korba (250 ha) year One in each of the above districts 4. Collection centre One in each of the above districts 5. Apni Mandi One in each of the above districts Total Already covered under mango in these districts 15 - Already covered under mango in these districts 15 - Already covered under mango in these districts Map 6 Selected garlic districts in Chhattisgarh 20

23 2.6 Chilli Chilli is an important spice crop in India spread over about nine lakh hectres of land. India produces about six to nine lakh tonnes of dried chillies annually. Besides imparting pungency and red colour to the dishes it is a rich source of vitamins and has medicinal properties. There is a great demand for natural pigments and hence the demand for chillies in world market is bound to increase steadily. The present production of chilli in Chhattisgarh is not well defined but total area under spices is ha. The main spices grown are chillies (47 %), garlic (21 %) and coriander (19 %) but major area is under chillies i.e ha with production of 1952 MT and productivity of 3.2 tons dry chillies per hectare. The dry climate during the ripening of fruit is ideal therefore there is lot of scope to increase area under this crop. The total area under chilli in India is 892,200 ha with total production of 921,300 MT and productivity of 1033 kg/ha. The proposed concentrated area expansion during the year is 1000 hectare in four districts as shown in the map, 250 hectare each in district Bilaspur, Korba, Kabirdham and Durg. Productivity can be increased by planting seeds of high yielding varieties like Punjab CH-1, Pant C-1, Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar, and Bhagyalakshmi and hybrids like chilli 5,6,7,8 and 10 marketed by National Seeds Corporation Exports and Future Prospects Chilli export from India is mostly to Sri Lanka, USA, Nepal, Mexico and Bangladesh. Among these countries USA, Sri Lanka, and Mexico are the major buyers for Indian Chillies. India today faces stiff competition from China nad Pakistan who offer there produce in International market at very competitive price. The reason for low export is that the prices of our chillies are too high for international markets on account of strong domestic demand. India exported 81,500 tons of chillies in Marketing Prospects Chhattisgarh mainly produces dry chillies which are non perishable and demand of chilli is increasing not only in the domestic market but prospects of export are high. The basic requirement for chilli marketing is proper drying which are proposed in the mission in producing areas and collection centres will enhance the profitability and proper marketing. Local consumption of chilli is very high hence there will not be any problem of marketing. 21

24 Table 9 Plan of Action Chilli Activity Area & Location Unit Cost ( Total Cost ( Remarks lakh) lakh) 1.Two Small private nurseries ( ha each) Bilaspur & Kabirdham Establishment of Bilaspur ( 250 ha), Durg (250 ha), Only 50 % will be new gardens Kabirdham (250 ha) and Korba ( 250 ha) released in first year 3.Creation of water resources One in each of the above districts 10 - Already covered under mango in these districts 4.Collection Centre One in each of the above districts 15 - Already covered under mango in these districts 5.Apni Mandi/ Rural Market One in each of the above districts 15 - Already covered under mango in these districts Total For producing hybrid seeds of chillies in joint sector as proposed in Durg will boost the spices production. The small nurseries in private sector one each in Bilaspur and Korba to supply disease free chilli seedling will boost the chilli production in the state. Incentive of Rs. 250 per ha in form of good seed, fertilizers and plant protection material will enhance the production. Water reservoir and collection centre and Apni Mandi are already given in Mango budget which will cater to chilli irrigation also. With implementation of Horticulture Mission the area under chilli will increase to 7229 ha with production of 2896 tons and productivity of 4 tons per hectare which will witness increase of 6 percent. Map 7 Selected chillies districts in Chhattisgarh 22

25 2.7 Coriander General Coriander is one of the important seed spice grown in India. Green leaves of coriander are used for culinary purpose. Rajasthan has highest area under coriander in the country and it also takes the credit for highest production. Other prominent states where coriander is grown are MP & Chhattisgarh, AP, Tamilnadu and Gujarat. The total area and production of coriander in India is 43,338,000 ha and 3,187,000 tonnes, respectively. In Chhattisgarh area under coriander is 3416 ha with production of 902 tons and productivity of 264 kg per ha which is very low. The existing area under spices in the state is ha with production of MT and 3.27 MT/ha as productivity. It is proposed in the mission to increase the area under coriander in four districts only by 1000 ha, as shown in the map by adding 250 ha under each districts. Apart from Raigarh where it is already grown, its cultivation can be intensified in districts like Bilaspur, Durg, Korba and Kabirdham where the climatic conditions are suitable for growing of coriander. Improved varieties like Guj.Coriander-1, Guj.Coriander-2, RCr-41, UD-20, Rajendra Swati (RD-44), CS-287, CO-1, CO-2, CO-3, Sadhana, Swati and Sindhu may be cultivated to get high yield Export and export potential Though India enjoys a respectable position in terms of area and production of coriander, but most of the produce stays in-country for domestic consumption. Majority of exports are in the form of seed, which is exported in bulk. India also exports some quantities in the form of coriander powder and coriander seed oil. India s main competitors are Bulgaria, Canada, Iran, Singapore, Romania and Netherlands. As per UNSO Comtrade data, India accounts for 30% of world trade in coriander. Table 10 Plan of Action Coriander Activity Area & Location Unit Cost (lakh) Total Cost (lakh) Remarks 1. Establishment of new gardens Bilaspur (250 ha), Durg (250 ha), Kabirdham (250 ha) and Korba (250 ha) One in each of the above districts Only 50% will be released in first year 2. Creation of water resources 10 - Already covered under mango in these districts 3. Collection centre One in each of the 15 - Already covered under above districts mango in these districts 4. Apni Mandi/Rural One in each of the 15 - Already covered under Market above districts mango in these districts Total

26 By giving incentive to farmers the coriander area will be increased by 1000 ha and with adoption of better varieties like Sindhu, Sadhana, Rajendra Swati, Azad dhania and Hybrid released by Uttaranchal Seed and Tarai Development Corporation as Dhania Hybrid I, DH 5 will boost the yield many fold. By providing incentive, creation of water resources, collection centres and Apni Mandi in production belt will change the economy of poor farmers. The production will increase to tons which will witness growth of 186 % Marketing Prospects Chhattisgarh being developed as a spice and aromatic plant state the processors have started contract farming with buy back arrangements which will solve the marketing problems of the farmers. Seven local markets and two processing units proposed in the mission will take care of the produce. Map 8 Selected coriander districts in Chhattisgarh 24

27 2.8 Aromatic Plants General Chhattisgarh has an advantage of growing Aromatic plants because of large area under degraded forest lands. The Tribal population is more conversant with forest produce. Lot of commercial houses are having agreement in Chhattisgarh for buy back of aromatic plant produce and state govt. has announced Chhattisgarh as an herbal state because of climatic conditions most suited to aromatic plant production. To promote aromatic plants production main emphasis is to be given to the establishment of processing units for oil extraction. Leaves collection will generate about 10 lakhs mandays and this will provide enormous labour opportunities. Patchouli and Jamrosa keep yielding for two years with minimal expenditure in 2nd year which will further enhance the income of farmers Marketing Prospects Importance of these plants is more because of buy back arrangements already made by several commercial organisations and farmers will have no problem of sale of the product. Some of the agreements already signed in the state are as follows: Crops under contract farming- Memorandum of understanding signed. Vetiver dried roots acres M/s C. G.Herbals, Raipur Patchouli Dried leaves 1000 acres M/s C. G. Herbals, Raipur Jamrosa oil 1000 acres M/s Aromatic farms, Raipur Once the state flourishes as an aromatic plants producing state more and more entrepreneur will come to buy the produce. For present expansion area buy back arrangements are already signed, hence marketing will not be any problem. To achieve higher productivity of identified plants the improved cultural practices and varieties where ever possible are given. Because of very little information available on these plants it was felt that detail information should be included in the mission document which is summarised as under: Patchouli Area under cultivation It is cultivated in Bangalore and coastal areas of South India, Bengal and Assam, and is now becoming popular in Chhattisgarh. 25

28 Varieties Johore: This variety yields the best quality oil in terms of chemical composition and odour value. Java: Java strain recorded the highest herbage yield but inferior quality oil. Singapore : This strain has higher oil content and was thus superior to 'Java' in oil yield. Soil and Climate Patchouli is a hardy plant and adapts itself to a wide range of soil conditions. However, it flourishes best in loose deep loamy soils, rich in humus and nutrients, with a loose friable texture and without impervious layer at the bottom. The ph of the soil from 5.5 to 6.2 is considered to be ideal. The plant flourishes in low altitudes and foothills over slightly moist, well-drained soils in tropical and subtropical conditions. It is also observes that the richest soil produces the best leaf material which gives better yield and better quality oil. Patchouli grows successfully upto an altitude of m above the sea level. It prefers a warm and humid climate. The crop can be grown successfully on a fairly heavy and evenly distributed rainfall ranging from mm per annum. It is also observed that the moderate temperature of C and an average humidity of 75% have been found to be ideal for its growth. Propagation: Raising Seedling in Nursery Patchouli is propagated vegetatively. Since the crop is highly susceptible to nematode attack, it is advisable to adopt phytosanitary measures from nursery stage itself. Seed pans or polythene bags are filled with well-heated sand, which can be made by passing steam through it for about one hour. If this is not practicable for a grower, the sand should be treated with suitable nematicide like 20 kg/ha (active ingredient 3%). kg/ha (active ingredient 5%) is also very effective. Nursery that has to be under shade could be raised at any time during the year. Cuttings are prepared preferably in the morning or in the evening to minimise desiccation. Cuttings are taken from healthy stock and as far as possible from the apical region. Cuttings from fairly developed branches, 4-5 nodes in length and with a crown of 2-3 leaves, are ideal for planting in nursery. The basal end of the cutting should be neatly cut in oblique form just about 1 cm below the node. Application of a commercial hormone like Seradix B-2 to the basal end of the cutting encourages early rooting. The cuttings should then be planted in seed pans, nursery beds or in polythene bags with the help of a suitable dibbler at a spacing of about 5 cm. Aeration, partial shade and regular watering are essential for early rooting. The cutting takes about 0-5 days fro rooting in nursery. 26

29 Planting: Land Preparation The main field for transplanting is thoroughly disced and tilled. Suitable nematicide, viz., kg/ha.(active ingredient 30%) or 150 kg/ha (active ingredient 5%) is broadcast and mixed well into the soil a few days before transplanting. The plot is then laid out in ridges and furrows. The ridge should be cm high and cm broad with 60 cm row to row distance. The beds should be irrigated a day before the transplantation. Shading Patchouli is a shade loving plant. It is felt that patchouli could be tried under coconut in India. It could also be taken up with some suitable crops that provide adequate shade. Gliricidia or Erythrina could be planted well in advance at 5 X 5 m spacing in patchouli field in order to provide the necessary shade. Method of Planting Rooted cuttings are transplanted generally in the evening in the main field. The planting is done at 60 x 60 cm apart. Normally 28,000 cuttings will be required per hectare. Irrigate the field immediately after transplantation. Planting of cm long unrooted cuttings is also practiced in some areas. These cuttings are planted at the rate of 2 to 3 cuttings per hill. During early stages shade and sufficient moisture are most important requirements. Shade can be removed after the plants establish well. Manuring and Fertilization: Patchouli requires rich soil in order to obtain proper yield and better quality of oil. Normally, a basal dose of 25 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O per hectare is given in the form of Urea, Superphosphate and Muriate of potash. After about two months, 25 kg N as urea is applied. Likewise, for each harvest 50 kg N is applied in two split doses, the first dose just after the harvest and the other about two months later. In total, 150 kg N per hectare per year is applied to the crop. Irrigation: For getting good yield of the crop, the area should receive good and evenly distributed rainfall, because it does not do well under rainfed conditions. Immediately after transplanting the field must be irrigated every day for the first 3 to 4 days and subsequently on alternate days for 10 to 15 days. After three weeks irrigation once or twice a week depending on the type of soil and climate is considered sufficient. The crop is highly susceptible to water logging. 27

30 Intercultural Operations: The field should be kept weed-free during the first 2 to 3 months of crop growth either by hoeing 2 to 3 times or by hand weeding. Weeding is also necessary after about a month of each of the foliage harvests. Harvesting: The first harvest of the crop is taken about 5 months after transplanting. The stage at which crop has to be harvested is very important for good yield and better quality of oil. It has to be harvested when the foliage becomes pale green to light brownish and when the stand emits characteristic patchouli odour, which could be easily smelt by a passer-by, especially in the morning hours. Subsequent harvest can be taken after every 3-4 months depending upon the local conditions and management practices. The crop can be maintained for about 3 years. The first 2 or 3 harvests of newly planted plantation give good yield and high quality oil. Harvesting is done with the help of small sharp shear or secateur. Usually the length of the harvested portion ranges from cm. It is necessary to leave 4-6 juvenile sprouting buds at the basal region for fast regeneration, while harvesting. The crop should not be harvested prematurely as it gives less yield and oil of inferior quality. Yield : The oil is found mainly in the leaf and small quantity is present in the ender parts of the stem. The yield of fresh leaves/ha/year from three harvests is about 8,000kg which on shade drying reduces to 1600kg and on distillation yields about 40kg of oil. The yield of oil varies from 2.5 to 3.5% on shade dry basis of the leaves and an average yield of 2.5% may be considered satisfactory in commercial distillations. Uses : The oil of patchouli is used so extensively it is very difficult to specify its field of application. It blends well with sandalwood, germanium, vetiver, cedar wood derivatives, clove oil, lavender, bergamot and many others. The oil is almost a perfume by itself. It is widely used in soap, cosmetic, tobacco and incense. The oil gives one of the finest attars when blended with sandalwood oil. The oil possesses antibacterial activity and it is used as an ingredient in insect repellant preparations. The leaves and tops are added in bath for their anti-rheumatic action. It is also used as a masking agent for alcoholic breath. Tenacity of odour is one of the virtues of patchouli oil and is one of the reasons for its versatility. 28

31 Pests: Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita): The nematode is an obligate parasite which enters into the root by thrust with the mouth spear, usually in the region of cell elongation or at the base of lateral roots. They reach cortex, multiply and cause galling which is commonly called as root-knot. The diameter of the knots varies from 0.2 cm to 5.0 cm. Heavily infected plants show stunting of top growth and wilting. Initially it will be difficult to differentiate between the infested and healthy plants. Typical symptoms of an infested plant become apparent only after 8 months. In case of severe attack the crop dwindles and the whole stand may perish during the next 2 or 3 months. The plot should be treated with a proper nematicide. 20 kg / ha (3% a.i.) or Dasanit 150 kg /ha (5% a.i.) are found to be very effective. First dose of the nematicide should be given as a preplanting treatment and the second dose can be given one year after transplanting as pocket application to the plants. In order to get a good crop of patchouli in nematode-infested soil, it is desirable to take a crop of citronella or other nematode-resistant crop for next few years before planting patchouli. Nursery should be raised from healthy mother stock under nematode-free conditions. Application of farmyard manure should be avoided Diseases: Leaf Blight (Cercospora sp): Mostly when the plants are almost one year old brown spots are formed near the margin or at the apical region, which enlarge irregularly, coalesce, cover the entire lamina and create drying. It is, however, not of common occurrence and less serious as compared to root-knot. Control : The disease can be controlled with two sprays of Dithane Z %, at onemonth interval. This, however, depends upon the severity of the disease Jamrosa It is cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Karnataka Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Plant Discription : It is a drought hardy grass attaining a height of 1.5 to 2.5m having hairy and fibrous shallow root system with long linear lanceolate leaves. It produces large fawn coloured inflorescence containing while, hairy star like spiked flowers. Pollination System : Cross pollinated mostly 29

32 Soil and climate: A well-drained sandy loam soil with soil ph of is ideal for cultivation of and receiving rainfall of about 150 cm annually is an It can also be cultivated in well-drained clay loam soil which are free from waterlogging. Warm tropical climate upto 300m elevation in the foothills is suitable for cultivation of Jamrosa. Temperature ranging from C with annual rainfall around 1000mm and ample sunshine are congenial for its growth. Moist and warm climate throughout the year accelerates its growth. Areas, which are affected by severe frost, are not suitable as the frost kills the grass and reduces the oil content. Propagation: Raising Seedlings in Nursery Usually nursery is sown by end of April to mid of May under partial shade. Nursery beds are well prepared in May. The nursery beds are made by adding enough FYM, compost or organic matter. Channels are dug around the beds to provide irrigation. Normally kg of seed is required to cover 100 sq.m nursery, which provides sufficient seedlings to plant one hectare area. As the seeds are small and light, they are mixed with fine soil for obtaining even distribution and ease in sowing. They are sown in lines, cm apart. Seeds should not be sown densely to avoid overcrowding of seedlings The beds are watered lightly and regularly. Germination starts within two weeks. Later on, % solution of urea may be sprayed for good vegetative growth. In about 3-4 weeks, seedlings are ready for transplanting. By Slips: For better quality and yield of oil it is recommended to grow Jamrosa by slips obtained by dividing well-grown clumps. Tops of clumps are cut off within cm of the root. The latter is divided into slips and the lower brown sheath is removed to expose young roots. Slips should be taken from plants giving a good yield and a high quality of oil. However the rate of establishment of rooted slips is very poor as compared to nursery transplants. Slips should be planted in June-July or during the rainy season. Planting: The field is prepared before the onset of monsoon. It is ploughed and harrowed so as to give a fine tilth. All the stubble and roots of weeds are removed. The seedlings are transplanted in the fields as soon as the rainy season sets in. They can be transplanted even earlier, if the weather is not very warm and irrigation is available. Healthy and established seedlings, 30

33 which are about 15 cm in height, are carefully removed from the nursery and are planted at a spacing of 60 cmx60cm. Manuring and Fertilization: Jamrosa is a long duration crop and removes substantial quantities of nutrients from the soil for producing herbage. Therefore, use of 10 t /ha, 40 kg N, 50 kg P205 and 40 kg K 2 O as a basal dose is recommended. About 60kg N/ha is applied in three split doses during the growing season. The application of NPK should be repeated in subsequent years. In fertile soils, manuring may not be required for the first two years. By manuring rich soils, the vegetative growth is increased and oil content may be slightly reduced. Irrigation: Requirement of irrigation depends upon the climatic conditions. The grass requires irrigation fortnightly during the growing season. With an ample supply of water, growth is luxuriant. It is a drought hardy species. However its growth is slow under rainfed cultivation where the plants grow in height but seldom covers the entire field. Two irrigations in rainfed crop significantly increased herbage and oil yields. Intercultural Operations: The plantation should be kept free from weeds by regular weeding and hoeing. Two weeding cum hoeing operations are recommended, first 40 days after transplanting and the second days after the first weeding. Among herbicides, 1.5 kg ai/ha or 0.5 kg ai/ha are effective for weed control. Harvesting: The essential oil is distributed in all parts of the grass, viz., flower heads, leaves and stems, the flower heads containing the major portion. It is recommended to harvest the crop 7-10 days after opening of flowers. The number of harvest depends upon the climatic condition of the place of cultivation and method of crop management. During the first year, usually one crop is obtained in October-November, whereas 2-3 crops are obtained in the subsequent years in subtropical areas in the North Indian plains. Four harvests are taken in tropical areas of South and North-East. Usually, the grass is cut at a height of 5-8 cm from the ground level and the whole plant is used for distillation. The maximum yield of oil is obtained when the entire plant is at a full flowering stage. The harvested herbage is spread in the field for 4-6 hours to reduce its moisture by 50% and such semi-dry produce can be stacked in shady cool space for few days without much loss of its oil. 31

34 Yield Jamrosa plantation remains productive for about eight years. However, the yield of grass and oil starts decreasing from the fourth year onwards. It is, therefore, recommended that the plantation be kept only for four years. Normally q/ha of fresh herbage is obtained in first cutting and between q/ha in second and subsequent harvests upto three years under irrigated conditions. On an average, 200kgs of oil are received during the growing period of months. The yield of oil for the first four years is as under : 1st year 60kg/ha 2nd year 80kg/ha 3rd year 80kg/ha 4th year 80kg/ha Uses: Oil of Jamrosa is used in perfumery, particularly for flavoring tobacco and for blending of soaps due to the lasting rose-note it imparts to the blend. It also serves as a source for very high grade geraniol. Geraniol is highly valued as a perfume and as a starting material for large chemicals, viz., geranyl esters that have a permanent rose-like odour. Distillation: The grass is either distilled afresh or is allowed to wilt for 24 hours. Wilting reduces the moisture content and allows a larger quantity of grass to be packed into the still, thus economizing the fuel use. The current method of distillation adopted in Kerala is primitive and obsolete and gives oil of poor quality, as it is based on hydro-distillation or direct-fired still. For good quality oil, it is advisable to adopt steam-distillation. The equipment for distillation consists of a boiler to produce steam, a distillation tub, a condenser and one to three separators. The distillation tub is made of mild steel and has a perforated bottom over which the grass rests. The tub has a steam inlet pipe at the bottom. A removable lid is fitted on to the top. Charging and discharging can be done in perforated cages with iron chains, which can be lowered in the tub with the help of a chain- pulley block. Different types of condensers are available, but tubular condensers are better than others. The condenser is provided with an inlet and outlet by means of which cold water is made to flow through the chamber to cool the pipes when the distillate flows through them. To obtain the maximum yield of oil and to facilitate release of oil, the grass is chopped into shorter lengths. Chopping the grass has further advantages that more grass can be charged into the still and even packing is facilitated. The grass should be packed firmly as this prevents the formation of steam channels. The steam is allowed to pass into the still with a 32

35 steam pressure from 18 to 32 kg in the boiler. The mixture of vapours of water and Jamrosa oil passes into the condenser. As the distillation proceeds, the distillate collects in the separator. The oil being lighter than water and insoluble floats on the top of the separator and is continuously drawn off. The oil is then decanted and filtered. Small cultivators can use direct-fire stills, but in such cases, properly resigned stills should be used. These stills are provided with a boiler at the bottom of the tub. This is separated by a false bottom from the rest of the tub. Water is poured at the bottom of the tub and grass is charged in the top portion. In the still, the water does not come in contact with the grass. The oil is stored in containers, preferably of glass or well-tinned iron. Containers should completely be filled to exclude any air and protect from sunlight s they affect the oil content. Diseases: Red Leaf Spot (Colletotrichum graminicola) The disease is much prevalent in all the Palmarosa growing regions and appears during rainy season. Under warm and humid conditions, the disease spreads rapidly and may cause up to 35 % reduction in the oil production. The disease perpetuates on the left-out stumps and stubbles on the field. The symptoms can be seen as small brownish spots, 33